No description available.

As experiências de maternidade nos presídios brasileiros têm crescido diante do aumento do número de mulheres presas. A complexidade dessa condição e as adversidades no meio das quais elas se desenrolam convocam pesquisadores a aprofundar o conhecimento destas experiências de modo a tirá-las da invisibilidade social. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer e compreender a experiência da maternidade no cárcere, a partir do cotidiano e da trajetória de vida de mulheres egressas do sistema penitenciário. Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo e reflexivo, de caráter qualitativo, balizando-se nos pressupostos da hermenêutica-dialética e na construção de duas histórias orais. Para a análise, elegeu-se como eixo central o conceito de cotidiano. Foi possível a identificação de dez categorias, apresentadas a partir de uma perspectiva temporal das trajetórias das colaboradoras. Como resultados, na experiência \"Gestação, parto e pós-parto\", observouse que as mulheres grávidas vivenciaram diferentes condições de vulnerabilidade e riscos para a sua integridade física, bem como do bebê em formação, com precário acesso aos cuidados em saúde e sob marcantes violações de direitos. Na experiência \"Maternidade no cárcere\", período em que mãe-bebê permaneceram juntos na instituição, constatou-se que, em contraponto ao desamparo vivenciado, práticas de solidariedade foram desenvolvidas pelas mulheres como modo de organização e resistência às dificuldades e privações materiais- afetivas por elas vividas. Constatou-se que a experiência de cuidados dos filhos era percebida como uma experiência prazerosa, mas também desgastante devido ao cuidado intensivo e exclusivo da criança e às tristezas e durezas vividas no contexto do encarceramento. Assim, frente às precariedades e às rígidas normas da prisão, as mulheres construíam estratégias para otimizar e garantir os cuidados dos bebês e de si, ora exibindo posturas de submissão ora de resistência e reinvenção do cotidiano. A anunciada separação mãe-bebê permeou o imaginário das mulheres durante todo o período da gravidez e cuidado do filho, antecipando o sofrimento da concretização da despedida. Após a entrega de seus filhos para suas famílias, as mulheres desenvolveram modos singulares de lidar com o sofrimento e com a preocupante sobrecarga física, emocional e financeira causada a seus familiares. No período \"Vida após o cárcere\", as experiências das colaboradoras mostraram a difícil retomada do contato com os filhos e as repercussões para sua relação futura com eles. Essas dificuldades foram agravadas pelas barreiras, preconceitos e precariedade de acesso às políticas sociais e às de suporte para a inclusão social após o encarceramento. Como resultado, as mulheres necessitaram agenciar, por si próprias, a construção de projetos de vida que viessem a garantir o futuro de seus filhos após a prisão. Concluiu-se que o cotidiano prisional se apresentou como violador e normatizador da experiência materna e de sua relação com as crianças. Ademais, constatou-se que a experiência de maternidade foi utilizada como mais um modo de punição das mulheres, com prejuízos a seus filhos, por vezes, irreparáveis e que extrapolaram o espaço-tempo do cárcere. Ainda assim, pôde-se perceber que, frente a violações e sofrimentos, as mulheres construíram espaços para reinvenção e resistência a esse aprisionante cotidiano / Maternity experiences in Brazilian prison has been growing considering the increase of incarcerated women. This complex and adverse condition call upon researchers to deepen these experiences\' knowledge in order to make them socially visible. This research aims to apprehend and understand the experience of maternity in prison through everyday life and life trajectories of women who got out of prison. This is an exploratory, descriptive and reflexive, qualitative study. We used dialectical hermeneutics framework and constructed two oral histories, using the everyday life concept as main axis to analyze them. We identified ten categories in a temporal perspective of the collaborators trajectories. The results of the \"Pregnancy, birth and after birth\" experience show that pregnant women had different vulnerability conditions and risks for their physical integrity and the baby\'s as well. There was precarious access to health care and rights violation. In the experience of \"Maternity in prison\" we verified that when mother and baby stayed together in the institution, opposing the helplessness they lived, women developed solidarity practices as a mean of organization and resistance of the difficulties and material-affective privation they experimented. The experience of children care was perceived as pleasurable and exhausting at the same time due to the intensive and exclusive children care and to the sadness and hardness experienced in prison. Therefore, considering the precariousness and the rigid prison rules, women built strategies to optimize and guarantee the babies\' care and their self-care by adopting a submissive and resistance stances rotatively, and the recreation of their daily lives. The announced separation of mother-baby has permeated the women\'s ideals during the whole pregnancy and childcare period, anticipating the suffering caused by the separation moment. After delivering the children for their families, women developed singular ways to deal with the suffering and with the physical, emotional and financial load caused to their families. In the \"Life after prison\" period, the collaborators had difficulties in reestablishing the contact with their children and were uncertain about the consequences of their relation with them. The barriers, prejudice and precariousness of the access to the social policies and the support for social inclusion exacerbated it. As a result, women needed to act by themselves in order to have a life plan that would guarantee their children\'s future after imprisonment. We concluded that everyday life in prison revels to be a violator and standardizer of the maternal experience and its relation to the children. Hence, we verified that maternity experience was used as punishment for women, causing damage to their children that might be irreparable and that goes beyond the prison space-time. Considering the violations and suffering women experienced, they constructed spaces for recreating and resisting to the constraining everyday life in prison

As experiências de maternidade nos presídios brasileiros têm crescido diante do aumento do número de mulheres presas. A complexidade dessa condição e as adversidades no meio das quais elas se desenrolam convocam pesquisadores a aprofundar o conhecimento destas experiências de modo a tirá-las da invisibilidade social. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo conhecer e compreender a experiência da maternidade no cárcere, a partir do cotidiano e da trajetória de vida de mulheres egressas do sistema penitenciário. Foi realizado estudo exploratório, descritivo e reflexivo, de caráter qualitativo, balizando-se nos pressupostos da hermenêutica-dialética e na construção de duas histórias orais. Para a análise, elegeu-se como eixo central o conceito de cotidiano. Foi possível a identificação de dez categorias, apresentadas a partir de uma perspectiva temporal das trajetórias das colaboradoras. Como resultados, na experiência \"Gestação, parto e pós-parto\", observouse que as mulheres grávidas vivenciaram diferentes condições de vulnerabilidade e riscos para a sua integridade física, bem como do bebê em formação, com precário acesso aos cuidados em saúde e sob marcantes violações de direitos. Na experiência \"Maternidade no cárcere\", período em que mãe-bebê permaneceram juntos na instituição, constatou-se que, em contraponto ao desamparo vivenciado, práticas de solidariedade foram desenvolvidas pelas mulheres como modo de organização e resistência às dificuldades e privações materiais- afetivas por elas vividas. Constatou-se que a experiência de cuidados dos filhos era percebida como uma experiência prazerosa, mas também desgastante devido ao cuidado intensivo e exclusivo da criança e às tristezas e durezas vividas no contexto do encarceramento. Assim, frente às precariedades e às rígidas normas da prisão, as mulheres construíam estratégias para otimizar e garantir os cuidados dos bebês e de si, ora exibindo posturas de submissão ora de resistência e reinvenção do cotidiano. A anunciada separação mãe-bebê permeou o imaginário das mulheres durante todo o período da gravidez e cuidado do filho, antecipando o sofrimento da concretização da despedida. Após a entrega de seus filhos para suas famílias, as mulheres desenvolveram modos singulares de lidar com o sofrimento e com a preocupante sobrecarga física, emocional e financeira causada a seus familiares. No período \"Vida após o cárcere\", as experiências das colaboradoras mostraram a difícil retomada do contato com os filhos e as repercussões para sua relação futura com eles. Essas dificuldades foram agravadas pelas barreiras, preconceitos e precariedade de acesso às políticas sociais e às de suporte para a inclusão social após o encarceramento. Como resultado, as mulheres necessitaram agenciar, por si próprias, a construção de projetos de vida que viessem a garantir o futuro de seus filhos após a prisão. Concluiu-se que o cotidiano prisional se apresentou como violador e normatizador da experiência materna e de sua relação com as crianças. Ademais, constatou-se que a experiência de maternidade foi utilizada como mais um modo de punição das mulheres, com prejuízos a seus filhos, por vezes, irreparáveis e que extrapolaram o espaço-tempo do cárcere. Ainda assim, pôde-se perceber que, frente a violações e sofrimentos, as mulheres construíram espaços para reinvenção e resistência a esse aprisionante cotidiano / Maternity experiences in Brazilian prison has been growing considering the increase of incarcerated women. This complex and adverse condition call upon researchers to deepen these experiences\' knowledge in order to make them socially visible. This research aims to apprehend and understand the experience of maternity in prison through everyday life and life trajectories of women who got out of prison. This is an exploratory, descriptive and reflexive, qualitative study. We used dialectical hermeneutics framework and constructed two oral histories, using the everyday life concept as main axis to analyze them. We identified ten categories in a temporal perspective of the collaborators trajectories. The results of the \"Pregnancy, birth and after birth\" experience show that pregnant women had different vulnerability conditions and risks for their physical integrity and the baby\'s as well. There was precarious access to health care and rights violation. In the experience of \"Maternity in prison\" we verified that when mother and baby stayed together in the institution, opposing the helplessness they lived, women developed solidarity practices as a mean of organization and resistance of the difficulties and material-affective privation they experimented. The experience of children care was perceived as pleasurable and exhausting at the same time due to the intensive and exclusive children care and to the sadness and hardness experienced in prison. Therefore, considering the precariousness and the rigid prison rules, women built strategies to optimize and guarantee the babies\' care and their self-care by adopting a submissive and resistance stances rotatively, and the recreation of their daily lives. The announced separation of mother-baby has permeated the women\'s ideals during the whole pregnancy and childcare period, anticipating the suffering caused by the separation moment. After delivering the children for their families, women developed singular ways to deal with the suffering and with the physical, emotional and financial load caused to their families. In the \"Life after prison\" period, the collaborators had difficulties in reestablishing the contact with their children and were uncertain about the consequences of their relation with them. The barriers, prejudice and precariousness of the access to the social policies and the support for social inclusion exacerbated it. As a result, women needed to act by themselves in order to have a life plan that would guarantee their children\'s future after imprisonment. We concluded that everyday life in prison revels to be a violator and standardizer of the maternal experience and its relation to the children. Hence, we verified that maternity experience was used as punishment for women, causing damage to their children that might be irreparable and that goes beyond the prison space-time. Considering the violations and suffering women experienced, they constructed spaces for recreating and resisting to the constraining everyday life in prison

Palestinian women detained in Israeli prisons are often subjected to systemic human rights violations. This study examines the treatment of Palestinian women in Israeli prisons, examining the extent to which these experiences align with or diverge from international human rights norms. Through rigorous analysis of existing literature, legal frameworks, and firsthand accounts, this study aims to contribute to the discourse on human rights and justice within the context of Palestinian incarceration. By examining various aspects of their treatment, including but not limited to conditions of detention, interrogation methods, access to legal representation, and healthcare provision, this research seeks to provide a nuanced understanding of the challenges faced by women within Israeli prison facilities. The findings from interviews with Palestinian female prisoners provide compelling evidence of the systematic abuses of human rights perpetrated by Israeli authorities within the prison system. In light of these findings, it is imperative to advocate for reforms within the Israeli prison system, with a focus on upholding the rights and dignity of Palestinian female detainees.

"Whereas victims of ordinary crimes such as theft, robbery, assault or murder find it easier to obtain redress, victims of the most serious violatons such as war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity receive less attention insofar as their redress is concerned. Apart from some exceptional cases where victims of serious human rights abuses had their right to redress vindicated, there has not been an effective and comprehensive way of redressing victims of gross human rights violations. In Africa for instance, victims' redress in post-Apartheid South Africa and post-genocide Rwanda have been problematic. Thus, it is meaningful investigating how effectively the victims' right to reparation can be implemented in case of gross and systematic human rights violations. Preliminary to the above interrogation are questions such as: what are gross and systematic human rights violations? What are international standards regarding redress for the victims of such abuses? The case studies of Sierra Leone and the DRC will be closely analysed as an empirical foundation for these questions. ... This study consists of five chapters. Chapter one draws the context in which the study emerges. It provides the foundation and the structure of the dissertation. Chapter two outlines the legal framework that is relevant for answering the questions raised by this study. It explores international human rights standards regarding reparation of vicitms of gross and systematic violations. Chapter three analyses the implementation of victims' reparation in the context of Sierra Leone. It confronts Sierra Leonean responses to war victims with international standards on victims' reparation. Chapter four analyses victims' situation in the post-conflict Democratic Republic of Congo and draws lessons from the Sierra Leonean experience. Chapter five sums up findings of the study." -- Introduction. / Prepared under the supervision of Professor Alejandro Lorite Escorihuela at the Department of Law, American University in Cairo, Egypt / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2006. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

No description available.

Diamonds have played a dual role in society since their discovery. On the one hand, they have brought smiles to the faces of many exhibiting love, beauty, wealth and brilliance. On the other hand, they have been at the heart of many conflicts. This juxtaposition has different impacts in usage. For those whom diamonds were a positively and morally accepted benefit, it did not present problems. Where diamonds spurned conflicts, it caused harm to lives and territories. Human rights abuses became the cause of international conflicts. Humanitarian interventions appeared on the United Nations Security Council agenda. The United Nations had to address the human rights abuses and had to confront the escalation of human rights abuses. Human rights abuses reached significant proportions forcing the application of humanitarian intervention mechanisms. Control of the diamond trade industry was fast becoming an item on many international peace keeping agendas. International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Criminal Court, the African Union, the European Union, the World Diamond Council and the United Nations have all tried to influence the diamond trade and its consequential impact upon human rights. These organisations are regulated by law, making them a preferred mechanism for establishing accountability for human rights abuse, arising from the illegal trade in rough diamonds and the maintenance of peace and security.Pressed by the United Nations and, De Beers; NGOs; the Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness; the World Diamond Council; and many States initiated a formalised voluntary international certification scheme for the export and import of diamonds. Thisinternational certification scheme for the trade of rough diamonds became known as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme has been hailed as a milestone in the diamond trade industry. Simultaneously, the Certification Scheme has been criticised for its inefficacy in regulating the legitimate trade of rough diamonds. Whether the Certification Scheme in its present form is suitable to address the crisis in the trade of rough diamonds is central to this study. Thus, the characterisation, monitoring, implementation and evolution of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme will be examined. / Jurisprudence / LLD

Diamonds have played a dual role in society since their discovery. On the one hand, they have brought smiles to the faces of many exhibiting love, beauty, wealth and brilliance. On the other hand, they have been at the heart of many conflicts. This juxtaposition has different impacts in usage. For those whom diamonds were a positively and morally accepted benefit, it did not present problems. Where diamonds spurned conflicts, it caused harm to lives and territories. Human rights abuses became the cause of international conflicts. Humanitarian interventions appeared on the United Nations Security Council agenda. The United Nations had to address the human rights abuses and had to confront the escalation of human rights abuses. Human rights abuses reached significant proportions forcing the application of humanitarian intervention mechanisms. Control of the diamond trade industry was fast becoming an item on many international peace keeping agendas. International organisations such as the World Trade Organisation, the International Criminal Court, the African Union, the European Union, the World Diamond Council and the United Nations have all tried to influence the diamond trade and its consequential impact upon human rights. These organisations are regulated by law, making them a preferred mechanism for establishing accountability for human rights abuse, arising from the illegal trade in rough diamonds and the maintenance of peace and security.Pressed by the United Nations and, De Beers; NGOs; the Partnership Africa Canada and Global Witness; the World Diamond Council; and many States initiated a formalised voluntary international certification scheme for the export and import of diamonds. Thisinternational certification scheme for the trade of rough diamonds became known as the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme. The Kimberley Process Certification Scheme has been hailed as a milestone in the diamond trade industry. Simultaneously, the Certification Scheme has been criticised for its inefficacy in regulating the legitimate trade of rough diamonds. Whether the Certification Scheme in its present form is suitable to address the crisis in the trade of rough diamonds is central to this study. Thus, the characterisation, monitoring, implementation and evolution of the Kimberley Process Certification Scheme will be examined. / Jurisprudence / LLD

Lo studio si inserisce nel dibattito sul potere delle multinazionali e il rispetto dei diritti umani fondamentali e approfondisce i concetti di responsabilità sociale delle imprese (CSR) e della loro "accountability", inquadrando l'analisi nel contesto più ampio degli investimenti esteri diretti (FDI), con i relativi aspetti economici, tecnologici e sociali, nonché ambientali e politici. Si analizzano le norme internazionali in tema di rispetto dei diritti umani da parte delle aziende, ed i meccanismi legali per rendere le società "accountable", soprattutto in caso di complicità aziendali negli abusi perpetrati dagli Stati, anche attraverso la giurisprudenza dei tribunali penali internazionali e dei tribunali statunitensi. Viene data attenzione al settore della sicurezza, i.e. "Private Military and Security Companies" (PMSCs, interessato da notevole crescita negli ultimi decenni. Le PMSCs, impiegate da parte dei governi che esternalizzano una funzione tipicamente dello stato e da imprese e ONG attive in contesti difficili, hanno operato senza adeguato controllo. Le loro attività sollevano questioni su potenziali abusi dei diritti umani commessi dai propri dipendenti oltre che su violazioni dei diritti del lavoro subite dagli stessi. Le azioni ONU per portare le PMSCs fuori dalla 'zona legale grigia' in cui hanno operato vengono trattate insieme alle iniziative di autoregolamentazione. / The study, given the debate about the increasing power of corporations and the attempts to ensure their respect of fundamental human rights, deepens the concepts of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and corporate accountability, framing the analysis within the broader discourse of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), with its economic, technological and social aspects as well as environmental and political issues. International standards in the area of corporations’ human rights obligations are analyzed in addition to legal mechanisms to hold corporations accountable, particularly for corporate complicity in human rights abuses by States, through the jurisprudence of international criminal tribunals and U.S. Courts. Special attention is given to the security sector, i.e. Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs), interested in the last decades by a steady growth. PMSCs, increasingly contracted by governments willing to outsource a typical state function and by companies and NGOs active in difficult contexts, have been operating without proper supervision and accountability. PMSCs activities raise issues concerning potential human rights violations committed by their employees and labour rights abuses their employees might suffer themselves. UN actions aimed at bringing PMSCs out of the legal ‘grey zone’ where they have been operating are tackled alongside with self-regulatory initiatives.