La dystrophie myotonique de type 1 (DM1) est une maladie génétique caractérisée par une dégénérescence des muscles squelettiques accompagnée d’une myotonie. Cette maladie est due à une expansion instable de triplets CTG dans la région 3’ non traduite du gène DMPK. L’accumulation des ARNm DMPK mutés au sein de foci nucléaires conduit à la séquestration du facteur d’épissage MBNL1 et à des altérations de l’épissage alternatif de nombreux ARNm. En particulier, l’inclusion de l’exon 5 au sein du pré-ARNm de la troponine T cardiaque (hcTNT) est renforcée chez les patients DM1. Cette inclusion anormale participe aux anomalies cardiaques présentées par les patients. Les travaux de l’équipe, menés en collaboration avec l’équipe de Nicolas Sergeant à Lille, sur la régulation de l’épissage de l’ARNm hcTNT avaient établi l’existence de 8 sites MBNL1, dont 6 nouveaux, situés de part et d’autre de l’exon 5 et la présence de régions activatrices et inhibitrices de l’inclusion fixant des facteurs d’épissage dont l’identité n’était pas connue. L’un des objectifs de ma thèse était d’étudier l’importance fonctionnelle in cellulo de chacun des 8 sites MBNL1. J’ai ainsi pu montrer que chacun des 6 nouveaux sites participe à l’inhibition de l’inclusion de l’exon 5 par MBNL1. Les données obtenues nous ont amené à proposer un modèle dans lequel MBNL1 s’associe avec les triplets de sites MBNL1 situés de part et autre de l’exon 5 et entraine la formation d’une structure à longue distance via des interactions protéiques MBNL1-MBNL1. Cette structure isolerait l’exon 5 dans une boucle et limiterait la fixation du spliceosome. Par ailleurs, j’ai mis en œuvre une approche de purification de RNP formées en extrait nucléaire pour identifier d’autres facteurs régulant l’inclusion de l’exon 5. La protéine hnRNP H a ainsi pu être identifiée. Sa capacité à activer l’inclusion de l’exon 5 in cellulo et à entrer en compétition avec MBNL1 pour la régulation de l’inclusion de l’exon 5 via sa fixation sur des sites localisés dans l’exon 5 et en aval de cet exon a pu être confirmée. La seconde partie de ma thèse a porté sur l’étude de l’effet d’un stress oxydatif généré par 500 µM d’H2O2 sur le profil global d’épissage alternatif des pré-ARNm de cellules HeLa. Lors de ce travail, j’ai pu établir que la réponse des cellules HeLa au stress oxydatif implique deux phases de réponse : une phase précoce (1h-8h) caractérisée par un fort taux de mortalité associé à une forte augmentation du taux de d’entités oxygénées réactives (ROS) intracellulaire et une phase tardive (16h-24h) corrélée à une diminution du taux de ROS intracellulaires et une surexpression des ARN satellite III. Sur la base de ces données, une analyse globale du transcriptome par emploi de puces à exons (Affymetrix) a été réalisée à partir d’ARN totaux isolés 1h, 2h, 4h et 24h après le début du stress. Nous avons ainsi identifié des modulations d’expression et d’épissage spécifiques de chacune des deux phases. L’analyse des données par des outils bio-informatiques a permis de mettre en évidence des fonctions cellulaires bien définies qui sont plus particulièrement affectées lors d’un stress oxydant. Enfin, pour comprendre l’origine des variations d’épissage observées lors d’un stress oxydant, j’ai entrepris d’analyser les effets de ce stress sur le niveau d’expression et la localisation cellulaire des composants du spliceosome ou des facteurs qui s’associent pour réguler son activité / Myotonic distrophy of type 1 (DM1) is a genetic disease characterized by skeletal muscle degeneration associated to myotonia. DM1 results from the instable expansion of CTG repeats within the 3’ untranslated region of the DMPK gene. The accumulation of mutated DMPK mRNAs within nuclear foci leads to the sequestration of the MBNL1 splicing factor and causes splicing misregulation of numerous pre-mRNAs. Among altered events the increase of the inclusion of exon 5 in the human cardiac troponin T (hcTNT) mRNA is of particular importance, since it contributes to the cardiac symptoms presented by the patients. Through collaborative work with N. Sergeant’s team from Lille, the team has studied the molecular bases of hcTNT exon 5 inclusion regulation and mapped 8 MBNL1 binding sites, including 6 new ones, within intronic regions surrounding exon 5. They also identified positive and negative splicing regulatory elements of which protein partners remain unidentified. The first objective of my PhD thesis was to test the functional importance of each individual MBNL1 binding site. The obtained results established that the 6 newly identified MBNL1 binding sites are involved in splicing regulation by MBNL1 and lead us to propose a new regulation model in which MBNL1 binds on triplets of MBNL1 sites present on each side of exon 5 and form a long distance structure via MBNL1-MBNL1 protein interaction. The formation of this looping-structure is expected to isolate exon 5 and limit its recognition by the spliceosome. In addition I searched for protein partners of the identified regulatory elements by affinity chromatography. By this way, I identified hnRNP H as a positive regulator of exon 5 inclusion. Its capacity to compete with MBNL1 to regulate splicing in cellulo by binding on exonic and intronic binding sites was further confirmed. The second part of my PhD work corresponds to the study of the global impact of oxidative stress, generated by exposition of HeLa cells to 500 µM of H2O2, on alternative splicing. This allows us to establish that the response of HeLa cells to oxidative stress involve two distincts phases: an early one (1h-8h) characterized by poor survival rate and high intracellular ROS content and a late phase (16-24h), associated with a decrease of the intracellular ROS level and the overexpression of the long non coding sat III RNAs. Based on this observation, we performed a transcriptome global analysis by using exon arrays from Affymetrix on RNA samples isolated 1, 2, 4 or 24 hours after the induction of the oxidative stress. We identified changes of the gene expression level or mRNA splicing pattern specific of each of the response phases. Data computing by bio-informatic tools identified the most affected cellular processes and functions during the cell response to oxidative stress. In order to better understand the mechanisms underlying alternative splicing modulation during oxidative stress, I started to study the impact of oxidative stress on the expression level and the cellular localization of spliceosome components and most common splicing regulation factors

<p>High-risk type human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with cancer. HPVs are strictly epitheliotropic and infect basal cell layers, establishing a life cycle strongly linked to the differentiation stage of the infected cells. The viral capsid late genes, L2 and L1, are only expressed in terminally differentiated epithelium. Late gene expression involves regulation of most gene processing events including transcription, splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability and translation. </p><p>Both L2 and L1 have elements present in the open reading frames (ORFs) negatively affecting mRNA levels and translation. The negative elements in L1 were mapped to the first 514 nucleotides, with the strongest inhibitory effect located in the first 129 nucleotides. The negative elements in the L2 sequence were concentrated in two locations on the gene. Both genes were mutated by changing the nucleotide sequence while retaining the amino acid sequence. Mutating the first 514 nucleotides in L1 deactivated the negative elements while the entire L2 gene had to be mutated to achieve the same result. The L2 protein was found to localise the L1 protein into a punctuated pattern in the nucleus.</p><p>In the HPV-16 genome the negative elements reside in regions important for regulation of polyadenylation and splicing, critical for late gene expression. By exchanging parts of the L2 gene in subgenomic constructs with the corresponding mutant sequence we show that certain features of the L2 elements direct splicing to the L1 splice acceptor, and also regulate the efficiency of the early polyadenylation site. Cumulative binding of hnRNP H to the L2 mRNA gradually increased polyadenylation efficiency. Most interestingly, hnRNP H levels were downregulated in more differentiated epithelial cells. </p><p>Elucidation of how expression of the immunogenic late proteins is regulated would be greatly beneficial in prevention and treatment of HPV infection and thereby cancer.</p>

High-risk type human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are associated with cancer. HPVs are strictly epitheliotropic and infect basal cell layers, establishing a life cycle strongly linked to the differentiation stage of the infected cells. The viral capsid late genes, L2 and L1, are only expressed in terminally differentiated epithelium. Late gene expression involves regulation of most gene processing events including transcription, splicing, polyadenylation, mRNA stability and translation. Both L2 and L1 have elements present in the open reading frames (ORFs) negatively affecting mRNA levels and translation. The negative elements in L1 were mapped to the first 514 nucleotides, with the strongest inhibitory effect located in the first 129 nucleotides. The negative elements in the L2 sequence were concentrated in two locations on the gene. Both genes were mutated by changing the nucleotide sequence while retaining the amino acid sequence. Mutating the first 514 nucleotides in L1 deactivated the negative elements while the entire L2 gene had to be mutated to achieve the same result. The L2 protein was found to localise the L1 protein into a punctuated pattern in the nucleus. In the HPV-16 genome the negative elements reside in regions important for regulation of polyadenylation and splicing, critical for late gene expression. By exchanging parts of the L2 gene in subgenomic constructs with the corresponding mutant sequence we show that certain features of the L2 elements direct splicing to the L1 splice acceptor, and also regulate the efficiency of the early polyadenylation site. Cumulative binding of hnRNP H to the L2 mRNA gradually increased polyadenylation efficiency. Most interestingly, hnRNP H levels were downregulated in more differentiated epithelial cells. Elucidation of how expression of the immunogenic late proteins is regulated would be greatly beneficial in prevention and treatment of HPV infection and thereby cancer.