Uma das alternativas encontradas para a reutilização de efluentes de esgotos tratados é o emprego deste material na agricultura como adubo orgânico, podendo substituir total ou parcialmente a adubação mineral. Essa prática, que se constitui de benefícios no que tange à reciclagem de nutrientes, representa uma economia de água no setor agrícola, estimada em cerca de 70% do consumo total no Brasil. Neste trabalho, pretendeu-se investigar o impacto na matéria orgânica do solo, submetido à irrigação com efluente proveniente de um biodigestor anaeróbio. <br />Através da realização de um experimento de campo, sob o cultivo de sorgo, realizou-se a comparação, em relação à matéria orgânica, de amostras de solo que receberam irrigação em dosagens diferenciadas do efluente tratado àquela de um solo \"testemunha\" (branco), o qual recebeu apenas irrigação com água ao longo do experimento e de um solo que recebeu anteriormente adubação convencional, segundo as recomendações do Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC). Estabeleceu-se, ainda, comparações com amostras de solo coletadas na mesma propriedade. Avaliou-se a estabilidade (humificação) da matéria orgânica, como indicadora da capacidade fertilizante do efluente, quando incorporado ao solo. A qualidade do efluente do biodigestor foi acompanhada antes do início do experimento, de modo a verificar suas características principais e particularidades. <br />A utilização de ferramentas como a PCA e planejamento fatorial foi de grande relevância para a análise dos resultados e condução dos experimentos. <br />As técnicas químicas e espectroscópicas mostraram que o benefício proporcionado pela adição de efluente ao solo, mesmo em um experimento de curta duração, pode apresentar alterações, mesmo que não sejam tão pronunciadas. <br />Os resultados obtidos para amostras de ácidos húmicos em relação ao tamanho de partículas evidenciaram um comportamento notado em estudos bastante recentes, em relação à estrutura das substâncias húmicas. / An alternative found for treated sewage effluents reuse is to apply this material in agriculture as a fertilizer, in order to replace totally or partially the mineral fertilizers. This practice, beyond inherent benefits due to nutrients recycling promotes agricultural water reuse, which is responsible of around 70% of the total water consumption in Brazil. In this work, it was intended to investigate the soil organic matter impact, under irrigation using effluent from an anaerobic biodigester. Through a field experiment under \"sorgo\" culture, a comparison was established, related to the soil organic matter, of soil samples that had been applied different treated effluent concentrations to soil samples that received only water (\"testemunha\"- blank) or water and mineral fertilizer according to the Campinas Agronomic Institute recommendations. Other comparisons, among soil samples under citrus culture were also established. The soil organic matter humification was evaluated, as an indication of the effluent fertilizing ability when applied in soil. The biodigester effluent features were checked before the experiment beginning, in order to verify its mais features and particularities. <br />Tools as Principal component Analysis and factorial design were of such relevance for the results analysis and experiments execution. <br />The spectroscopic and chemical techniques showed that the benefits from the effluent addition in soil, even in a short-term experiment, can present changes. <br />The results for the humic acids samples concerning the particles size evidenced the behavior presented in recent studies, related to humic substances structures.

A atividade de antimicrobianos, entre os quais os usados como Antibióticos Promotores de Crescimento (APC´s), quando liberados no solo podem influenciar diretamente na sua biota. Muitas das bactérias presentes em solos cultiváveis e florestais têm papel fundamental na imobilização de minerais e processos de decomposição. Sendo assim, extinguindo-se ou alterando-se as bactérias presentes neste meio, a degradação de compostos xenobióticos, por exemplo, ficaria comprometida, havendo ainda a preocupação do desenvolvimento de bactérias resistentes. Além disso, também são praticamente inexistentes os estudos que tratam a respeito da interação entre antibióticos tetraciclínicos, com constituintes da matéria orgânica do solo no Brasil. Dentro deste contexto, procedeu-se a caracterização de amostras de latossolos oriundas de mata nativa e pastagem, ambas de texturas argilosa e arenosa, bem como os ácidos húmicos extraídos dos mesmos. Foram conduzidos ensaios de sorção dessas amostras com o antibiótico oxitetraciclina, desenvolvendo metodologia de determinação deste composto por LC-MS. Constatou-se que a concentração hidrogeniônica é o fator que mais tem influência no processo de sorção solo-OTC e AH-OTC; com destaque para a condição de pH 5,0, situação da qual mais se aproximam os valores de pH reais dos solos brasileiros. Tal condição apresentou as alterações mais expressivas no que diz respeito às possíveis interações ocorridas entre o antibiótico e os ácidos húmicos. A variável textura do solo também se mostrou importante, seguida pelo teor de matéria orgânica e manejo. / The antimicrobials activity, among then the ones used as growth promoter, when released in soil, could influence directly its biota. Many organisms present in cultivable soils have an important function in metals retaining and decomposition processes. Modifying or excluding these bacterias, de xenobiotic compunds degradation, for example, would be at risk, with the worring of resistant bactérias development. Besides this, the studies envolving tetracyclinic antibiotics interaction with the organic matter in Brazil are scarce. In this contexto, the soil samples characterization from forest and pasture, both with clay and sandy textures, was carried out, and also done with the extracted humic acids from them. Sorption experiments were carried out with the soil and the humic acids, and the oxytetracycline. It was developed a method for OTC determination using LC-MS. It was also found that the pH was the most important variable which influence in the sorption process soil-OTC and HA-OTC, especially at pH 5,0. The most significant modifications concerning the samples interactions with OTC occurred at this condition. The texture also showed important results, followed by the organic matter concentration and soil manure.

Orientador: Maria Helena Andrade Santana / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T11:23:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Motta_FernandaLopes_D.pdf: 3417734 bytes, checksum: 1bedbddf5299dc8332b4762b7c232081 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Ácidos húmicos (AH) são macromoléculas orgânicas de alta complexidade estrutural. Na agricultura, seus efeitos diretos na produtividade e na qualidade de diversos cultivos têm sido explorados desde 1940 e na última década houve um grande crescimento no seu emprego na medicina e na biologia. Embora suas inúmeras aplicações tenham atraído a atenção de muitos pesquisadores, os AH comerciais são ainda extraídos da turfa e do carvão mineral, fontes não renováveis de carbono, indicando a necessidade do desenvolvimento de um processo biotecnológico para sua produção. Empty-fruit-bunches (EFB) são resíduos do processamento do óleo de palma subutilizados ou descartados. Além disso, EFB são fibras constituídas de celulose, hemicelulose e lignina, cuja degradação pode ser alcançada por meio da ação de micro-organismos com alta capacidade de degradação de material lignocelulósico, como o Trichoderma. Neste contexto, este trabalho visou produção de AH a partir da fermentação de EFB com cepas de Trichoderma. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que aveia é um substrato adequado para produção de esporos de Trichoderma em profundidade para sua aplicação como inóculo das fermentações submersas (FS) de EFB para produção de AH. A investigação dos precursores dos AH dentre os polímeros constituintes do EFB indicaram um efeito sinergético destes polímeros. Quanto à substituição do extrato de leveduras por peptonas vegetais nos meios de cultivo, para ambas fontes de nitrogênio os resultados encontrados para produção de biomassa e de AH foram muito similares. Através da otimização da produção dos AH por FS utilizando ferramentas de planejamento experimental foram obtidos 428,4±17,5 mg/L destes ácidos, permitindo um aumento de 7 vezes em relação às condições inicialmente utilizadas neste trabalho. A comparação da performance de espécies de Trichoderma na produção de AH por FS indicou a superioridade do T. reesei na produção destes ácidos. Por fim, a caracterização do processo de produção dos AH por fermentação em estado sólido (FES) utilizando colunas de Raimbault, onde foram obtidos 88,1 ±2,9 mg/L destes ácidos, confirmou a relação entre a esporulação do fungo e a produção dos AH, assim como a hipótese do efeito sinérgico dos polímeros. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a factibilidade da produção dos AH por processos fermentativos, cuja descrição na literatura ainda é muito limitada, o que confere a este trabalho um caráter inovador / Abstract: Humic acids (HA) are organic macromolecules of high structural complexity. In agriculture, their direct effects on yield and quality of many crops have been exploited since 1940 and the last decade there was a large increase in their use in medicine and biology. Although they have attracted the attention of many researchers due to their numerous applications, commercials AH are still extracted from peat and coal, non-renewable carbon sources, indicating the necessity to develop a biotechnological process for their production. Empty-fruit-bunches (EFB) are waste of oil palm processing, which are underutilized or discarded, and their accumulation brings environmental problems due to the attraction and proliferation of pests. In addition, EFB fibers are composed of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, whose degradation can be achieved by the action of microorganisms with high capacity of lignocellulosic material degradation, such as Trichoderma. In this context, this work aimed to produce HA from the fermentation of EFB with Trichoderma species. The results showed that oats is a suitable substrate for the production of Trichoderma spores to be used as inoculum for application in submerged fermentations (SF) of EFB for the HA production. The investigation of the HA precursor among the constituents polymers from the EFB indicate a synergistic effect of these polymers. Regarding the replacement of yeast extract by vegetable peptones in the culture medium, for both nitrogen sources the results in the production of biomass and HA were very similar. Through the optimization of the HA production by SF using experimental design, were obtained 428.4 ± 17.5 mg/L of these acids, allowing an increase of 7-fold compared to initial conditions used in this work.. A comparison of the performance of Trichoderma species in the HA production by FS indicated the superiority of the T. reesei in the production of these acids. Finally, characterization of HA production process by solid state fermentation (SSF) using Raimbault columns, where were obtained 88.1 ±2.9 mg/L of these acids, confirmed the relationship between the fungal sporulation and the HA production as well as the hypothesis of synergistic effect of the polymers. The results demonstrated the feasibility of the HA production by fermentation process, whose description in the literature is still very limited, which confers an innovative character to this work / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

[pt] A água potável é essencial para uma boa qualidade de vida e saúde da população. Nos mananciais, a água naturalmente encontrada possui matéria orgânica e microorganismos, alguns até mesmo patogênicos, sendo necessário o seu tratamento em estações de tratamento de água (ETAs). O cloro é o principal reagente atualmente utilizado como pré-oxidante da matéria orgânica em ETAs, gerando compostos organo-halogenados de características cancerígenas. Neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo do reagente de Fenton como pré-oxidante com o fim de degradar os ácidos húmicos (AH), que são os principais constituintes da matéria orgânica naturalmente encontrada em águas de mananciais, sem a geração dos compostos organo-halogenados. Para isto, foram realizados experimentos de acordo com um planejamento fatorial 23 que investigou a influência de três variáveis na degradação de AH: pH, dosagem de peróxido de hidrogênio e razão molar [H2O2]:[Fe elevado a 2 positivo]. Os resultados obtidos a partir destes experimentos mostraram que todas as variáveis influenciaram na degradação do AH, de forma que o aumento tanto da dosagem de peróxido de hidrogênio quanto da razão molar [H2O2]:[Fe elevado a 2 positivo] gera o aumento na degradação de AH. Com relação ao pH, o aumento desta variável gerou uma ligeira queda na degradação de AH. Assim, a partir de todos os experimentos verificou-se que aquele de melhor resultado apresenta as seguintes condições operacionais: dosagem de peróxido de hidrogênio igual a 42,98 mg/L, [H2O2]:[Fe elevado a 2 positivo] igual 3:1, pH igual a 7. Nestas condições operacionais, após 5 minutos de reação, a redução de AH foi de 95,66 por cento, a redução de COT de 24,94 por cento e a velocidade inicial de degradação de AH de 9,38 mg/L.min. / [en] Drinking water is essential to a good quality of life and health of the populations. In the surface, the water found naturally contains organic matter and microorganisms, some even pathogenic, requiring their removal in water treatment plants (WTPs). Chlorine is the main reagent currently used as pre-oxidant of the organic matter in WTPs, generating chlorinated organic compounds of carcinogenic characteristics. In this project a study of the Fenton reagent as pre-oxidant has been conducted in order to degrade the humic acids (HA), which are the main constituents of the organic matter naturally found in water sources without generating the chlorinated organics. For this, experiments have been conducted according to a factorial design 23 which investigated the influence of three variables in the HA degradation: pH; hydrogen peroxide dosage; and molar ratio [H2O2]:[Fe to the power of 2 positive]. The results obtained from these experiments showed that all variables influence the degradation of HA, so that the increase of the hydrogen peroxide dosage as well as the molar ratio [H2O2]:[Fe to the power of 2 positive] increase HA degradation. With regard to the pH, the increase of this variable generates a slight drop in AH degradation. Thus, from all experiments it has been verified that that the best result were obtained in the following operating conditions: hydrogen peroxide dosage equal 42,98 mg/L, [H2O2]:[Fe to the power of 2 positive] equal 3:1, pH equal 7. Under these operating conditions, after 5 minutes of batch reaction, the reduction of HA was 95,66 percent, the TOC reduction of 24,94 percent and the initial rate of HA degradation of 9,38 mg/L.min.

Tertiary treatment methods were tested on secondary effluent from an abattoir biological wastewater treatment plant with the purpose of renovating it for re-use in the abattoir. The colour and dissolved organic matter could be removed to such an extent that the water would comply with water of insignificant health risk (Department of Health). The treatment process sequence proven to be effective in upgrading this water so insignificant health risk standard were coagulation with a polymer blend, separation, ozonation, filtration and activated carbon filtration. The development of biologically activated carbon in practice was accepted as inevitable and desirable for optimum water quality, but not tested. A deciding factor in the selection of an appropriate treatment was that the final water would also have acceptable corrosion properties. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Chemical Engineering / unrestricted

The main topic of this diploma thesis is the study of diffusion of humic gels with incorporation of copper ions. Humic gel was prepared by precipitation of humate sodium with 5 M copper dichloride. First, it was necessary to find a useful extraction of surfactant that would have extracted copper from humic gel. Magnesium chloride was chosen as optimal surfactant from obtain relation of concentration copper(II) ions on time. Magnesium chloride was used to elution of copper from the slices of the gel. In next part it was important to verify the diffusion method that reaction in gel was not proceed in. Elution from slices of the gel before and after diffusion were scaled on the UV/VIS spectrophotometer. Experiment was prepared for times 3, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours. Coefficient of the diffusion was calculated from obtained results, but 72 hours was not counted to the result.¨ From the coeficient of diffusion theoretic concentration profiles were calculated and then they were compared with experimentally results. Profile for 72 hours shows that it was unusable because it was oblate and fringe and concentration was lower than in other profiles. Other theoretic profiles agree.

Diploma thesis is based on diffusion processes of copper (II) ions to humic gels obtained from lignite. Solutions with various concentrations and acidity were exposed to diffusion for exact time 24 hours. After the diffusion was ended the copper (II) ionic concentration profiles of tubular gels were create and calculated total diffusion flux. The experiment showed that the higher acidity of copper (II) solution decrease an amount of immobilized Cu2+ ions to the humic gels. In comparison concentration/pH: concentration of the solution has higher influence on sorption metal ions than change of the pH.

Tato diplomová práce je zaměřena na porovnání termo-oxidační a chemické stability kovových komplexů huminových kyselin. Pro tyto experimenty byly vybrány tři prvky reprezentující skupinu těžkých kovů (kobalt, měď a nikl). Použitá huminová kyselina byla extrahována z Jihomoravského lignitu. Pro přípravu komplexů byly využito různě koncentrovaných roztoků kovů, aby bylo možné pozorovat vliv jejich počáteční koncentrace na obě studované stability připravených komplexů. Chemická stabilita kovových komplexů byla posuzována z hlediska uvolňování kovových iontů ze struktury huminové kyseliny do dvou různých extrakčních činidel (HCl, MgCl2). Termo-oxidační chování bylo zkoumáno pomocí technik termické analýzy: diferenční kompenzační kalorimetrie (DSC) a zejména termogravimetrické analýzy (TGA). Výsledky této práce přinášejí hlubší poznatky o problematice interakce kovů s humifikovanou částí půdní organické hmoty, využitelné k osvětlení problematiky kovových polutantů v životním prostředí a prohloubení žádoucích znalostí procedur jako jsou dekontaminace půdy a remediace.

This diploma thesis deals with copper(II) ions diffusion in the humic hydrogels. The hydrogels were prepared from several samples of humic acids using different method and their isolation conditions from the original matrix. A selective blocking of functional groups (COOH, OH) was performed in the selected samples of humic acids. These reactive groups were selectively blocked using methylation agent trimethylsilyl-diazomethane. The success of performed methylation and functional groups blocking was verified using a FT-IR spectroscopy. There was carried out the set of diffusion experiments. The experimental arrangement was selected to enable an instantaneous planar source met-hod for data processing. The basis of this method was to determine the copper(II) ions con-centration distribution in the hydrogels. The method consists of slicing of the hydrogels after the diffusion experiments, extraction of the copper ions in the solution and determina-tion of concentration in the extracts from individual slices using UV-VIS spectroscopy. Based on the experimental data the effective diffusion coefficients were determined. The resulting values include both the effect of hydrogels structure and the effect of the reaction between Cu(II) ions and humic acids. There were prepared gels with defined portion of blocked functional groups for selected samples, which allowed to investigate the effect of reactivity on the copper ions diffusion without the significant changes in the gel structure (porosity). The blocking of functional groups reflected in a lower values of diffusion coefficients in comparison to the gels prepared from unmodified humic acids as follows. There was also confirmed the effect of humic acids isolation procedure and their properties on the diffusivity.

This diploma thesis deals with the study of non-energy use of lignite. The main objective was to find an optimal recipe for the preparation of liquid and semi-solid (paste) hydrocolloids from the South Moravian lignite using the planetary mill and select the suitable dispersion medium with emphasis on possible use in agriculture. The used solutions were 10, 20 a 40 % w/w solutions of urea; 5, 10 a 15 % w/w solutions of citric acid; 1, 5 a 10 % w/w solutions of potassium chloride and deionized water. The best weight ratio for the preparation of lignite hydrocolloids is 1 part of lignite and 2 parts of the solution. The next part of this work is the isolation of humic acid from lignite hydrocolloids. The weight of isolated humic acids and amount of ash were compared to the used lignite hydrocolloids. Rheological behavior, particle size distribution, stability and thermal stablity of prepared lignite hydrocolloids were investigated. Correlation microscopy was used for determining elemental composition of selected location in the sample of lignite hydrocolloid.