Weanling male rats were made anemic and fed diets supplemented with 20 ppm iron and/or 2 ppm molybdenum. A decrease in serum iron was observed in the rats supplemented only with iron and a significant decrease in hemoglobin was observed in rats given no supplementation. In a second experiment, pregnant female rats were also fed diets supplemented with 20 ppm iron and/or 2 ppm molybdenum. An inverse relationship was apparent between iron and copper in both the serum and the liver of the female rats. The livers of their pups displayed an inverse relationship between molybdenum and copper. Hemoglobin in both dams and pups tended to decrease when: (1) supplemental molybdenum was absent but supplemental iron was present; (2) supplemental iron was absent but supplemental molybdenum was present; and (3) no supplementation was given at all. While there appeared to be little placental transfer of molybdenum, iron and copper seemed to be transferred from the dams' liver. In a third experiment, serum was collected from pregnant women in first, second, and third trimester, and at postpartum. Both serum iron and serum molybdenum decreased significantly at postpartum. Inverse relationships were apparent between (1) serum iron and serum copper, and (2) serum molybdenum and serum copper.

Over an 18-year period, beginning in 1955, a group of subjects has been studied six times to determine if any relationship exists among serum cholesterol levels, body weight, health status, diet quality and stress or anxiety. For the first four test periods, extending through ages 7 to 16 years, there were 321 subjects. Later, in 1968, 86 of the original 321 subjects, now aged 19-22 years, were able to participate in a follow-up study. The 1974 study was able to involve 30 of the original 321 subjects now aged 26-29 years. Findings show that from approximately the fifteenth year onward serum cholesterol levels in males continue to rise in an almost linear fashion, whereas females experienced a drop in serum cholesterol levels at ages 19-22 years which was followed by a rise when they reached 26-29 years. Persons who were classified as overweight in the sixth test period had higher serum cholesterol levels than persons classified as either desirable weight or under-weight for both sexes. Anxiety levels as determined by the IPAT anxiety scale questionnaire in the sixth test period showed that for males there was a positive relationship between serum cholesterol and anxiety but for women a negative relationship was shown. Subjects with serum cholesterol levels above 250 mg/100 ml consumed diets higher in saturated fats than the subjects with serum cholesterol levels below 250 mg/100 ml. In males a significant positive correlation was shown between serum cholesterol levels and smoking.

Subclinical vitamin A deficiency was assessed in 65 Hispanic children attending four migrant Head Start programs in Utah. Subjects aged 2 to 6 years (median 3 years 10 months) were examined for evidence of vitamin A deficiency by conjunctival impression cytology. Biochemical indices for serum vitamin A, retinol-binding protein, zinc, and iron were performed. Of eight children (12.5%) with subclinical vitamin A deficiency, one child had a marginal serum vitamin A of 11 μg/dl. Retinol-binding protein concentrations were significantly lower in two subjects with abnormal conjunctival impression cytology. Serum zinc, which when low can mimic signs of ocular vitamin A lesions, was normal for all 65 subjects. Fifteen children (23%) had iron-deficiency anemia. Logistic regression was the central method of analysis used in this study. The results of the statistical analyses indicated there was a correlation value (0.31) between abnormal conjunctival impression cytology and serum vitamin A, which supports the hypothesis that abnormal conjunctiva! impression cytology is concurrent with decreased serum vitamin A. Assessment of vitamin A status of Hispanic migrant children by impression cytology was effective in identifying children at risk for hypovitaminosis A. Beyond vitamin A's role in vision and maintenance of epithelium, it is also required for growth and hematopoiesis. The children of migrant workers may be suffering physiologically important consequences of vitamin A and iron deficiency that can be prevented by screening with biochemical and histological testing. Nutrition intervention for deficient children is warranted.

To date there have been no complete reports of the nutrient intakes of persons with Type I diabetes mellitus who use continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) pumps. The purpose of this study was to describe the sample population and to determine the nutrient intake of adult Type I diabetics from the Salt Lake City, Utah area, who use CSII. Seven male and 15 female CSII users, ages 25 to 53, completed a questionnaire and a three-day diet record as instructed. Diet records were coded and household measurements of foods were converted to gram weights for computerized nutrient analysis. Nutrient intake is reported as group mean and standard deviation for sex and age. The average duration of diabetes was 17 years. The average length of CSII use was l.6 years. Review of the medical charts revealed that weight gain since beginning CSII averaged 5.5 pounds irrespective of the duration of pump use. The dietary intake of protein, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B12 , and ascorbic acid met or exceeded the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for both men and women. For males, mean nutrient intakes were below the RDA for zinc (82.7%), folate (82.2%), and vitamin 86 (69.0%). For females, intakes were also below the RDA for zinc (64.0%), folate (58.3%), and vitamin 86 (69.0%), as well as for iron (58.5%) and magnesium (88.0%). The average percent of kilocalories from protein, carbohydrate and fat, (approximately 17%, 43%, and 40%) was similar for both the males and females. The day-to-day variation in carbohydrate intake for both sexes was not significantly different. Intake of added sugar in the diet was 6.6% and 5.8% of total kilocalories (14.8% and 13.9% of the carbohydrate kilocalories) for males and females, respectively. In conclusion, dietary intake for this small group of CSII users was adequate in most nutrients . Of concern is the apparent inadequate intakes of zinc, folate, vitamin s6 and iron for women, as compared to the current RDA standards. The distribution of kilocalories from protein, carbohydrate and fat approaches the 1979 recommendations by the American Diabetes Association. Weight gain may be a problem for some CSII pump users, and should be monitored.

The catalytic necessity of tyrosine residues in uridine diphospho- glucose pyrophosphorylase [E.C. 2.7.7.9] was investigated. Chemical modification of the pyrophosphorylase by N-acetylimidazole indicated that tyrosine residues were essential for activity. Approximately 23 of 112 tyrosines per molecule of 475,000 Daltons could be 0-acetylated. Solvent perturbation difference spectroscopy supported this number of exposed tyrosine side chains and in conjunction with chemical modification indicated that at least 11 to 12 tyrosyl residues per protein molecule are fully exposed. it her subst rate, uridine t riphosphate or uridine diphosphoglucose, afforded significant protection against inactivation by N-acetylimidazole. The significance of these tyrosine residues is discussed in terms of a quaternary subunit model for uridine diphosphoglucose pyrophosphorylase.

Thirty-two non-anemic children were assessed clinically, biochemically and anthropometrically at six months, one year and two years of age to investigate the relationship of iron status to mental and motor development. Using dietary history and dietary record instruments, dietary iron was estimated and compared to the National Food Consumption Survey (1985) and the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) for corresponding age groups. The Bayley Scales of Infant Development (which assess mental and motor development) and the Caldwell Home Inventory (which evaluates the environmental stimuli) were performed and correlated with blood iron parameters, anthropometric measurements and dietary nutrient intakes. Nutrient intakes of these children were similar to those reported in the NFCS (1985) for one- and two-year-olds. Iron intake decreased from 13.2 mg iron daily (88% RDA) at six months to 10.3 mg iron daily (68% RDA) and 7.4 mg iron daily (49% RDA) at two years of age. The correlation between iron intake and development was not statistically significant at any age. Stepwise, multiple regression was employed to investigate the extent to which variation in mental and motor development was explained by dietary variables, blood iron parameters and anthropometric measurements. Hematocrit was the only variable that significantly explained variation in mental development at all three ages. The findings of this study were different from earlier studies in that there was no statistical correlation between iron status and mental development; but, it did confirm the conclusion of more recent experiments that iron status has little effect on infants' and toddlers' development. The finding that infants and toddlers consuming less than the RDA for iron do not display iron deficiency symptoms and were not developmentally delayed or compromised should be comforting to parents who are concerned about iron intake during this critical period of infants' brain growth.

Ten young adults were divided into an exercising group (n = 6) and sedentary group (n = 4). Smoking, ingestion of alcohol, drugs and oral contraceptives were prohibited during 9 weeks of study. Diets were prepared by university food service. Food consumed was recorded and nutrient intakes were assessed. Cheese was consumed in 84 to 112 gram portions every day for two separate 14 day periods. All other dairy products were prohibited in the diet except 240 ml of two percent milk per day. When cheese was consumed, daily diets contained ca 400 kcal, 100 mg cholesterol, and 700 mg calcium more than diets consumed without cheese. Individual body weights were stable and no significant changes occurred in any anthropometric measure over nine weeks. A trend of becoming more lean existed in the exercise group. However, there was no significant change in serum total cholesterol, lipids, calcium, or anthropometric measures during the study. These results seriously question the advisability of recommending restricted consumption of dairy products to lower serum cholesterol.

A crossover design study was conducted to determine if reducing pain, by using alternative sites off the finger tip, would increase testing frequency and improve clinical outcome as measured by glycosylated hemoglobin. Subjects with type I and type 2 diabetes tested with the FreeStyle alternative-site meter (group I) or tested with their original meter (group 2). After 3 months the subjects used the alternate meter. Testing frequency and blood glucose concentrations were recorded for the month before the study began and monthly thereafter. Glycosylated hemoglobin was tested initially, at the crossover point, and at study conclusion. Insulin users increased testing frequency from 2.4 to 3.0 tests per day. Testing frequency for non-insulin users remained the same at 1.5 tests per day. Testing frequency was essentially the same with the FreeStyle and the original meters. The average hemoglobin A1c was 7.4% (standard deviation 1.5%) initially, 7.3% (standard deviation 1.5%) at the crossover point, and 6.9% (standard deviation 1.1%) after 6 months. There was no significant difference in hemoglobin A1c measurements between meter types after 6 months. Thirteen months later a final hemoglobin A1c, testing frequency, and a questionnaire regarding meter preference and pain rating were obtained. Seventy-four percent of participants preferred the alternative-site meter, which was rated as significantly (p < .05) less painful. Testing frequency significantly improved (p = .001) while free strips were being provided. Testing frequency 13 months later was not significantly different from the baseline (p = .101). Hemoglobin A 1 c was significantly lower 6 months after the study began (p = .000) and 13 months later (p = .008) at baseline.

Little is known of the elderly's ability to use a food frequency questionnaire to describe their dietary intake. This study examines the elderly's ability to reliably describe their diets and how age, education, cognitive status, and gender may affect their ability to complete and return a food frequency questionnaire. The reproducibility of the questionnaire was tested by a repeated administration among 85 participants 65 years of age and older from the Preston, Idaho, area. Correlation coefficients between nutrient scores from the first and second administration ranged from 0.48-0.79 (total population), 0.44-0.88 (males), and 0.39-0.86 (females). Median values for the correlation coefficients were 0.60, 0.66, and 0.58 for total population, men, and women, respectively. Response rate and response quality were determined by distributing 4600 questionnaires to the residents of Cache County, Utah, who were 65 years or older. The overall response rate was 82.1%, 83.2% for men, and 81.3% for women. Little difference was found between the age, education level, and cognitive status of respondents compared to nonrespondents. Response quality was defined by the number of missing values per questionnaire. Age had a positive relationship with missing values. The linear regression model had a p-value significant at the p2=0.035), males (r2=0.020), and females (r2=0.044). The years of education had a negative relationship with the number of missing values. The p-value was significant at the p2=0.010), males (r2=0.004), and females (r2=0.018). The relationship between cognitive status and missing values was inconsistent. The p-values were significant at the p

The effect of nitrogen intake, nitrogen source, calorie intake, body weight, adaptation time, research group and sex on the nitrogen balance of human adults was investigated. Data from studies reported in the literature were combined and analyzed statistically by multiple regression techniques. Analyses were made separately for six sources of nitrogen: egg, beef, rice, corn, wheat and wheat gluten. Nitrogen intake, caloric intake and body weight exerted significant effects on nitrogen balance (5% level of confidence) for six, three and two of the six nitrogen sources, respectively. Other variables were not significant at the 5% level. Although differences were not significant (5% level), the correlation between nitrogen intake and nitrogen balance was greatest for four of the six nitrogen sources when data were expressed as grams per square meter of body surface area (g/m2) as opposed to when they were expressed per kilogram body weight or per kilogram raised to the 0.73 power. Curvilinear relationships between intake and balance in the submaintenance range of intakes were evident for all protein sources except corn. The regression lines for several protein sources tended to converge at both lower and higher levels of intake . At levels of nitrogen intake below 1 g/m2, protein appeared to be utilized with near 100% efficiency, regardless of source. At levels of intake above 4.4 g/m2 , all nitrogen sources except wheat gluten gave nitrogen balances which did not differ significantly (5% level). In general, caloric intake exerted a positive but diminishing effect on nitrogen balance when nitrogen intake was held constant and caloric intake increased from maintenance to excessive levels. The mean amount of egg nitrogen required to achieve zero nitrogen balance decreased from 3. l g/m2 to 2.2 g/m2 as caloric intake increased from 1475 kilocalories per square meter of body surface area (kcal/m2) to 1760 kcal/m2. The findings are discussed in terms of present energy and protein requirements, the traditional concepts of the biological value of proteins, and the prediction of protein quality from amino acid composition.