The use of the multi-mycotoxin screen based on dialysis to analyze foods and feeds for mycotoxins, is well documented. This study investigated the possibility of incorporating FB I into the screen. Maize meal (25g) was spiked with AFB I , CPA, FB1, ST and ZEA and extraction was done using acetonitrile/4% potassium chloride (90:10 v/v). The recoveriesof the mycotoxins were 77.4, 61.5, 97.4, 79.8 and 98% respectively on analysis by HPLC. Fumonisin B1 could not be completely incorporated into the screen due to its reaction with sodium hydrogen carbonate, which is a component in the method. Thus, FB I was determined in a separate portion of the extract. The high cost of FBI standards which are often of inferior purity necessitated that FB I standards be locally produced in the laboratory using Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826, a good producer of FB 1 . In this study, production of FB I was carried out using a stirred jar fermenter and patty cultures. The yields were 160mg/1 and 6mg/g of FB I for the two methods respectively. Methyl esterification of tricaballylic acid moieties of FB I was done for effective clean-up. This was achieved by derivatizing FBI, with diazomethane. It was found that other functional groups besides the tricaballylic acid moieties of FB I were undesirably methylated as well, which made cleanup by this method difficult as shown by electrospray mass spectrometric analysis. Attempts to de-methylate FBI methyl esters with esterase was not successful. Analysis of human faecal samples was carried out with the view of developing a short term marker for assessing human exposure to FB I . Faeces from rural (20) and urban (23) volunteers were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that 35% of the rural samples and 9% of the urban volunteers had detectable amounts of FB I ranging from 0.600 to 19.56 mg/kg. There was a significant difference (p = 0.04)between the two population groups. A study was carried out to assess the occurrence of FBI in a rural area of Tugela valley in Kranskop magisterial district of KwaZulu Natal. A questionnaire was administered to gather information on the family health and nutrition. Raw (stored) and processed foods and faeces, were collected for analysis of FB1. A similar control study was carried out in the urban area of Durban Metro. Homes were mapped out using the GIS for easy follow up. Oesphageal cancer (OC) incidence from the local hospital and weather data for the study area were collected from South African Weather Bureau, Johannesburg. The questionnaire results showed that the common diseases were mainly of respiratory origin (24% and 26%) from both rural and urban groups respectively. Food analysis (by HPLC) showed that the number of maize samples with FB I were higher in the rural area (31.9%) in comparison to the urban samples (6.1%). The level ranged from 0.092-22.225 mg/kg in food and 0.513-39 mg/kg in faeces. The mean concentration of FB i in the faeces and maize samples showed a similar significant difference of 0.014 between the two groups. However, these concentrations were much lower than those of high OC area in Transkei (117 mg/kg). There was no detection of FBI in fermented food products. / Thesis (M.Med.Sci.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1998.

Fermentation is a process by which primary food products are modified biochemically by the action of microorganisms and/or their enzymes. Several societies have, over the years, intentionally carried it out to enhance the taste, aroma, shelf-life, texture, nutritional value and other properties of food. It is used in many parts (lithe world. However, there are regional differences in use and these depend on the availability of raw materials, consumption habits. and other socio-cultural factors. This study was aimed at (comparatively) assessing, local commercial and homemade amahewu with respect to nutritional value, hygiene and other health benefits to the commirn ity. Methods employed were Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) (mycotoxins), High Perliffmance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) (mycotoxins, sugars and amino acids), Dumas (proteins), SOxhlet (lipids) and intubation technique (metabolisable energy) to analyse maize meal and amahewu samples from various regions. The regions sampled included mal3heleni (South Coast) and kwaNgcolosi (North Coast) villages. Commercial amahewu was analysed with kind permission from Clover SA. Species from the following genera were isolated and identified from amahewu samples: Lactobacillus, Saccharonivccs, Lcuconostoc, Lactococcus, Panioca, Entcrobacter and kleb•iella. Saccharotnyces was detected in commercial samples only. Gram-negative strains were identified in most of manheleni village samples. No traceable amounts of aflatoxin BI (AFB1), fumonisin B 1 (FBI) and zearalenone (ZEA) were found in Clover SA samples. AFB I was detected in 40% of both maize meal and amahewu samples from maBheleni (range 0.55 — 0.84ng/g and 8.3x10 5 — 9.1x10-5ng/g respectively). From the same village, 100% of the maize meal and 80% of the amahewu samples were contaminated with FBI (range 4.1 47.2ng/g and 1.4 ---- 6.9ng/g respectively). ZEA was detected in all maize meal samples (range 0.9 — 4.3ng/g). None of the amahewu samples contained detectable levels of ZEA. All maize meal and amahewu samples from kwaNgcolosi were contaminated with AF13 1 (range 8.3 — 30.I ng/g and 0.04 - 0.102ng/g respectively). FB I was detected in 75% of both maize meal and amahewu samples from the same village (range 0.5 — 4.1ng/g and 0.04 0.56ng/g respectively). ZEA was also found in all maize meal samples and 75% of amahewu samples (range 3.7 — 16.4ng/g and 0.03 -- 0.06ng/g respectively). MaBheleni, Clover SA and kwaNgcolosi maize meal and amahewu samples contained vitamins B1, 13 2 and B6 with a range of 0.31+0.21 - 4.48±0.81 B 1 ; 0.15±0.14 - 1.67±0.33 B2 and 0.05±0.07 - 0.77±1.45 lig/g B6. Fat levels ranged from 0.28±0.40 to 4.54±0.05 percentage by weight. The levels of proteins varied from 4.02±0.02 to 8.40±0.04 percentage by weight. Starch concentrations ranged from 31.51.5.28 to 75.911.92g/100g. Maize meal samples contained glucose and maltose, while glucose, fructose, sucrose, maltose, M-triose, DP 4 and 5 and DP >15 were detected in amahewu. Apparent and true metabolisable energy for homemade and commercial Freeze-dried amahewu was 13.194 and 13.696MJ/kg (AME N ); and 13.605 and 14.106M.Ekv ( 1 MEN ), respectively. This study has shown that lactic acid maize fermentation reduce' the levels of AF13 1 , FB I and ZEA toxins in maize meal, inhibits the growth of most Gram-negative bacteria, and in some instances, fermentation did improve the nutritional value. Metabolisable energy analysis represents an important tool to assess whether or not compounds ingested are converted to sources of energy in the body and utilised. Amahewu fermentation yielded beneficial products (probiotics: reduced mycotoxins levels and reduced starch). In conclusion, natural lactic acid maize fermentation to produce amahewu will do more good than harm to the consumer, therefore, people need to be advised on how to safely store their maize and also to be encouraged to consume their stored maize in fermented form. / Thesis (M.Med.Sc.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2003.

The purpose of this study was to develop an incremental field exercise test of disability to use in the assessment of functional capacity in patients with chronic airways limitation (CAL). The test was modified from the 20m shuttle running test, employed to predict the maximal oxygen uptake of sporting individuals. The protocol devised for the patients was adapted from the running speeds proposed by Leger and Lambert (1982). The shuttle walking test requires patients to walk up and down a 10m course at speeds dictated by a series of audio signals played from a tape cassette, increasing each minute to a symptom limited maximum performance. Examination of the reproducibility of the test revealed strong test/retest reliability, after just one practice walk. The mean between trial difference (test 2 vs test 3) was -2m,(n=10), (95% CI -21.9 to 17.9m). The shuttle walking test was validated against the traditional measurement of peak oxygen uptake (Vo2pmk) measured conventionally during an incremental maximal treadmill test with Douglas bags (n=19). The results from this exercise test were compared against the patients' performance (distance achieved) on the shuttle walking test (after one practice walk) and revealed a strong relationship between the two variables (r=0.88). The validity and the resistance to breathing, of a portable oxygen consumption meter was examined. Validation, again in comparison to Douglas bag measurements, involved four cohorts (two healthy and two patient groups). After some modifications to the equipment, measurements of lib2 by the two different methods were not significantly different. The patients' response to the shuttle walking test was examined (n=10). The heart rate, ventilation and 7Orck2 increased gradually in response to the increasing intensity of the shuttle walking test. Again Vo 2wa measurements related strongly to the patients performance (r=0.81). A further study employing a treadmill test and shuttle walking test confirmed that the latter provided a comparable metabolic and physiological challenge to the patients as the conventional treadmill test. Comparison with the 6 minute walking test (6MWT), one of the most commonly employed field exercise tests in this patient population) revealed that the heart rate response was significantly higher in the shuttle walking test than the 6 MWT and graded, a response not observed in the 6MWT. The shuttle test reflected the true extent of the patients disability more accurately than the 6MWT. The shuttle walking test provides a simple, reproducible exercise test of disability in patients with CAL that relates well to Vb2puk . The external pacing of the test allows more valid intra- and inter- subject comparison than has previously been possible with field tests alone.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2008. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 151-168). Also available online in Scholars' Bank; and in ProQuest, free to University of Oregon users.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 153-162). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

The aim of this investigation was to discover if there is different knowledge of Human Physiology at Grammar Schools students and Secondary Nursing Schools students. The research carried out among students of secondary schools showed that the time interval in school curriculum hadn´t a big effect on the amount of students´ knowledge. The research consisted of preparing and checking of a didactic test investigating the Human Physiology knowledge, then its distribution at carefully chosen secondary schools and finally evaluation the results. The didactic test was submitted to 156 third-level students, 87 fourth-level students at Grammar Schools and 56 students at medical secondary school. The test was set just after finishing the topic of Human Physiology with the third-level students. The fourth-level students completed the test with a 6-month interval. The test results could show if the time interval of a term influenced students´ knowledge and if they could remember the information after certain time. Analysis of results carried out in particular levels was evaluated in details and summarized in charts.

O estudo avaliou o efeito do treinamento no estado de nutrição em magnésio, ferro, zinco e cobre em atletas de paio aquático feminino pertencentes à Seleção Brasileira, considerando as concentrações de magnésio eritrocitário (Mg2+Er) e sérico (Mg2+S); zinco eritrocitário (Zn2+Er) e sérico (Zn2+S); a atividade da superóxido dismutase (CulZn-SOD) e a concentração de cobre sérico (CU2+S); hemoglobina (Hb), ferritina sérica (FER) e porcentagem de saturação da transferrina (%ST) em períodos pré-competitivo, de destreino e de manutenção. Foi também avaliada a ingestão desses minerais, considerando as novas DRls, que foi associada aos parâmetros bioquímicos do pré-competitivo e comparada a um grupo de controles. Em atletas houve consumo de Mg2+ com maior probabilidade de inadequação e a concentração do Mg2+S mostrou tendência a valores menores, comparadas às controles. O consumo dietético de Zn2+ foi maior para as atletas (p<O,05), entretanto, a sua concentração média de Zn2+Er foi menor (p<O,05). O consumo de ferro não foi diferente entre os dois grupos estudados, porém, o estado nutricional (EN) em ferro foi significantemente maior em atletas. Ambos os grupos apresentaram estado de nutrição em cobre adequado. A atividade da CuIZn-SOD foi maior para atletas (p<O,05) e o CU2+S, sem diferença entre os grupos, foi o parâmetro que melhor associou-se à ingestão dietética. O treinamento pré-competitivo alterou significantemente o estado de nutrição em cobre e em ferro (p<O,05). Possivelmente, o treinamento intenso promoveu redistribuição comparti mental de Zn2+ a partir do eritrócito. O estado de nutrição em Mg2+ não foi alterado pelo treinamento, porém, mecanismos fisiológicos de homeostase podem ter ocorrido, sem evitar, entretanto, o aparecimento de cãimbras após o treinamento intenso. No destreino houve recuperação do Zn2+Er. / The study evaluated the effect of training on the magnesium, iron, zinc, and copper nutritional status, in female water polo athletes of the Brazilian national team, considering the concentrations of ErMg2+ and SMg2+; ErZn2+ and SZn2+; Cu/Zn-SOD activity and SCu2+; Hb, FER and %TS in pre-competitive, detraining, and maintenance periods. The intakes of these minerals were also evaluated, considering the new DRIs, which were associated to the biochemical parameters of the pre-competitive, and compared to a control group. Athletes presented a magnesium intake with greater probability of not being adequate and the SMg2+ concentration showed a tendency to lower values, compared to controls. The dietary Zn2+ intake was greater for athletes (p<0.05); however, their mean ErZn2+ concentration was lower (p<0.05). The iron intake was not different between the two studied groups; however, the iron nutrition status was significantly better in athletes. Both groups presented adequate copper nutritional status. The Cu/Zn-SOD activity was greater for athletes (p<0.05) and the SCu2+, with no difference between groups, was the parameter, which was better associated to the dietary intake. The pre-competitive training altered copper and iron nutritional status significantly (p<0.05). Possibly, the intense training promoted the compartmental redistribution of Zn2+ as from the erythrocyte. The training did not alter the Mg2+ nutritional status; however, homeostatic physiologic mechanisms may have occurred, nevertheless not avoiding the occurrence of cramps after intense training. ErZn2+ was recovered in the detraining.

This study uses the professional trajectory of the Harvard-trained physical chemist and physiologist Lawrence Joseph Henderson to show how the nascent and highly mobile interconnections between biomedicine and social theory began to crystallize around the concept of the social system in the middle decades of the twentieth century. The social system became a powerful and persuasive way of relating vastly different concepts and their consequences, e.g., the laboratory and social life. By focusing on L.J. Henderson and the social system, this study brings the history of biomedicine into dialogue with the history of the social sciences in a new and interesting way by offering an alternative (pre-cybernetics) genealogy of systems theory. This dissertation is an examination of Henderson's cross-disciplinary application of the concept of the social system in three domains: the social sciences, medicine, and industry. Henderson is a historically interesting case because he allows us a unique point of view--the ability to see border crossings between the social sciences and the life sciences in more than one domain. I argue that the transformation of social theory in inter-war America should be understood as part of a broader set of mid-twentieth century developments in the life sciences in general, and human physiology in particular. / History of Science

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