Tierärztl. Hochsch., Diss., 2004--Hannover.

Tierärztliche Hochsch., Diss., 2005--Hannover.

Diploma thesis on the theme Concentration of selected phytoestrogens in the diet of dairy cattle and their distribution in to the blood and milk deals about transmittance of phytoestrogens from real fed TMR in the South Moravian conventional breedings of dairy cows into the blood plasma of animals and to milk as a product intended for hu-man consumption. A review of literature is devoted to the occurrence of phytoestrogens in forage and feed, their metabolism and effects on animals and humans. The experimental part of the thesis is devoted to the identification and quantification of selected phytoestrogens in feed and their penetration into blood plasma and milk. Determination of phytoestrogens was performed by HPLC - MS analysis.

Nicotinic acid (NA) is a hypolipidemic agent with pleiotropic effects on plasma lipoproteins. Its medicamentous form with delayed secretion leads to pyrimidine metabolites, which make increased risk of hepatotoxicity and should be monitored. The aim of the presented study was to introduce HPLC-MS method for the determination of NA, nicotinamide (NAM), nicotinuric acid (NUA), 1-methyl-nicotiamide (MNA), nicotinamid-N-oxide (NNO), 1-methyl-2-pyridon-5-carboxamide (2-Pyr) and 1-methyl- 4-pyridon-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) in blood plasma useful for the monitoring of hypolipidemic therapy. We have compared calibration dependences of individual metabolites using two columns - Hypercarb (grapfite carbon) and Hypersil Silica (silicagel). Both columns revealed linear calibration dependences for all mentioned analytes except MNA in the concentration range 10-2000 ng/ml for chemical standards; calibration dependence in human blood plasma measured with the column Hypersil Silica was linear in the range 20-4000 ng/ml for all tested analytes. Correlation coefficient varied between the value 0,9400 and 0,9997. Analysis time was 15 min with the column Hypercarb and 27 min with Hypersil Silica. Biological samples were extracted using solid phase with sulphonyl group. Reproducibility of the results of biological samples...

The thesis entitled Screening of Polyphenols in Coffee deals with origins and attri-butes of particular types and technologies of coffee making.The theoretical section focuses on occurance and importance of biologically active compounds contained in coffee that might have both positive and negative impact on human´s health. I also mention the legislation related to the issue of defining and labeling the coffee. Regarding the most current lifestyle diseases and various social groups I describe the general influence of coffee on human´s health and the most common methods of determination polyphenols in food.In the practical part I use the High-performance liquid chromatography to identify the spectrum and amount polyphenolic com-pounds at selected samples of coffee of various geographical origin. Overall I tested samples of 10 roasted and 8 unroasted Arabica coffee and 2 samples of Robusta coffee.

No description available.

Introduction : La présence des moisissures et de leurs mycotoxines dans les matrices complexes de papiers est peu étudiée. Notre travail a porté sur la recherche de mycotoxines sur les papiers patrimoniaux altérés par le foxing et les papiers peints moisis issus de logements dont les habitants ont été diagnostiqués comme porteurs de symptômes allergiques et du syndrome des bâtiments malsains. Objectifs : Identifier les espèces fongiques de ces deux types de supports papiers et y déterminer la production de métabolites fongiques. Matériels et Méthodes : Le foxing a été caractérisé par des techniques pluridisciplinaires (physiques, biologiques, bioanalytiques, tests de cytotoxicité). Les métabolites fongiques dans les extraits hydro-organiques de ces papiers ont été recherchés et identifiés par spectrométrie de masse afin d'évaluer s'ils pouvaient être reliés aux espèces fongiques détectées par microbiologie. Puis le risque toxique de ces extraits de papiers a été évalué sur un modèle cellulaire in vitro. Résultats : Pour le foxing, nous avons pu en exclure une origine métallique et montrer que les micro-organismes présents dans celui-ci sont essentiellement des espèces fongiques. Pour les papiers peints, des pics relatifs à des métabolites fongiques ont été retrouvés. Grâce à l'ensemencement individuel d'espèces fongiques sur papier peint et à l'aide de la MS2, nous avons pu relier les composés de m/z 401 et 487 à S. chartarum. Les tests de cytoxicité ont montré une augmentation significative de la cytotoxicité des cellules A549 avec certains papiers peints moisis par rapport au papier peint témoin. Les cellules A549 ont montré une surexpression du TNF-α, de l'IL-8 et du CYP 1A1, après contact avec ces mêmes papiers peints. Discussion-Conclusion : Nous n'avons détecté aucune mycotoxine dans le foxing excluant ainsi d'éventuels liens entre inhalation de mycotoxines émanant de vieux manuscrits et symptomatologie respiratoire. Pour les habitants des logements et leurs symptômes respiratoires, il est difficile de les relier à une espèce fongique donnée ou à un métabolite donné, bien que S. chartarum ait pu être mis en cause. Ces premiers résultats doivent être confirmés par des études ultérieures / Introduction: Little study has been carried out on the presence of fungi and their mycotoxins in complex paper matrices. Our work has focused on finding mycotoxins on heritage paper altered by the foxing and wallpapers from moldy homes whose residents have been diagnosed with symptoms of allergies and sick building syndrome. Objectives: To identify the fungal species of these two types of paper and to determine the production of fungal metabolites. Materials and methods: The foxing has been characterized using multi-disciplinary technics (physical, biological, bioanalytical, cytotoxicity assays). The fungal metabolites in the hydro-organic extracts of these papers were sought and identified by mass spectrometry to assess whether they could be related to fungal species detected by microbiology. The toxicological risk of wallpaper extracts was then evaluated on model in vitro cells. Results: For the foxing, we could exclude a metal origine and we showed that the microorganisms present are mainly fungal species. For wallpapers, fungal metabolites were found. By seeding individual fungal species on wallpaper and using MS2, we were able to link the compounds of m/z 401 and 487 to S. chartarum. Cytotoxicity tests showed a significant increase in cytotoxicity of A549 cells with moldy wallpaper in comparison with the control wallpaper. A549 cells showed an overexpression of TNF-α after contact with these wallpapers as well as a significant overexpression of IL-8 and CYP 1A1.Discussion-Conclusion: We detected no mycotoxin in foxing, thus excluding possible links between inhalation of mycotoxins from old manuscripts and respiratory symptoms. For people in their homes and respiratory symptoms, it is difficult to draw any relationships to a given fungal species or a metabolite although S. chartarum has been implicated. These initial results should be confirmed by further study

Charles University in Prague Pharmaceutical Faculty in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Miloslava Ďuráčová Consultant: RNDr. Jitka Vytlačilová, Ph.D. Title of thesis: HPLC-MS determination of active biological compounds in Elbe river Biologically active compounds have a various ways to enter environment. They can occur as pesticides, cosmetics and pharmaceutics and their metabolites. Such compounds are classified as environmental contaminants. There is a increased environmental concentration connected with increasing consumption of biologically active compounds. There is a urgent need to follow the effect on the different parts of ecosystem and levels of biologically active compounds. This work was prepared during the cooperation with Povodí Labe state enterprise. A novel analytical method was described in the experimental part of this thesis. I was employed to evaluate biologically compounds levels in the surface water samples. This method is now routinely used. 10 out of 19 evaluated compounds reached concentrations higher than LOD. Acetaminophene (559 ng/l, Králický stream), gabapentine (457 ng/l Elbe, LB Schmilka), cotinine (139 ng/l, Králický potok) were the biologically active compounds with the highest found concentrations. Keywords: HPLC-MS analysis,...

Conjugation of reactive intermediates of drugs with proteins or DNA may result in toxic effects such as hepatotoxicity, agranulocytosis, allergies, tumors, etc. From 1975 to 1999, 2.9% of drugs were withdrawn from the market due to such severe adverse drug reactions. Thus, formation of chemically reactive intermediates is a widely discussed problem in drug development processes. Early detection of potentially toxic compounds is required for drug discovery and drug development. Conjugation of such electrophilic compounds with glutathione (GSH) is one of the most important detoxifying reactions in vivo. Processing of these GSH-conjugates ultimately leads to the formation of renally cleared mercapturic acids, which may also be oxidized to sulfoxides. Thus, mercapturic acids may be generated and detected in vitro and non-invasively in vivo in urine to assess the reactivity of a compound in early stages of drug development processes. Therefore, the aim of this work was to develop and evaluate a HPLC-MS/MS screening method for simple and rapid detection and characterization of known and unknown mercapturic acids and application of the method to several different matrices. Based on the common constant neutral loss (CNL) of 129 Da of all mercapturic acids tested (in negative ion mode), a CNL survey scan was performed using a linear ion trap instrument and was combined with two enhanced product ion (EPI) scans with different collision energies to characterize the detected signals. The CNL resulted from the cleavage between the sulfur and the carbon atom in the N-acetyl-L-cysteine moiety. After optimization of the experimental parameters, the detection limits of the reference substances in rat urine ranged from 0.3 to 15.5 pmol on column (i.e. 20 ng/ml to 800 ng/ml). For in vitro evaluation of the method, the model compounds acetaminophen, diclofenac, bifonazole, clozapine, troglitazone, carbamazepine, and bisphenol A were screened for formation of reactive intermediates and, hence, detection of the corresponding mercapturic acids. To determine possible species- and tissue-specific toxicities, the model compounds were incubated with stimulated neutrophils and with liver microsomes from rats and humans. Species-specific differences were observed in incubations of acetaminophen and diclofenac with rat and human hepatic microsomes. Tissue-specific differences in biotransformation of the model compounds in incubations with human neutrophils and human liver microsomes were observed for diclofenac, carbamazepine, clozapine, and bifonazole. The developed HPLC-MS/MS method was also evaluated in vivo by analysis of rat and human urine. Drug-related mercapturic acids were detected in urine of rats orally treated with acetaminophen (20 mg/kg and 640 mg/kg b.w.) or diclofenac (10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg b.w.). Human urine samples were analyzed before and after oral administration of a clinically used dose of 500 mg and 50 mg of acetaminophen. Besides detection of the mercapturic acid of N-acetylbenzoquinoneimine (AAP-MA), a second mercapturic acid with m/z 327 occurred dose-dependently in rat and human urine samples after administration of acetaminophen. Further investigations on identification of this metabolite using authentic compounds and comparing their MS/MS mass spectra demonstrated oxidation of AAP-MA to stereoisomeric sulfoxides in vivo. For diclofenac, a novel mercapturic acid with m/z 441 was detected in rat urine samples that was identical to a metabolite obtained in incubations with human neutrophils before. The in vivo formation of this diclofenac metabolite is described here for the first time. In addition, three endogenously formed mercapturic acids were detected and identified. In conclusion, the results of the in vitro and in vivo evaluation demonstrate the advantages of the rapid and generic HPLC-MS/MS screening method for the detection of mercapturic acids, that can be obtained with a minimum of sample preparation and a high throughput in diverse matrices. / Konjugation reaktiver Intermediate mit Proteinen oder DNA kann zu toxischen Effekten wie Hepatotoxizität, Neutropenie, Allergien, Tumoren u.a. führen. Zwischen 1975 und 1999 wurden 2.9% der zugelassenen Arzneistoffe wegen Auftretens solcher unerwünschten, toxischen Nebenwirkungen vom Markt genommen. Daher stellen Substanzen, die reaktive Intermediate bilden können, ein großes Problem in der Arzneistoffentwicklung dar. Aus diesem Grund ist die pharmazeutische Forschungsindustrie daran interessiert, solche potenziell toxischen Substanzen bereits in frühen Phasen der Arzneistoffentwicklung zu erfassen. Elektrophile, reaktive Intermediate sind instabil und reagieren schnell mit nukleophilen Substraten. Die Konjugation reaktiver Intermediate mit Glutathion stellt hierbei einen der Hauptmechanismen der Detoxifizierung im Organismus dar. In vivo können enzymatisch geregelte Reaktionen das Glutathionaddukt abbauen und so zur Bildung renal ausscheidbarer Merkaptursäuren führen, die auch zu den entsprechenden Sulfoxiden oxidiert werden können. Man kann Merkaptursäuren aber auch direkt durch Konjugation mit N-Acetyl-L-cystein gewinnen. So können reaktive Intermediate in vitro generiert und als Merkaptursäuren detektiert und nicht-invasiv auch in vivo erfasst werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, eine HPLC-MS/MS-Screening-Methode zur einfachen und schnellen Detektion und Charakterisierung von bekannten und unbekannten Merkaptursäuren als Biomarker für die Bildung reaktiver Metabolite in verschiedenen Matrices zu entwickeln und zu evaluieren. Für alle untersuchten Merkaptursäuren und deren Sulfoxide war ein Neutralverlust von 129 Da (im negativen Ionenmodus) charakteristisch. Dieser entstand durch Spaltung der Schwefel-Kohlenstoff-Bindung im Merkaptursäureanteil und diente als Basis für die Entwicklung der HPLC-MS/MS-Methode. Dafür wurde ein CNL-Scan auf 129 Da im negativen Ionenmodus durchgeführt. Der CNL-Scan konnte unter Verwendung der vorhandenen Ionenfalle mit zwei Produkt-ionen-Scans (EPI) mit unterschiedlichen Kollisionsenergien kombiniert und für eine Charakterisierung der detektierten Signale verwandt werden. Nach Optimierung der Instrument- und HPLC-Parameter wurden für die einzelnen Referenzsubstanzen Nachweisgrenzen im Bereich von 0.3 bis 15.5 pmol on column (entspricht einem Bereich von 20 ng/ml bis 800 ng/ml) in Rattenurin bestimmt. Für die In-vitro-Evaluierung der CNL-Screening-Methode wurden die Modellsubstanzen Paracetamol, Diclofenac, Troglitazon, Bifonazol, Clozapin, Carbamazepin und Bisphenol A auf die Bildung reaktiver Intermediate hin untersucht, die durch Zusatz von N-acetylcystein abgefangen wurden. Um eventuell Aufschluß über gewebe- oder speziesspezifische Toxizitäten von Arzneistoffen zu bekommen, wurden die Modellsubstanzen in stimulierten neutrophilen Granulozyten und in Ratten- und Humanlebermikrosomen inkubiert. Speziesspezifische Unterschiede in der Bildung von reaktiven Intermediaten zwischen Inkubationen mit Ratten- und Humanlebermikrosomen wurden bei Paracetamol und Diclofenac beobachtet. Organspezifische Unterschiede in der Bildung von reaktiven Intermediaten zwischen Inkubationen mit neutrophilen Granulozyten und humanen Lebermikrosomen wurden bei Diclofenac, Carbamazepin, Clozapin und Bifonazol gefunden. Die HPLC-MS/MS-Screening-Methode wurde durch Messungen von Ratten- und Humanurinproben auch in vivo evaluiert. Arzneistoffbezogene Merkaptursäuren wurden in Urinproben von Ratten gemessen, die über eine Schlundsonde Paracetamol (20 mg/kg und 640 mg/kg K.G.) bzw. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg und 20 mg/kg K.G.) zugeführt bekommen hatten. Humanurin wurde nach Gabe einer therapeutischen Dosis von 500 mg Paracetamol und einer subtherapeutischen Dosis von 50 mg analysiert. Neben der bekannten Merkaptursäure des N-acetylbenzochinonimins (NAPQI) wurde ein weiterer Metabolit (m/z 327) dosisabhängig in den Urinproben von Ratte und Mensch detektiert. Durch nähere Untersuchungen zur Identifizierung dieses Metaboliten anhand von Referenzsubstanzen und deren Massenspektren konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass das Merkapturat des NAPQI zu stereoisomeren Sulfoxiden oxidiert wurde. Bei den Diclofenac-Proben wurde zum ersten Mal ein Metabolit mit m/z 441 in Rattenurin detektiert und charakterisiert, der nur in Inkubationen mit stimulierten neutrophilen Granulozyten, jedoch nicht mit Lebermikrosomen gebildet wurde. Mit der entwickelten HPLC-MS/MS Screening Methode konnten weitere, vom Arzneistoff unabhängige Merkaptursäuren im Urin detektiert und charakterisiert werden. Schließlich zeigen die Ergebnisse zur In-vitro- und In-vivo-Evaluierung die Vorteile dieser schnellen und generischen HPLC-MS/MS-Screening-Methode zur Detektion von Merkaptursäuren, die mit minimaler Probenvorbereitung und hohem Probendurchsatz für verschiedene Matrices eingesetzt werden kann.

Objetivo: Avaliar a farmacocinética da vildagliptina em animais sadios e diabéticos, através da análise dos níveis plasmáticos totais e livres teciduais, empregando-se a técnica de microdiálise. Metodologia: A doença foi induzida nos animais através da administração de 42mg/kg de aloxano através da via intravenosa (i.v.). A vildagliptina foi administrada nas doses de 50 mg/kg (n = 6) e 75 mg/kg (n = 6) via i.v. nos animais diabéticos e na dose de 50 mg/kg (n = 6) nos animais sadios. As concentrações plasmáticas foram quantificadas por CLAE-EM-EM em método desenvolvido e validado. A ligação às proteínas plasmáticas foi determinada por microdiálise, assim como a avaliação tecidual. As sondas de microdiálise foram calibradas in vitro através de diálise e retrodiálise e in vivo utilizando retrodiálise. Para determinação das concentrações teciduais, uma segunda metodologia foi desenvolvida e validada em CLAE-EM-EM. Avaliações compartimentais (software Scientist ®) e não compartimentais (software Excel ®) foram realizadas. Resultados e Discussão: A ligação as proteínas plasmáticas apresentou um valor médio de 9,44 % ± 3,23, condizente com valores encontrados na literatura. Os valores de Ke, clearance, tempo de meia vida, MRT e VDss não apresentaram diferença estatística significativa entre as diferentes doses administradas nos animais diabéticos e entre os animais sadios. As calibrações in vitro por diálise e retrodiálise apresentaram uma recuperação média de 30%, sem diferença estatística entre as duas metodologias empregadas (α = 0,05). A recuperação in vivo também apresentou o mesmo valor médio de recuperação. A penetração tecidual do fármaco em animais diabéticos para as diferentes doses estudadas apresentou mesmo valor nos tecidos estudados, uma média de 0,20. A penetração tecidual semelhante no animal diabético pode ser devido ao dano similar entre os órgãos sofrido durante a indução da doença. Já os animais sadios apresentaram penetração tecidual similar no músculo sem diferença estatística significativa em relação aos diabéticos, entretanto no fígado foi observada uma penetração quarenta e quatro vezes inferior a observada no músculo. Essa disparidade pode ser atribuída a diferença de expressão de proteínas transportadoras no fígado do animal diabetico quando comparado ao sadio. O perfil farmacocinético plasmático foi semelhante entre os dois grupos avaliados, sendo que os parâmetros não diferiram estatisticamente (α = 0,05). Foi empregado o modelo de dois compartimentos para prever as concentrações teciduais. A previsão supõe concentrações superiores as encontradas experimentalmente, contradizendo dados de literatura. Esses dados são inéditos na literatura e demostram a importância da determinação do fármaco em tecidos alvo, uma vez que nem sempre modelos matemáticos conseguem prever a realidade fisiológica. Conclusões: As metodologias analíticas para quantificação da vildagliptina em microdialisado e plasma foram desenvolvidas e validadas, seguindo os requisitos do FDA. O perfil farmacocinético plasmático foi adequadamente descrito pelo modelo de 2 compartimentos. Os perfis teciduais obtidos nesse trabalho podem contribuir para o melhor entendimento dos mecanismos farmacológicos envolvidos e contribuir para futura otimização de terapias. / Objective: To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of vildagliptin in healthy and diabetic animals using a microdialysis technique. Methodology: Diabetes was induced in animals by administration of 42 mg/kg of alloxan intravenously (iv). Vildagliptin was administered intravenously as 50 mg/kg (n = 6) and 75 mg/kg doses (n = 6) in the diabetic animals and as a 50 mg/kg dose (n = 6) in healthy animals. Plasma concentrations were quantified by a HPLC-MS-MS method developed and validated. The plasma protein binding was determined by microdialysis and tissue evaluation. Microdialysis probes were calibrated in vitro using dialysis and retrodialysis and in vivo using retrodialysis. A second method was developed and validated using HPLC-MS-MS to determine tissue concentrations. Results and Discussion: Mean plasma protein was 9.44% ± 3.23, consistent with values reported in the literature. The values of Ke, clearance, half-life, MRT and Vdss showed no statistical difference between the evaluated doses in diabetic animals and between healthy animals (α = 0.05). Calibrations in vitro by dialysis and retrodialysis showed mean recovery of 30%, with no statistical difference between the two methodologies. Mean recovery in vivo also showed the same value. The tissue penetration of the drug in diabetic animals for the different doses studied showed the same value in both tissues studied, an mean of 0.20. The tissue penetration similar in diabetic animals could be due to the similar damage suffered between organs during induction of the disease. The healthy animals showed similar muscle penetration, compared with diabetics animals, although the liver showed a penetration forty four times lower than muscle. This discrepancy can be attributed to differential expression of transporter proteins in the liver of diabetic animals, when compared to the healthy group. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile was similar between the investigated groups, and the parameters did not differ. The two-compartment model was employed to describe the data and used to predict the concentration in the tissues. This is the first study to present these tissue profiles, which presented concentrations below the estimated by the model. These data demonstrate the importance of determining the drug inside the target tissue, as the mathematical models sometimes cannot predict physiology. Conclusions: The analytical methods for the quantification of vildagliptin in microdialysate and plasma were developed and validated by following the requirements of the FDA. The plasma pharmacokinetic profile was correctly described by the model of two compartmental models. The novel tissue profiles obtained in this study may contribute to a better understanding of the pharmacological mechanisms involved and contribute to optimization of future therapies.