Thesis (Ph.D.(Criminology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2022 / House robbery and subsequent rape are under-researched crimes collectively and often treated differently in the field of social sciences. The relation between these two crimes needs to be addressed urgently. Therefore, this study aimed to explore motivational factors for committing house robbery and subsequent rape. This study adopted a qualitative research approach, guided by the Grounded Theory (GT), as a research design. The theoretical sampling was adopted for DCS clinical psychologists, social workers and incarcerated offenders in the Two (02) selected Correctional Centres in Gauteng and Limpopo Provinces of South Africa, all subjected to semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Moreover, the GT methods of data analysis, aided by the MAXQDA software were used, including open coding (Breaking of textual data into discrete parts), axial coding (Drawing of connections between codes), and selective coding (Selection of one central category that connects all the codes from the analysis and captures the essence of this study). The researcher generated codes from the verbatim expressions of the participants. The codes were categorised into open, axial and selective coding using the MAXQDA software. The codes in selective coding (Categories) were explained and supported by the reviewed literature studies on this subject. The findings of this study revealed that in most instances house robbery results in rape. The notable contributing factors to this phenomenon have been proven to be an opportunity, unstable family background, substance use, aggression, dominance, vulnerability and mob mentality. For the contribution to the body of knowledge; a conceptual model, consisting of Five (05) components, namely: 1) Socialisation, 2) Sexual violence curriculum, 3) Liquor regulations, 4) Ammunition registrations; and 5) Target hardening asformulated to effectively respond to the mentioned crimes. This study recommends that positive socialisation from an early age of male children is reported crucial for the development of pro-social factors; this can possibly curb these crimes. It is also forwarded that curriculum development should infuse sexual violence from basic-to-tertiary education. Equally, there is a dire need for the regulation of South African liquor available laws and policies with regard to the supply and sale of liquor as shared by most participants (Especially, the incarcerated v offenders) who positively highlighted alcohol intoxication during the commission of these crimes. Furthermore, registrations of ammunition and the creation of a database are highly sought, firearm accessibility should also be revisited to redress the past injustices as cited as one of the contributory factors to irregular availability of firearms and other related weapons. The opportunistic circumstances relating to the commission of these crimes should be relooked, by closely focusing on upgrading security measures for the community, Criminal Justice System (CJS), public and private Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs), including technological advancement and improvements, as well as the induction of intelligence-led operations, and closer collaboration, interaction and information exchange, among others. / National Institute for the Humanities and Social Sciences (NIHSS) and African Humanities Deans Association (SAHUDA).

Text in English / The goals of this research were to explore, describe and explain the crime of associated robbery, which at the time of this study, was a scientifically unknown phenomenon. Associated robbery is defined as “a bank-related robbery (by association) of cash or attempt thereto, committed against a bank client or his/her delegate, at any stage while en-route to or from a bank branch, ATM or cash centre or inside the branch to effect a deposit, or, withdrawal” (SABRIC 2013:4) This robbery is divided into two main categories, namely robbery before cash deposit and robbery after cash withdrawal. As found in literature and also evident in the findings of this study, more incidents and related cash losses are reported from robbery after withdrawal, which is sub-divided into muti scam, money bomb and spiked drink. This study followed an exploratory, sequential, mixed-method research approach where the qualitative phase took place first – followed by the quantitative phase. The topic was firstly explored by collecting qualitative data via in-depth, one-on-one interviews (from a phenomenological point of view) where mutual meaning was sought, as understood by victims of associated robbery. To gather quantitative data, 500 bank clients (i.e. individuals, small business owners and stokvel/saving club members) completed a survey questionnaire. Their perspective on the phenomenon of associated robbery was thus explained and described through the use of descriptive statistics, particularly univariate and bivariate statistical analysis. The most significant contribution made by this study, is embedment of the preventative measures used by the banking industry and other stakeholders such as the SAPS into the Situational Crime Prevention (SCP) and Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) principles approaches. This model is heavily grounded on 12 SCP strategies, namely: access control; deflecting offenders; controlling facilitation; entry/exist screening; formal surveillance; surveillance by employees; natural surveillance; target removal; reducing temptation; rule setting; stimulating conscience; and facilitating compliance. Furthermore, the model emphasises that the combating of associated robberies is a collaborative effort and thus the individual (bank client), the banking industry, the criminal justice system (CJS) and the general public all have to work together in fighting this endemic. The lack of knowledge mainly from a victim’s perspective was identified as one of the challenges faced. However, this presented an opportunity for this study to make a significant contribution to the development of scientific literature. Moreover, the use of opportunity theories to explain the reasons why individuals are victimised placed the phenomenon in the criminological research milieu – thus pioneering a way for researchers who may wish to conduct future research on the same topic. / Criminology and Security Science / D. Litt. et Phil. (Criminology)