Diabetes is a chronic disease with high prevalence and significant morbidity. Chronic changes in the wall of small and large vessels lead to main diabetes complications. Apart from long- term hyperglycemia, several factors are involved in the development of diabetes vasculopathy. The aim of this work was to describe new early biomarkers of these vascular changes, to identify risky patients. Alongside, gene polymorphisms involved in protective pathways of glucose metabolism were studied. In three human studies with Type 1 (T1D) and Type 2 (T2D) diabetes patients special biochemical parameters of receptor for advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) and its ligands, deglycation enzyme glyoxalase 1 (GLO1) and fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K) gene polymorphisms were analyzed. Non-invasive measurement of glycation by skin autofluorescence (SAF) was assessed in all subjects. Soluble RAGE, HMGB1 and endothelial dysfunction markers were increased in patients with diabetes as compared with controls, however the differences between T1D and T2D were not significant. For the first time, an association between FN3K (rs1056534) and (rs3848403) polymorphism and sRAGE concentration in diabetes was shown. GLO1 (rs4746) polymorphism was associated with changes in endothelial dysfunction. Patients with diabetes had higher...

Les dysfonctions placentaires sont fortement associées aux complications de la grossesse et de plus en plus reliées à une augmentation de médiateurs inflammatoires endogènes, appelés alarmines ou motifs moléculaires associés aux dommages (« damage associated molecular patterns » (DAMPs). High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), est un DAMP qui a été associé aux grossesses avec PE et accouchement prématuré. HMGB1 est une protéine nucléaire qui peut être sécrétée dans l’espace extracellulaire de façon passive ou active. Une fois dans l’espace extracellulaire, HMGB1 existe sous différents isoformes ayant des actions inflammatoires distinctes. Le rôle de HMGB1 et de ses isoformes à l’interface materno-fœtale est encore peu connu. L’objectif de mes travaux de maitrise était d’investiguer le rôle de HMGB1 à l’interface materno-fœtale, en déterminant sa localisation subcellulaire pendant la syncytialisation, ainsi que les actions pro-inflammatoires sur le placenta. Méthodes : Un modèle d’explants placentaires en conditions physiologiques fut utilisé afin de déterminer et de moduler la localisation subcellulaire de HMGB1. Le même modèle a été traité avec les différentes isoformes de HMGB1 (HMGB1-disulfide: D ou HMGB1-réduit: R) afin de déterminer leurs effets inflammatoires et leurs impacts sur la fonction placentaire. Des placentas de femmes ayant des grossesses sans complications, une prééclampsie (PE) ou une prééclampsie du postpartum (PPPE) ont été étudiés afin de déterminer la distribution de HMGB1 et ses récepteurs (Receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) et Toll like receptor (TLR4)). Résultats : La localisation intracellulaire de HMGB1 est modulée pendant le processus de syncytialisation avec une localisation majoritairement cytoplasmique et extracellulaire par rapport à une localisation généralement nucléaire dans les trophoblastes différenciés. Favoriser l’export nucléaire de HMGB1 avec un inhibiteur d’histone déacétylase (HDAC), le sodium butyrate (NaB) augmente la concentration cytoplasmique de HMGB1 ainsi que la sécrétion de l’hormone chorionique gonadotrope (-hCG), signe de la différentiation des trophoblastes. L’isoforme disulfide de HMGB1 induit la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoire (IL-1, IL-6 et MCP-1) et a aussi un impact sur la différenciation des trophoblastes, tel qu’observé par une diminution de la sécrétion de -hCG. En conditions pathologiques, l’expression de HMGB1 et ses récepteurs RAGE et TLR4 est augmentée dans des conditions de prééclampsie du post-partum. Pour conclure, la localisation subcellulaire de HMGB1 est modulée pendant la syncytialisation, dans un contexte non-pathologique. L’accumulation cytoplasmique de HMGB1 est la première étape avant la sécrétion dans l’espace extracellulaire. Lorsque dans l’espace extracellulaire, une isoforme spécifique de HMGB1 (HMGB1-D) entraine l’augmentation de la sécrétion de cytokines pro-inflammatoires. L’expression de HMGB1 et ses récepteurs est augmentée et conditions pathologiques démontrant que ce DAMP peut jouer différents rôles tant dans un contexte inflammatoire et de dysfonctions placentaires ainsi que dans un contexte de différenciation des trophoblastes. / Sterile inflammation, caused by endogenous damaged-associated-molecular-patterns (DAMP), at the maternal fetal interface is frequently observed in pregnancy complications and leads to placental inflammation and dysfunction by unknown mechanisms. HMGB1 has been associated to preeclampsia, preterm birth and it can be released in the extracellular space and associated to increased inflammatory actions. Extracellular HMGB1 has two isoforms, (HMGB1-disulfide-D) inducing proinflammatory cytokines whilst the other (HMGB1-reduced-R) acts as a chemoattractant. The role of HMGB1 and its isoform at the maternal-fetal interface is mostly unknown. The objective of my master was to investigate the roles of HMGB1 at the maternal-fetal interface including its subcellular localisation during trophoblast differentiation and pro-inflammatory effects on the placenta. Methods: Term placental explants were used to determine the subcellular localisation of HMGB1 during trophoblast differentiation or treated with specific HMGB1 isoforms (HMGB1-D or HMGB1-R) to determine the impact on inflammation and placental function. Alongside, placentas from women with either normal term pregnancies, PE or PPPE were used to determine the distribution of HMGB1 and its receptor. Results: HMGB1 subcellular localisation is modulated during the syncytialisation process with major cytoplasmic and extracellular localisation to a more nuclear localisation in differentiated trophoblasts. Promoting HMGB1 nuclear export, using the histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC) NaB, increased HMGB1 cytoplasmic concentration leading to increase secretion of human chorionic gonadotropin (-hCG) in placental explants. HMGB1-D treatment of explants led to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6 et MCP-1) and impacted trophoblasts differentiation observed by decreased -hCG secretion. In pathological conditions, HMGB1 and his receptors, RAGE and TLR4, expression is increased in PPPE compared to non-pathological pregnancy. To conclude, we demonstrated changes in the localisation of HMGB1 in association with trophoblast differentiation in uncomplicated pregnancies. Cytoplasmic accumulation of HMGB1 is the first step before its release in the extracellular space. We showed that a specific isoform of HMGB1 (disulfide isoform) induced inflammatory cytokines secretion which suggests a role of this DAMP in placental inflammation and function. Finally, HMGB1 and its receptors are increased in a pathological condition (PPPE) demonstrating that this DAMP may play different role in both inflammatory context and trophoblast differentiation.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Neuropathic pain is a serious health problem that greatly impairs quality of life. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines neuropathic pain as ‘pain arising as a direct consequence of a lesion or disease affecting the nervous system’. It is important to note that with neuropathy the chronic pain is not a symptom of injury, but rather the pain is itself a disease process. Novel interactions between the nervous system and elements of the immune system may be key facets to a chronic disease state. One of particular note is the recent finding supporting an interaction between an immune response protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and Toll like receptor 4 (TLR4). HMGB1 is an endogenous ligand for TLR4 that influences the induction of cytokines in many non-neuronal cells. After tissue damage or injury, HMGB1 may function as a neuromodulatory cytokine and influence the production of pro-nociceptive mediators altering the state of sensory neurons. Very little is known about the HMGB1-TLR4 interaction in sensory neurons and whether chronic changes in endogenous HMGB1 signaling influence the establishment of neuropathic pain. This thesis aims to determine whether a physiologically relevant neuroimmune interaction involving endogenous HMGB1 and TLR4 in the dorsal root ganglia is altered following a tibial nerve injury model of neuropathic pain. I hypothesized that sensitization of sensory neurons following a peripheral nerve injury is dependent on endogenous HMGB1 and TLR4. The studies presented here demonstrate that HMGB1 undergoes subcellular redistribution from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in primary afferent neurons following peripheral nerve injury. Further, the presence of extracellular HMGB1 may directly contribute to peripheral sensitization and injury-induced tactile hyperalgesia. Though thought to be important as a pivotal receptor for HMGB1 activation, neuronal protein expression of TLR4 does not appear to influence the effects of HMGB1-dependent behavioral changes following peripheral nerve injury. Taken together, these findings suggest that extracellular HMGB1 may serve as an important endogenous cytokine that contributes to ongoing pain hypersensitivity in a rodent model of neuropathic pain.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an infectious respiratory disease propagated by a new virus known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has resulted in global healthcare crises. Emerging evidence from patients with COVID-19 suggests that endothelial cell damage plays a central role in COVID-19 pathogenesis and could be a major contributor to the severity and mortality of COVID-19. Like other infectious diseases, the pathogenesis of COVID-19 is closely associated with metabolic processes. Lactate, a potential biomarker in COVID-19, has recently been shown to mediate endothelial barrier dysfunction. In this review, we provide an overview of cardiovascular injuries and metabolic alterations caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We also propose that lactate plays a potential role in COVID-19-driven endothelial cell injury.

High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) was first identified as a chromatin-associated protein and later discovered to initiate and regulate inflammation by inducing cytokine production, cell migration and cell differentiation. HMGB1 forms complexes with a variety of proteins (e.g. C1q, LPS, CXCL12, IL-1a, IL1b, Beclin-6, p53) that in turn play a role in different cellular mechanisms. However, most HMGB1-protein complexes identified are found in the extracellular space whereas intracellular HMGB1-protein complexes are far less defined.  Firstly, data of HMGB1 interactome was previously generated by Rebecka Heinbäck, Erlandsson Harris group at KI. The HMGB1 interactome was identified in resting and in LPS-stressed THP-1 cells using a method called BioID.  The objective was to explore possible intracellular HMGB1 protein-protein interactions during resting and inflammatory conditions. HMGB1 in complex with other proteins have been known to exhibit crucial functions, therefore our investigation can lead to important knowledge in developing promising future therapeutics targeting HMGB1 in addition to further knowledge on intracellular functions of HMGB1. In this project, we used a combination of different computational analysis tools to explore the roles of HMGB1 and its interactome. Thereafter, we selected proteins within the BioID dataset that were further investigated for direct protein-protein interactions with HMGB1 using computational modelling as well as laboratory techniques, such as co-immunoprecipitation.  Our data reveals functional and biological differences of HMGB1 in resting and LPS activated THP-1 cells. Within resting cells, the HMGB1 interactome is involved in transduction and transcription processes whereas under LPS-stressed conditions HMGB1 is indicated in apoptosis, HATs, and processes in antiviral mechanisms, mainly when localised in the cytosol. Additionally, we revealed potential direct interaction of HMGB1 to S100A6 and HCLS1, in which both can induce different functionalities. Finally, we have further explored the interaction possibilities of HMGB1:S100A6 complex to RAGE, where we found interesting, preliminary results that should be further explored.  To conclude, this thesis suggests new direct, intracellular interaction partners to HMGB1 and indicates a shift in the HMGB1 interactome following LPS stress.