Le circuit du médicament à l’hôpital comporte quatre principales phases successives pour la prise en charge du patient hospitalisé : prescription, dispensation, administration, suivi du traitement. Toutefois, le médicament en tant que produit dispose traditionnellement d’un circuit logistique comprenant les étapes de sélection, achat et gestion de stocks. Chacune de toutes ces étapes du circuit du médicament fait intervenir différents acteurs et la pharmacie hospitalière en reste l’organe pivot à l’hôpital. La performance et la sécurisation du circuit du médicament font partie intégrante d’un système de santé efficace et doivent constituer une priorité du système de soins.Madagascar se trouve dans un contexte d’extrême pauvreté alors que 40% des dépenses de santé sont à la charge des ménages. Dans ce contexte, l’opérationnalité d’une pharmacie hospitalière est essentielle dans les hôpitaux publics dont les utilisateurs principaux sont particulièrement les populations de classe moyenne ou pauvre. Or, cette pharmacie hospitalière n’est qu’en phase de structuration à ce jour pour deux raisons : le manque d’effectifs pharmaceutiques disponibles pour ce secteur et la politique pharmaceutique hospitalière nationale encore mal définie.L'objectif de cette thèse est de contribuer à l’amélioration de l’accessibilité et de la qualité des soins de la population dans les hôpitaux publics de Madagascar en proposant un modèle optimal et justifié du circuit du médicament en tenant compte des ressources humaines, matérielles et financières. Dans une première étape, afin de compléter la littérature grise disponible au pays, une description et une analyse de l’organisation et du fonctionnement de la pharmacie hospitalière ainsi que de tout le circuit du médicament dans les hôpitaux publics ont été réalisées par une recherche qualitative. Pour cela, des interviews semi-structurés des acteurs de santé du circuit ont été menés. Les résultats mettent en évidence les lacunes en termes de cadrage de l’organisation et du fonctionnement de la pharmacie hospitalière à Madagascar. Le circuit du médicament est compliqué : sans méthode standardisée de référencement des médicaments, quantification des besoins ne tenant pas compte de méthodes validées, gestion des stocks manuelle rendant difficile la supervision, prescription sans protocoles thérapeutiques standards, délivrance nominative par du personnel non qualifié, administration sans assistance pharmaceutique. Par la suite, un focus sur l’approvisionnement, l’essentiel des activités actuelles de la pharmacie hospitalière malgache dans le circuit du médicament, a été réalisé dans un établissement hospitalier de référence choisi. Une étude rétrospective évaluative du circuit de médicaments traceurs : les antidouleurs a été menée. Les principaux indicateurs sont des indicateurs harmonisés de gestion des achats et des stocks définis par l’OMS. Le calcul des différents indicateurs montre un système d’approvisionnement suboptimal. Les pratiques de référencement, d’achat, de commande et de gestion des médicaments devront être définies. Pour arriver à cerner les priorités stratégiques de mise en œuvre de ces améliorations à Madagascar, une enquête d’évaluation auprès des acteurs de santé les plus impliqués dans le circuit du médicament a été conduite sur les 75 recommandations internationales sur le futur de la pharmacie hospitalière en terme de leur importance, de leur capacité de mise en œuvre efficace et de leur réalisabilité. 32/75 (42,7%) de ces recommandations internationales pourraient être priorisées. Sur la base de tous ces préalables, un modèle optimal d'organisation du circuit du médicament à l’hôpital est proposé et sera mis à la disposition du Ministère de la Santé pour être testé dans les hôpitaux publics. Le modèle visera principalement une « pharmaceutisation » des ressources humaines et des différentes étapes du circuit du médicament. / Hospital drug supply chain consists of four major phases in patient management: prescription, dispensing, administration and monitoring of the treatment. However, as a product, medicine has traditionally logistic supply chain including selection, procurement and stock management. Each of these steps of drug supply chain involves different actors but hospital pharmacy remains their focal point in hospital. Drug supply chain performance and safety are essential parts of an effective health care system and had become priorities for public health.Madagascar is a very poor country whereas 40% of health expenditures in charge of households. In this context, making operational the hospital pharmacy is essential in public hospitals whose main users are especially the middle class and the poor. Yet, hospital pharmacy is only on a structuring phase for two reasons: the lack of available pharmacists for this sector and the unclear national pharmaceutical policy for hospitals.The objective of this thesis is to contribute to the improvement of accessibility and quality of public health care in public hospitals of Madagascar by providing a proposal of an optimal and justified model of drug supply chain taking account the human, material and financial resources.First, description and analysis of hospital pharmacies and the drug supply chain in public hospitals were done from qualitative research. For that purpose, semi-structured interviews have been conducted with health actors of the supply chain. The principal issue perceived by interviewees was the heterogeneity of the system in terms of technical and financing management. The drug supply chain is not under control: no internal procedure has been established for the selection of pharmaceutical products, the quantification of needs is complex, the stock management is difficult to supervise, a standard prescription protocol is lacking, the dispensing is performed by unqualified staff, no pharmaceutical preparation is manufactured in the hospitals and the administration occurs without pharmaceutical support. Then, we focused on procurement, the essential of current activities of Malagasy hospital pharmacies in drug supply chain. Our retrospective and evaluative study was conducted in a university hospital and utilized indicators for assessing the procurement management of medicines and preventing stock-outs and overstocking. The calculations of these indicators show a suboptimal drug supply chain. The drug supply chain needs some improvements. In order to define some strategic priorities of the implementation of these improvements, a survey on health actors was conducted in line with the international recommendations for hospital pharmacy. 32/75 (42,7%) of these recommendation could be conducted according to the participants. An optimal organizational model of drug supply chain is proposed and will be made available to the Ministry of health to be tested in public hospitals. This model aims at implementing the « pharmaceutization » of the resources and the different steps of the drug supply chain.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1967.

Thesis (M.H.A.)--University of Michigan, 1967.

The development of essential medicines list is one of the main policies, globally accepted, for promoting rational drug use. Despite advances in developed countries, in countries like Brazil difficulties of establishing pharmacy and therapeutics committees, as well as the maintenance of its activities are characterized as a challenge for managers of health services. This study aimed to identify indicators, strategies for implementation and impact of policies on medicines selection in public hospitals. Through an approach of evaluative research in service work is divided into three steps: 1) Exploratory Phase (initial planning of the research and literature review), 2) Field Work Phase (institutionalizing the process of medicines selection in health services using the Situational and Strategic Planning - SSP), 3) Analysis of data (measurement and processing of data collected during the study). In this study, it was possible to perform an integrative literature review that results in 45 indicators for the evaluation of drug selection in health services and to construct optimal strategies for implementation of this activity in public hospitals through the SSP. The study culminated in analysis of economic-assistance impact, establishment of DTC and definition of essential medicine lists in public hospitals. / Uma das principais políticas mundialmente aceitas para a promoção do uso racional de medicamentos é o estabelecimento de listas de medicamentos essenciais. Apesar do avanço nos países desenvolvidos, em países como o Brasil as dificuldades de implantação de Comissões de Farmácia e Terapêutica, bem como a manutenção de suas atividades se caracterizam como um desafio para os gestores dos serviços de saúde. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de identificar indicadores, estratégias para a implantação e o impacto de políticas de seleção de medicamentos em hospitais públicos. Por meio de uma abordagem de pesquisa avaliativa em serviço, o trabalho se dividiu em três etapas: 1) Fase Exploratória (planejamento inicial da pesquisa e revisão da literatura); 2) Fase de Campo (institucionalização do processo de seleção de medicamentos nos serviços de saúde por meio do Planejamento Estratégico Situacional); 3) Fase de Análise dos Dados (aferição e tratamento dos dados coletados durante o estudo). Como resultado da revisão integrativa da literatura realizada, foi constituído um painel de 45 indicadores para avaliação da seleção de medicamentos. O estudo possibilitou ainda, verificar as etapas necessárias para implantação de uma política de medicamentos essenciais e os impactos na racionalização da lista de medicamentos em serviços do SUS. A institucionalização de uma política de medicamentos essenciais resultou em redução de 27,8% do quantitativo total de itens, aumento do percentual de itens com adequação à RENAME, Lista da OMS e Diretrizes Clínicas. Após a implantação das CFT, foi constatado também um menor percentual de medicamentos com patente na lista, aumento do percentual de genéricos e redução de aproximadamente 12% dos custos relacionados à lista nos hospitais avaliados.

The exponential growth in medical pharmaceuticals and related clinical trials have created a need to better understand the decision-making factors in the processes for developing hospital medication formularies. The purpose of the study was to identify, rank, and compare major factors impacting hospital formulary decision-making among three prescriber groups serving on a hospital's pharmacy and therapeutics (P&T) committee. Prescribers were selected from the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center which is a large, multi-facility, academic oncology hospital. Specifically, the prescriber groups studied were comprised of physicians, midlevel providers, and pharmacists. A self-administered online survey was disseminated to participants. Seven major hospital formulary decision-making factors were identified in the scientific literature. Study participants were asked to respond to questions about each of the hospital formulary decision-making factors and to rank the various formulary decision-making factors from the factor deemed most important to the factor deemed least important. There are five major conclusions drawn from the study including three similarities and two significant differences among the prescriber groups and factors. Similarities include: (1) the factor "pharmacy staff's evaluation of medical evidence including formulary recommendations" was ranked highest for all three prescriber groups; (2) "evaluation of medications by expert physicians" was ranked second for physicians and midlevel providers while pharmacists ranked it third; and (3) the factor, "financial impact of the treatment to the patient" was fifth in terms of hospital formulary decision-making statement and ranking by all three prescriber groups. Two significant differences include: (1) for the hospital-formulary decision making statement, "I consider the number of patients affected by adding, removing, or modifying a drug on the formulary when making hospital medication formulary decisions," midlevel providers considered this factor of significantly greater importance than did physicians; and (2) for the ranked hospital formulary decision-making factor, "financial impact of treatment to the institution," pharmacists ranked this factor significantly higher than did physicians. This study contributes to a greater understanding of the three prescriber groups serving on a P&T committee. Also, the study contributes to the body of literature regarding decision-making processes in medicine and specifically factors impacting hospital formulary decision-making. Furthermore, this study has the potential to impact the operational guidelines for the P&T committee at the University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center as well as other hospitals.