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Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2016. / Submitted by Fernanda Percia França (fernandafranca@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-08T16:06:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizEudásioCapeloBarrosoSilva.pdf: 1186415 bytes, checksum: 60e4a740599b1a02355b01948d83cc63 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-01-11T21:07:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizEudásioCapeloBarrosoSilva.pdf: 1186415 bytes, checksum: 60e4a740599b1a02355b01948d83cc63 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-11T21:07:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizEudásioCapeloBarrosoSilva.pdf: 1186415 bytes, checksum: 60e4a740599b1a02355b01948d83cc63 (MD5) / Essa pesquisa objetiva pensar a Retórica presente nos discursos de Victor Hugo durante seu exílio e, também, como a liberdade, em suas diferentes formas, é o principal tema desses discursos. A fim de contextualizar e de melhor refletir sobre algumas dessas alocuções, foi inicialmente montado um arcabouço teórico retórico necessário para pensar e analisar o discurso político hugoano. Objetivando desvelar a passagem de jovem monarquista para homem republicano, é feita uma discussão acerca da correlação entre o desenrolar dos acontecimentos históricos e a própria biografia de Hugo. Em seguida, divide-se o corpus dos discursos hugoanos, buscando agrupar os discursos segundo a tríade da Revolução Francesa: fraternidade igualdade e liberdade. A Revolução é o paradigma, pois estabeleceu uma República e tornou a todos cidadãos, não mais súditos, encerrando uma era de privilégios e distinções sociais baseadas no nascimento. Os ideais da revolução não tendo sido plenamente alcançados levam Hugo a retomar os combates almejando, então, uma real revolução. Exilado, o II Império, de Napoléon le Petit, tornou-se a Bastilha a ser conquistada. __________________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This research aims to think the rhetoric in the speeches by Victor Hugo during his exile and also how the freedom in its various forms is the main theme of these texts. In order to contextualize and better reflect on some of these speeches it was initially mounted a rhetorical theoretical framework necessary to think and analyze the hugoan political discourse. Aiming to reveal the passage of young monarchist to republican man, is made a discussion about the correlation between the unfolding of historical events and Hugo biography itself. Then, it was divided the corpus of hugoan speeches trying to group the speeches according to the triad of the French Revolution: fraternity equality and freedom. The Revolution is the paradigm, because it established a republic and made all citizens, not subjects, ending an era of privilege and social distinctions based on birth. The ideals of the revolution have not been fully achieved leading Hugo to resume fighting craving, then a real revolution. Exiled, the Second Empire of Napoléon le Petit, became the Bastille to be won.

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The death penalty occupies an essential place in Victor Hugo's work, notably in his narrative work where he emphasizes the rhetoric resources in attempts to convince his reader of the necessity of abolishing this practice which he considers "barbaric". This memoir suggests a reading of this rhetoric, concentrating on various specific Hugolian arguments and suggesting a global vision of his reasoning. The first chapter demonstrates that the opposition between law and his application lies at the root of the judicial criticism according to Hugo, from which also stems the question of death penalty to begin with. We then study the genesis and the functioning of multiple arguments depicting the consistency and persistency of Hugo's reasoning, these arguments being interpreted from novel to novel. Finally, in the third chapter, we analyze history's role as a meta-argument of the abolishment; the historical development often structuring the opposition of Hugo's theory regarding the excessive use of capital punishment.

Ceux qui s'intéressent à la littérature savent que la période la plus fructueuse de la carrière de Victor Hugo est celle des dix-huit années qu'il passa en exil aux îles de Jersey et Guernesey. Pendant ce temps son génie littéraire est en pleine floraison: il donne La Légende des Siècles, Les Contemplations, et Les Misérables. [...]

This thesis studies the theme of laughter in the works of Victor Hugo, distinguishing two topical networks: that of perverse gaiety and that of forced laughter. Part One (La Gaiete perverse) shows how Hugo, drawing various commonplaces related to cruel laughter in the gothic novel, creates a first family of characters whose laugh derives from their demented nature (the monster, the headsman, the priest, the outlaw, the mob, the court jester). Part Two (La Tristesse des justes) concerns the Hugo which, between 1845 and 1862, fashions a mythology of the People renewing with commonplaces related to perverse gaiety, which he now links to characters seen as pillars of the Second Empire (the tyrant, the soldier, the police officer). While the wicked laugh, the just man cries, and the laughter of the oppressed (the convict, the prostitute, the street urchin) is constrained. Part Three (Le Rire de force) considers three works dating from Hugo's exile, including L'Homme qui rit, where the author clearly defines what constitutes forced laughter: a victim's exultation caused by the perversity of his social torturer, the tyrant. This transition from perverse gaiety (which stems from individual perversion) to forced laughter (the result of society's perversion) will be interpreted as the reflexion of a shift in the identity of Hugo's implied reader. While the first Hugo wrote about the people, the later Hugo aspires to write for the people, which considerably affects the meaning conferred to various commonplaces used throughout his writing career.