This dissertation explains the existence, sources, and variability of intra-organizational conflict in a hybrid organization. It assesses the usefulness of "structural" and "cultural" explanations of conflict and ultimately advances an alternative explanation for the presence of and variability in conflict in a hybrid organization. Homeowners' associations are used as a case for understanding the development of multiple institutional logics and the relationship between institutional pluralism and complexity and the presence of and variability in conflict in a hybrid organization. Drawing from quantitative and qualitative research conducted on homeowners' associations in the Greater-Boston area, including 250 surveys and 56 in-depth interviews with board members of homeowners' associations, I show how the American history and ideology of homeownership has generated two multiple, permanent, and functionally contradictory institutional logics--one based on the market and the other based on the community--in homeowners' associations. Using institutional theory and the concepts of institutional work and ambidexterity, I argue that organizational actor's responses to the presence of institutional pluralism and complexity, as evidenced in their perceptions and practices, determine whether a hybrid organization is subject to more or less conflict. My findings lead to three general conclusions. First, many homeowners' associations experience significant conflict. Second, structural and cultural explanations of conflict only partially explain the presence of conflict in homeowners' associations. They do not explain the variability of conflict in homeowners' associations. Third, and most significantly, the micro-actions of organizational actors matter in situations of institutional pluralism and complexity. I propose that organizational actors' responses to institutional pluralism and complexity explain variability in conflict; organizational actors either "don't do" or "do" logics. Organizational actors who "don't do" logics respond to institutional pluralism and complexity by eliminating and compartmentalizing logics. They perceive multiplicity as novel and problematic and enact disruptive practices to contest and separate logics. This results in more conflict. Organizational actors who "do" logics respond to institutional pluralism and complexity ambidextrously. They perceive multiplicity as routine, and even beneficial, and enact practices to maintain multiple institutional logics via context-specific and purposeful practices including adjustment, improvisation, and switching. This results in less conflict.

Esta dissertação de mestrado realizou uma etnografia com membros de uma Associação de Moradores localizada em um bairro de ocupação irregular chamado Parque Recanto Cocaia. O referido bairro se situa no distrito do Grajaú, Zona Sul da cidade de São Paulo. Parte do distrito pertence à área de proteção ambiental, pois se assenta em um manancial urbano, característica que confere especificidades com relação às problemáticas das ocupações urbanas irregulares. O ponto de partida da pesquisa foi investigar os processos de construção de demandas para o bairro, bem como as estratégias para dar visibilidade às mesmas junto ao Estado, tornando-as, assim, reivindicações. A problemática de fundo desta pesquisa visou por em pauta a manutenção e reprodução de um espaço em que a ocupação urbana é restrita, pois se trata de área de manancial. O aprofundamento etnográfico na Associação de Moradores revelou que o processo de construção de reivindicações leva seus membros a participar de múltiplas esferas de atuação política. Eles atuam em movimentos sociais, em Conselhos Gestores Municipais de Saúde e são lideranças comunitárias em seu bairro. Assim, argumento que a produção de vínculos com atores políticos de outros bairros do Grajaú, de alguns distritos próximos e com gestores públicos dos Conselhos Gestores, leva ao fortalecimento de suas atuações políticas. Isso ocorre porque tais vínculos decorrem de uma prática cuja ênfase está nas relações desenvolvidas nas esferas de atuação política. / This masters degree dissertation develops an ethnography with the members of a Homeowners association located in an irregular occupation neighborhood called Parque Recanto Cocaia. The referred neighborhood is situated in the district of Grajaú, in the South zone of the city of São Paulo. Part of the district belongs to the environmental protection area, since it is located on an urban fountainhead, a characteristic that confers specificities regarding the problematics of irregular urban occupations. The starting point for the research was to investigate the demand construction processes for the neighborhood, as well as the strategies to provide visibility of these alongside the State, thus turning them into claims. The backdrop problematic of this research sought to bring to the agenda the maintenance and reproduction of a space where urban occupation is restricted, since it is a fountainhead area. The ethnographic deepening into the Homeowners Association revealed that the claim elaboration process leads its members to participate in several spheres of political action. They take part in social movements, Municipal Health Management Boards and are community leaders in their neighborhood. Thus, I argument that the production of bonds with public actors from other neighborhoods in Grajaú, from some close districts and with public managers from Managing Boards, leads to the strengthening of their political actions. This occurs because such bonds result from a practice whose emphasis is in the relationships developed in the spheres of political action.

Comparison of contemporary legislation of basic institutes of condominium act in Czech Republic and Germany The work focuses on explaining the basic concepts which limit the whole legislation and position of homeowners' association (HOA) as a legal entity which is responsible for keeping the house. The first chapter deals with the theoretical concept behind the condominium. How does it differ from the common ownership and what are other similar concepts. Legal orders of both countries (Czech Republic and Germany) stand on classical concept of a thing. In this context the apartment cannot be a thing because it lacks independence from other things - they cannot exist outside a building (which is a thing) and therefore they cannot be legally transferred. In my opinion the current law stand on dualistic theory, where the unit is primary and the co- owner share in building and parcel are accessorial to the unit. In Germany there is a ruling principle of superficies solo cedit. That means a building is part of land and cannot be legally transferred without the land underneath. In German theory the ownership of flats constitutes a unity of three elements: co-ownership (on land), exclusive ownership (on unit) and membership in HOA. The second chapter outlines the terms which appear in the following text and which...

Esta dissertação de mestrado realizou uma etnografia com membros de uma Associação de Moradores localizada em um bairro de ocupação irregular chamado Parque Recanto Cocaia. O referido bairro se situa no distrito do Grajaú, Zona Sul da cidade de São Paulo. Parte do distrito pertence à área de proteção ambiental, pois se assenta em um manancial urbano, característica que confere especificidades com relação às problemáticas das ocupações urbanas irregulares. O ponto de partida da pesquisa foi investigar os processos de construção de demandas para o bairro, bem como as estratégias para dar visibilidade às mesmas junto ao Estado, tornando-as, assim, reivindicações. A problemática de fundo desta pesquisa visou por em pauta a manutenção e reprodução de um espaço em que a ocupação urbana é restrita, pois se trata de área de manancial. O aprofundamento etnográfico na Associação de Moradores revelou que o processo de construção de reivindicações leva seus membros a participar de múltiplas esferas de atuação política. Eles atuam em movimentos sociais, em Conselhos Gestores Municipais de Saúde e são lideranças comunitárias em seu bairro. Assim, argumento que a produção de vínculos com atores políticos de outros bairros do Grajaú, de alguns distritos próximos e com gestores públicos dos Conselhos Gestores, leva ao fortalecimento de suas atuações políticas. Isso ocorre porque tais vínculos decorrem de uma prática cuja ênfase está nas relações desenvolvidas nas esferas de atuação política. / This masters degree dissertation develops an ethnography with the members of a Homeowners association located in an irregular occupation neighborhood called Parque Recanto Cocaia. The referred neighborhood is situated in the district of Grajaú, in the South zone of the city of São Paulo. Part of the district belongs to the environmental protection area, since it is located on an urban fountainhead, a characteristic that confers specificities regarding the problematics of irregular urban occupations. The starting point for the research was to investigate the demand construction processes for the neighborhood, as well as the strategies to provide visibility of these alongside the State, thus turning them into claims. The backdrop problematic of this research sought to bring to the agenda the maintenance and reproduction of a space where urban occupation is restricted, since it is a fountainhead area. The ethnographic deepening into the Homeowners Association revealed that the claim elaboration process leads its members to participate in several spheres of political action. They take part in social movements, Municipal Health Management Boards and are community leaders in their neighborhood. Thus, I argument that the production of bonds with public actors from other neighborhoods in Grajaú, from some close districts and with public managers from Managing Boards, leads to the strengthening of their political actions. This occurs because such bonds result from a practice whose emphasis is in the relationships developed in the spheres of political action.

With protective gates and guard booths restricting access to their entrances, master-planned gated communities have become a dominant form of suburban development throughout much of the country. Many home builders, developers, and real estate companies promote gated communities as a developmental step towards the creation of a real-life utopia. However, many academics, like Karina Landman and Martin Schonteich (2002), argue that their existence simply marks a new chapter in the fragmentation and polarization of societies all across the world. This study used a mixed methods approach to analyze the demographic makeup of individuals living in gated communities in New Tampa, Florida, as well as the different socio-economic motivations and perceptions which residents had regarding life within their respective community. The research questions for this study were grounded in the latest academic research and social theory surrounding gated communities, particularly the works of Setha Low (2003) and Theresa Caldeira (2000). The three gated communities investigated in this study were Arbor Greene, Hunter's Green, and Grand Hampton. Using demographic data obtained from structured questionnaires, this study found that these three communities were socio-economically homogenous with a large percentage of residents: (1) having a high median income; (2) being Caucasian; and (3) being married. Using data obtained from semi-structured interviews, this study found that the desire for security and the desire to maintain property values were the two most important considerations for residents when deciding to move into Arbor Greene, Hunter's Green, and Grand Hampton. Additionally, for most informants, the perceptions of social practices and conditions in the three gated communities within the study area coincided with the desires and needs that these residents originally had when deciding to move into their respective community. As Geography is the study of uneven social relations and spatial structures, these findings were used to fill gaps of knowledge which existed prior to this study with respect to gated communities in the Tampa Bay area, as well as to provide the discipline of geography with a more comprehensive understanding of how these communities in Tampa affect the conceptualization, negotiation, and access to space.