"耽美"来源于日本，是以女性读者群为主要受众、描写男性与男性之间浪漫关系或性关系的文学或艺术作品，也被称为BL（Boy’s Love）。喜爱耽美的女性爱好者被称为"腐女"。耽美文化自1990 年代后期随着日本流行文化进入中国，至今已在中国网络空间中逐渐发展成为一个主要由女性网民所组成的，包含文本创作、阅读与交流的文化圈。与此同时，耽美文化的流行亦引发了中国当下种种对性与性别问题的思考。 / 本研究将耽美文化解译为"女性幻想男男之爱"的欲望结构，从精神分析幻想理论与酷儿理论的视角来考察中国网络中的耽美文化现象。论文所围绕的一个问题是，耽美文化与中国社会文化中的性/别话语产生了怎样的关系，以及如何从腐女的耽美幻想中搭建起与现实性/别政治的联系。研究首先分析了两类网络耽美小说文本，分别来看它们与1990年代以后的"男同性恋"身份话语，和2000年代以后对"中国古典文化"想象之间的吸收、挪用与再创造；其次以网络腐女圈的论坛讨论与配对狂欢为对象，研究网络耽美式恶搞对官方媒体、主流男性形象和异性恋规范的权威所潜在的颠覆性；最后以2011年一桩"腐女被抓案"新闻报道为契机，来观察耽美文化与网络淫秽色情审查的纠葛、冲突与可能的出路。 / 欲望幻想的流动性决定着它边界的模糊与开放，以及它承载、影响乃至侵扰"现实"秩序的功能。因此，作为一种女性的男性同性情欲幻想，本研究视耽美文化最引人注目的地方不在于其本身的出现与流行程度，而在于它与各种性/别话语的相互建构与矛盾冲突。此外，在对幻想文本、网络话语以及腐女群体的调查中，本研究也期待探索某种"酷儿"政治在中国网络文化中生产的可能性。 / Boy’s love (BL in short; danmei in Chinese) is a Japanese term for female-oriented fictional media, which focuses on love, sex and romance between beautiful androgynous boys or young men. Apart from the gay self-representations, BL is a genre of male homoeroticism by and for mostly heterosexual women. In China, the BL fans call themselves "Fu Nu", which means "rotten girl", to describe their enthusiasm for fantasizing male homosexuality. BL originated from Japanese amine, comic and game youth culture, and has since become a transnational phenomenon all over the world with a global fan base. As such, the phenomenon of boy’s love had already aroused a lot of discussions in relation to ideologies of gender and sexuality from different cultural and social perspectives. BL fandom in China’s culture context with its "Chinese characteristics" also deserves particular attention, when it opens up a fantastic space for Chinese woman to practice their sexuality beyond non-heterosexual norms. / However there is limited work that considers the queer sexuality of female BL fans in China, in relation to the queer texts and queer discourses they create. There is also little research that explores the capacity of boy’s love netizens to resist the on-going internet surveillance by the Chinese government of information deemed ‘sexually inappropriate’ and outside the heterosexual norm. Therefore there remains a paucity of studies that examine the political potentialities of anti-homophobic and queer discourses of sexuality as manoeuvred by the Chinese BL fan base that continue to populate online communities. Based on previous studies about the phenomenon of boy’s Love in China, this paper analyses the queer politics of the online BL fandom in terms of the interactions between BL and the other gender and sexuality discourses on the Chinese Internet. It will be argued that the online BL fandom opens up a virtual space for girls and young women to author practice their male homosexual fantasies. Moreover, it will be maintained that boy’s love appropriates the queerness from the different sides of cyber culture into its narrative fantasies, thus forming a queer continuum made up with the conflicts, complicities and political potentialities of the gender and sexuality on the Chinese internet. This paper concludes with an analysis of the ambiguous relation of BL with Chinese Internet censorship, and traces the capacities of boy’s love netizens in subverting and resisting government surveillance of what it terms ‘obscene’ information. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 周舒燕. / Thesis (Ph.D.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2014. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-162). / Abstracts also in English. / Zhou Shuyan.

Text in Afrikaans / It is alarming that psychologists are in many cases insufficiently trained with regard to homosexuality. Against this background and on the basis of a literature study and empirical research, this study aims to provide guidelines to educational psychologists on working with homosexual clients. Within the Educational Psychology, a person's self actualisation rests on three pilars, namely experience, meaning assignation and involvement. The premise of the qualitative research (focus group interviews) used in this study is homosexual persons' experience of psychologists - the investigation was therefore approached from an Educational Psychology viewpoint. Altogether 75% of the focus group respondents' experience of psychologists was negative. The possibility exists that insufficient training may cause insufficient knowledge and insight, which in turn may lead to homosexual persons' negative experiences of psychologists. It is therefore imperative that the aspect of training of psychologists with regard to homosexuality will receive attention. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.