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The vitamin B-6 status of 11 white adolescent females living in the Blacksburg/Roanoke, Virginia area was evaluated by dietary intakes, coenzyme stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase (F-ALAT) activities, and plasma total vitamin B-6 measured microbiologically. Heights and weights of the group were generally within ranges. The vitamin B-6 intakes of the adolescents were 1.47 ± 0.49 mg/day (mean ± SD). Three subjects, or 27.3%, the same subjects classified as inadequate in status by coenzyme stimulation of E-ALAT, were classified as marginal or inadequate in status using ≤ 25 ng/ml total plasma vitamin B-6 levels as the criterion. The plasma pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pyridoxamine and total B-6 vitamer concentrations of subjects having inadequate E-ALAT values were lower, generally significantly, than those of girls with adequate levels. In the subjects with adequate status, the vitamer found in the largest plasma concentration was pyridoxine. A significant correlation (r = 0.82, p < 0.01) was observed between total plasma vitamin B-6 levels determined microbiologically and coenzyme stimulation values. / Master of Science

The effect of three sources of protein: soy, dairy, and meat protein, and two levels of calcium on zinc, iron, copper, calcium, and magnesium retention in young adult men was determined in a 30-day metabolic balance study. The study was divided into a twenty-day baseline period, a thirty day controlled feeding period from which all the balance data was collected, and a twenty day follow-up period. During the controlled feeding period, twenty-four subjects were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatment groups which differed in respect to protein source. The dairy treatment group was fed a diet in which 70% of the dietary protein was derived from dairy products; the soy treatment group was fed a diet in which 67% of the dietary protein was derived from soy products; and the meat treatment group was given a diet in which 70% of the dietary protein was provided by animal meat products. To test the effect of calcium level on mineral retention, the controlled feeding period was divided into two periods: Period I, in which the subjects consumed moderate levels of calcium (mean= 1206.77 + 193.29 mg/day) and Period II, in which the subjects consumed high levels of calcium (mean 2134.51 + 164.63 mg/day). / Master of Science

A longitudinal feeding study of 154 infants in Southwest Virginia was conducted during 1978-1980. The incidence of vitamin and mineral supplementation among these infants was the focus of the retrospective study discussed here. With the use of the Nutritional Analysis System of Louisiana State University, nutrient adequacy levels were determined. Vitamin D, vitamin E, folacin, vitamin B-6, and iron were the problem nutrients identified through this analysis. Inappropriate infant feeding practices such as the use of low iron formulas, the use of cow's milk, and the consumption of inadequate milk volume were blamed for these dietary deficiencies. Routine vitamin supplementation was common among infants of all feeding types. While much of the supplementation was unnecessary, large percentages of infants demonstrated a need for it. The exception was vitamin A. None of the infants who received supplemental vitamin A had inadequate dietary intakes of this nutrient. Supplementation was not shown to have an effect on weight or length gain measurements. Parents should be given specific infant feeding instructions prior to hospital discharge. Included should be a list of the circumstances which would indicate the need for supplementation. / M.S.

The influence of vitamin B-6 intake on vitamin B-6 status and the concentration of B-6 vitamers in milk of 21 white lactating women (21 to 35 years) was examined at 3 to 7 months postpartum. None of the women met the RDA for lactating women of 2.5 mg/day when considering vitamin B-6 intakes from food sources alone. All subjects taking vitamin B-6 supplements had adequate vitamin B-6 status as determined by coenzyme stimulation of erythrocyte alanine aminotransferase activity; all subjects not taking vitamin B-6 supplements had inadequate vitamin B-6 status. Plasma pyridoxal 5-phosphate values were significantly higher for subjects in the supplemented than in the nonsupplemented group. Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, pyridoxine, and total vitamin B-6 concentrations in milk were higher, sometimes significantly, in the supplemented than in the unsupplemented group as determined by microbiological assay and HPLC. There were significant correlations between data obtained by the microbiological and HPLC analyses for pyridoxal and total vitamin B-6 concentrations. Pyridoxal was the predominant B-6 vitamer found in human milk. Distribution of the B-6 vitamers appeared to stay relatively constant despite vitamin B-6 status. / Master of Science

The purpose of this study was to determine the riboflavin intake in food and the excretion in the urine and feces of young college women living in the home management house and eating a self selected diet from a common food supply.

This thesis is a review of thirty-two investigations made from 1917 to 1944 relative to vegetables in the diet of the American people.

The importance of protein-induced hypercalciuria and the variables contributing to this effect were assessed in a survey of 150 men, 18-56 years of age. Each participant kept a five day dietary record and collected their total urinary output for the last three days of the five. Urinary calcium, magnesium, sulfate and nitrogen were determined on these samples. There was a significant correlation of r = .31 (p < .0001) between dietary protein and urinary calcium. Linear regression analysis (y = 1.22x + 98) revealed that the slope of the line representing this relationship was similar to that of well controlled experimental studies. Calcium intake did not appear to alter this relationship, as the correlation between dietary protein and urinary calcium changed only slightly when calcium intake was statistically controlled. Dietary protein and phosphorus were so interrelated r = .85 (p < .0001) that it was not possible to separate the effects of phosphorus from protein on urinary calcium. The correlation between urinary sulfate and calcium was r = .50 (p < .0001) and step-wise addition multiple regression analysis indicated that urinary sulfate was the best predictor of urinary calcium. Urinary magnesium was not affected by dietary protein or urinary sulfate. However, urinary magnesium and urinary nitrogen were correlated r = .43 (p < .0001) and urinary nitrogen was found to be the best predictor of urinary magnesium. Neither body weight and creatinine excretion nor the amount kilocalories consumed confounded any of the correlations. These results indicate that protein-induced hypercalciuria may be a real effect in this population and that urinary sulfate is the most important determinant of this effect. / M.S.

Numerous dietary factors have been shown to influence the fatty acid profiles (FAP) in breast milk from lactating women. However, few studies have evaluated the effect of trace minerals on milk FAP. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of selenium status on the FAP in breast milk. Subjects were lactating women from three different regions in China; Xichang (n=21), an area where selenium intakes are among the lowest in the world, Beijing (n=20), where there are adequate selenium intakes, and Enshi (n=19), where selenium intakes are among the highest in the world. Plasma and milk samples were obtained from women at birth of their baby and within 10 months postpartum and analyzed for selenium content, glutathione peroxidase (Gpx) activity and FAP. Plasma and breast milk selenium levels were significantly lower in the Xichang women and significantly higher in the Enshi women when compared to Beijing women. Despite the fact that the highest level of plasma selenium was measured in the samples from Enshi, the Gpx activity was greatest in the samples from Beijing; there was no effect of time of sampling on these samples. In breast milk, on the other hand, all the samples obtained at birth had similar activity of Gpx. The samples taken later, however, followed the same trend as plasma with the samples obtained from the women in Beijing having the highest activity. FAP indicated a significant difference in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in both the plasma and milk for the Beijing women, when compared to the women from Xichang and Enshi. In particular, there were higher levels of linoleic acid, 18:2(n-6), in the plasma and milk of the women whose selenium intake was adequate. / Graduation date: 1997

Project (B.S.)--James Madison University, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.