Made available in DSpace on 2012-09-06T01:11:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 106.pdf: 3009480 bytes, checksum: 3073b80b6df5fc1810662a9fd636a233 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1998 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / As normas utilizadas na avaliaçäo de lançamento de esgotos, NT-202, DZ-205 e DZ-215, foram utilizadas, para verificar se os esgotos domésticos, portanto de origem näo industrial, realmente mantêm esta condiçäo nos dias atuais, década de 90 e com cinqüenta anos de evoluçäo da industria química. O esgoto bruto, estudado, representativo de uma populaçäo de 4000 habitantes, apresentou uma carga orgânica unitária de 98 g/hab.d, maior do que a prevista pela DZ-215, que é de 54 g/hab.d. A concentraçäo de MBAS encontrada, de 6,09 mg/l, é maior que a concentraçäo permitida pela NT-202 para o lançamento industrial, na rede de esgotos, que é de 2,0 mg/l; implica num consumo percapita de surfactante de 2,9 g/hab.d, contra 4,0g/hab.d previstos na Europa Ocidental (Painter & Zabel, 1988) e 4,5 g/hab.d em Owlwood, U.K (Holt, et al., 1995). Os metais pesquisados estäo todos abaixo dos valores preconizados pela NT-202. O cádmio foi o que registrou maior percentual comparado com limite exigido, 29 por cento , seguido igualmente do chumbo e do zinco com 18 por cento, e, ainda, a maior variaçäo percentual de crescimento do consumo percapita. Esse crescimento poderia ser uma tendência ligada ao consumo exagerado, quer por desperdício ou excesso de oferta de produtos, somado, provavelmente, ao controle inadequado desses elementos nos produtos. A relaçäo DBO/DQ, de referência para a NT-205 (FEEMA, 1991) como indicativo da necessidade de implantaçäo de sistema de pré-tratamento de controle de carga orgânica näo-biodegradável, a ser lançada na rede de esgotos, por uma atividade poluidora industrial. Essas tendências devem ser consideradas, para que se busque formas de controle aplicáveis aos esgotos domésticos, ante a expectativa de mais alteraçöes futuras. A carga industrial, pontual, pode ser devidamente controlada para näo agredir o meio ambiente, ou, aos cofres públicos, com demandas näo previstas para as ETE'S. O controle de uma carga difusa - esgoto doméstico - formada pelos mais variados produtos domissanitários, cosméticos e de higiene, exigirá, num futuro próximo, outras formas de controle, para que näo atinja valores que venha a comprometer o tratamento municipal de esgotos e o meio ambiente. / The FEEMA regulations to valuation sewers throwing, NT-202, DZ-205 and DZ-215, were used in order to verify if the domestic sewers, thus of non-industrial origin, really maintain this condition nowadays, in the ninety’s, and with fifty years of evolution of chemical industry. The raw sewer, up in this work, representative of a population of 4.000 inhabitants, presented an unitary organic load of 98 g/cap.d, larger than that expected by DZ-215, that is of 54g/cap.d. The founded MBAS concentration, of 6.09 mg/l, is larger than the NT-202 standard concentration for industrial throwing in the sewerage system, that is of 2.0 mg/l. This imply in a “per capita” surfactant consumption of 2.9 g/cap.d, against 4.0 g/cap.d foreseen in the Western Europe (Painter & Zabel, 1988) and 4.5 g/cap.d in Owlwood, U.K. (Holt, et al, 1995). The researched metals are all lower than the NT-202 standardized values. The cadmium was the one that recorded the larger percentage, compared with the required standard values, 29%, followed equally by lead and zinc with 18%, and yet, the larger percentage variation of “per capita” consumption increase. This increase could be a tendency associated to an excessive consumption, that by wastefulness or a surplus in the products supply, probably added to the inadequate control of these elements in the products. The found average relation BOD/QOD was 0.6 ± 0.17mg/l. The relation BOD/QOD was 2.3±0.7mg/l, having reached in some samples a value higher than 4:1, which value is the background to indicate the necessity of introduction of pre-treatment system (FEEMA, NT-205) as an indicative to control a non-biodegradable organic load, to be thrown in the sewerage system, by an industrial polluter activity. This tendency must be considerate in order to search control lines to be applied in domestic sewers, foreseeing further future changes. The industrial load, can be properly controlled for d’ont pollute the environment or give rise to public costs, with contests unforeseen loads for the ETE’s. The control of a diffuse load - domestic sewer - composed of the most varied household, cosmetics and hygienic products, will demand, in the near future, other lines of control, to the effect of do not reach values that could compromise the municipal sewers treatment and the environment.

Increased salinity in freshwater systems – also called the Freshwater Salinization Syndrome (FSS) – can have far-ranging implications for the natural and built environment, agriculture, and public health at large. Such risks are clearly on display in the Occoquan Reservoir – a drinking water source for roughly one million people in the northern Virginia/ National Capital Region. Sodium concentrations in the Occoquan Reservoir are approaching levels that can affect taste and health. The Reservoir is also noteworthy as a flagship example of indirect potable reuse, which further adds complexity to understanding the sources of rising levels of sodium and other types of salinity. To help understand the role residential discharges might play in salinization of the Occoquan Reservoir, a suite of laundry detergent products was identified based upon survey data collected in the northern Virginia region. The ionic compositions of these products were then characterized using ion chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to quantify select ionic and elemental analytes. Sodium, chloride, and sulfate were consistently found in appreciable amounts. To comparatively characterize the laundry detergents, principal component analysis was employed to identify clusters of similar products. The physical formulation of the products was identified as a marker for their content, with dry formulations (free-flowing and encapsulated powders) being more enriched in sodium and sulfate. This result was corroborated by comparing nonparametric bootstrap intervals for individual analytes. The study's findings suggest an opportunity wherein consumer choice can play a role in mediating residential salt inputs in receiving bodies such as the Occoquan Reservoir. / Master of Science / Many streams, rivers, and other freshwater systems have become increasingly salty in recent decades. A rise in salinity can be problematic, stressing aquatic life, corroding pipes, and even enhancing the release of more pollutants into the water. This phenomenon, called Freshwater Salinization Syndrome, can threaten such systems' ability to serve as sources of drinking water, as is the case for the Occoquan Reservoir in northern Virginia. Serving roughly one million people, the Reservoir is notable for being one of the first in the country to purposely incorporate highly treated wastewater upstream of a drinking water supply. Despite the Reservoir's prominence, the reasons behind its rising salt levels are not well understood. This study sought to understand the role that individual residences could play when household products travel down the drain and are ultimately discharged into the watershed. Laundry detergents are potentially high-salt products. A survey of northern Virginian's laundry habits was conducted to understand local tastes and preferences. Informed by the survey, a suite of laundry detergents was chemically characterized to measure salt and element concentrations. The detergents were found to have notable amounts of sodium, chloride, and sulfate in particular, with sodium being the most abundant analyte in every detergent. However, not all detergents were equally salty; statistical tools revealed that dry formulations (such as powdered and powder-filled pak detergents) contributed more sodium and sulfate, among other things. This study's findings suggest that laundry detergents could be contributing to Freshwater Salinization Syndrome in the Occoquan Reservoir, and that local consumers' choice of detergents could make a difference.

This research seeks to explore and understand retailers’ perspectives, realities, and actions regarding refill systems for household products. The reader can ponder not an answer to a question but rather grasp a deeper understanding of the retailers’ role within refill systems, as well as the feasibility of reducing single-use packaging for household products with a goal to reduce waste. Through conducted interviews with retailers, the following categories surrounding refill systems emerged and were explored: drivers, barriers, attitudes, current practices, and future practices. Utilising the Grounded Theory Method, the analysis of the data led to the development of The Theory of Retailer Care. This theory presents that through caring, retailers can drive vertical and horizontal change, along with pressuring and influencing behaviours of consumers and manufactures which in turn support the retailer’s business model.

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