Thesis (M.A. (Human Rights))--Mahidol University, 2007. / LICL has E-Thesis 0029 ; please contact computer services.

Human trafficking is a heinous human rights violation, impacting as many as 40.3 million people around the globe (Global Slavery Index, 2018). In the United States of America (USA), the Trafficking Victims Protections Act of 2000 (TVPA), and its subsequent reauthorizations, comprise the bulk of the federal response to human trafficking. As a result, federal policies have received a lot of praise and scrutiny in the literature. However, less is known about statewide legislative efforts to combat human trafficking. To fill this gap, the current study analyzes state human trafficking statutes through content analysis. Overall, state legislation could best be described as a hodge-podge of laws related to three themes: 1) conceptualizing human trafficking, 2) victim centeredness, and 3) perpetrator centeredness. Accordingly, several recommendations are made that would reduce inconsistency and increase implementation of evidence-based policy. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2020. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Despite its long pre-existence, the issue of human trafficking (especially for sexual purposes) has become the epicentre of attention since the closing of the past century. The globe-wide attempt of politicians, academics, practitioners, technocrats, activists, and journalists to define, advocate, measure, and ‘control’ people trafficking has brought to the fore particular (re)actions. One such example is the EU and international law that aim to facilitate the legal framework within which national administrations should embark upon to ‘better deal’ with human trafficking. While EU and international law can only go so far as to lay the theoretical basis that signatory states must follow for dealing with human trafficking, ultimately, planning and implementing public policy become the prerogative of the individual state. In light of this, the central contribution of this study is the exploration of the application of EU and international law in concern with human trafficking within the Cypriot context. In other words, how EU and international law on human trafficking are applied in day-to-day interactions between state employees, civil groups, and trafficked women. For this purpose, the study examines the interpretation and application of the local legislation by the criminal justice agencies as well as the local NGOs. Notably, such undertakings are informed by past and present geopolitical and socio-economic developments that have been taking place since the British colonisation of Cyprus. Research findings (based on ethnographic fieldwork and documentary study), demonstrate that EU’s attempt to enforce legislative cohesion, common policies, and harmonised practices over the issue of human trafficking across its Member States is yet to materialise. The case of Cyprus, and at times of other EU States, are used as a paradigm in which both, the EU acquis and international law fail to impose legal prescriptions on national authorities. To illustrate, the dimensions of prevention, detection, identification, prosecution, and adjudication of human trafficking, as well as trafficking victims’ protection, rehabilitation, and repatriation are explored in piecemeal and they all testify of systemic deviations from EU and international guidelines. Both Cypriot public services and local NGOs assigned to handle human trafficking are not in a position to bear the standards laid out by the EU and the CoE. Consequently, victims of trafficking are often predisposed to adverse conditions and as a result, they are often undertreated. Moreover, it is often the case that law on paper—both EU and Cypriot— and law in practice are diametrically different.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Rutgers University, 2009. / "Graduate Program in School of Criminal Justice." Includes bibliographical references (p. 348-368).

In this thesis, I examine how health stakeholders in British Columbia think and talk about human trafficking. I interrogate the health stakeholders’ speech as a site where broad societal discourses associated with human trafficking manifest. Using critical race theory, interlocking analysis, and a Foucauldian discourse analysis approach, I critically deconstruct health stakeholders’ understandings of human trafficking and persons who are trafficked. I pay particular attention to the discursive strategies the health stakeholders employ to construct the subjectivities of both persons who are trafficked and themselves in human trafficking discourse. I argue that these meaning-making processes and the uncritical reproduction of dominant human trafficking discourse in the health sector at least, in part, account for the lack of development and implementation of provincial human trafficking-specific policy and services to date. Given this absence, this thesis encourages health stakeholders to create evidence-based initiatives to address human trafficking and the health needs of persons who are trafficked. / Graduate / 0452 / aclancey@hotmail.com

Masters Research - Master of Creative Arts (Drama) / This thesis traces the process of creating a music-theatre piece. Initial investigations into solo performance, community theatre and popular political theatre prove to be unworkable and frustrating. The embryonic story begins to emerge from readings into human trafficking in South-east Asia. The research travels from traditional political theatre, through Dada, Surrealism and Brechtian techniques towards a postmodern / post-dramatic approach to theatre that sees boundaries between performative traditions dissolve and hybrid forms come into play. The work of Robert Wilson serves as a model of subversive theatre. Tensions between form and content shape the metamorphosis of the piece. Radical techniques inspire the work although the piece eventually adopts a relatively conventional narrative structure. The postmodern distrust of language and the embrace of a wider definition as to what constitutes politics lead the story into the field of new music-theatre. The composition utilises obsolete technologies to create an electronic soundtrack. Images and a scenario are drawn from research and the subconscious. The blueprint of soundtrack and script offers interpretative scope for director / choreographer / performers and in this sense the creative process is incomplete. The author concludes that in the process of creating the piece, the story dictated its own form. Further exploration would investigate where to perform the piece to achieve maximum political impact.

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007. / Thesis Advisor(s): Olsen, Edward A. "December 2007." Title from title page of PDF document (viewed on: Apr 2, 2008). Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-77).

Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2007. / Thesis Advisor(s): Olsen, Edward A. "December 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 24, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-77). Also available in print.

Human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, known to be an obscure and uncommon form of trafficking in persons, has since become a popular phenomenon across various countries of the world. The crime is recognized in the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially women and children, which supplements the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime. A reason for the inclusion of this form of trafficking in this particular international instrument on transnational organized crime is because most forms of trafficking, and more particularly human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, as well as organ trafficking are generally perpetrated by transnational organized criminal groups. This dissertation seeks to consider the crime in detail, from a human right-based approach. This approach acknowledges that trafficking in all its forms, is a violation of human rights and seeks to depart from the common debates surrounding the spread of organ trafficking over the years. A large proportion of these debates have attributed the shortage of organs to the spread of the organ black market and organ trafficking in general. These debates have therefore focused on addressing the shortage of organs by developing systems to promote altruistic donation of organs. Even though there is an international recognition and admittance of the fact that human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal constitutes a serious human right abuse, there is still a wide gap in the body of research that focuses on the human right abuses involved in this type of human trafficking, and the need to protect and promote the rights of victim-donors. The aforementioned gap will serve as the crux of this dissertation as efforts will be made to address the inherent human rights abuses that victim-donors face. This dissertation will begin by introducing the crime of human trafficking through a brief historical overview. It will then proceed to give a background information on human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal. Subsequent chapters will address in detail the trends and patterns of the crime, the modus operandi of organ traffickers, the role players in organ trafficking networks, the consequences of the crime on the victims involved, the inherent human right violations promoted through the continuous perpetration of the crime of human trafficking for the purpose of organ removal, and the responses that have been given to curbing the crime from different international, regional and national institutions. Case studies will be examined to buttress the facts and findings of the entire dissertation.

This research is aimed at evaluating the adequacy and effectiveness of the legal framework dealing with human trafficking in South Africa. To achieve this purpose, a comprehensive diachronic as well as contemporary overview of the punishment and prevention of human trafficking in South Africa as well as in the legal systems of the US, Germany and Nigeria is provided. An overview of the history of slavery and an analysis of the modern conceptualisation of human trafficking indicate that human trafficking is a highly complex concept, and that there are various approaches to the understanding of the concept of human trafficking. There are various definitions of trafficking found in international instruments of which the most important has been identified as that contained in the Palermo Protocol. The definitions vary also because trafficking is closely related to the phenomena of migration, slavery and smuggling of humans. The study further identifies some significant root causes of trafficking generally, as well as specific, to the four selected regions. It was found that in South Africa – similar to the history of slavery in the jurisdictions of the US, Germany and Nigeria – colonisation and the institution of slavery and, more particularly in South Africa, the legacy of the apartheid regime has had an impact on modern human trafficking. The research concedes that although common-law crimes, statutes and transitional legislation can be utilized to challenge some trafficking elements, these offences are not comprehensive enough to amply deal with the crime’s complexities and provide only a fragmented approach to combating the crime. The study shows that South Africa needs to adopt specific and comprehensive anti-trafficking legislation that is based essentially on the provisions of the Palermo Protocol, that is, the draft TIP Bill. Although the Bill is a major improvement on the provisions in the Palermo Protocol as well as on certain aspects of the anti-trafficking legislation in the US, Germany and Nigeria, the Bill can still be improved, especially with regard to more effective victim assistance and the combating of local-specific vulnerability factors. Anti-trafficking efforts undertaken in the US, Germany and Nigeria which may be of value also for the adoption of anti-trafficking legislation, law enforcement and other strategies in South Africa, are further identified. iv The research further establishes also that international, regional and sub-regional instruments on trafficking and related aspects of trafficking provide guidelines for developing effective strategies to deal with trafficking within the region. The counter-trafficking strategies as found in treaties (including conventions), protocols, declarations and resolutions – those focussing specifically on combating trafficking and those with a human-rights focus – oblige states to prosecute traffickers, protect people vulnerable to trafficking as well as those already trafficked and create structures for prevention. Regional instruments specifically formulated to combat trafficking as well as instruments that make reference to the issue of trafficking in persons may further provide the basis for long-term strategies to combat human trafficking. However, it was found that although South Africa has adopted many cooperative mechanisms in the form of direct bilateral or multilateral agreements, as well as international and regional treaties and conventions, the jurisdiction has not as yet implemented comprehensive strategies to combat human trafficking. The introduction of legislation to combat human trafficking, and various other strategies envisaged in the TIP Bill and also recommendations suggested in this thesis, should be considered by parliament as a matter of priority. A comprehensive response to human trafficking which includes adequate protection of victims is required in terms of various constitutional imperatives identified in this research. / Criminal & Procedural Law / LL.D.