Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2016-10-19T19:18:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Jo?o Ant?nio Montibeller Furtado e Silva.pdf: 2711514 bytes, checksum: effd09162dc88c6c073a5293a03578ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-19T19:18:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Jo?o Ant?nio Montibeller Furtado e Silva.pdf: 2711514 bytes, checksum: effd09162dc88c6c073a5293a03578ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-26 / CAPES / FAPERJ / In the zones that produce swine, the farms have a high concentration of animals that generate large amounts of slurry, which becomes a problem due to lack of agricultural area for distribution, at the rates calculated to be used as a supply of nutrients to crops. Systematic application of pig slurry (PS) can increase the levels of heavy metals (HMs) in the soil. The HMs dynamics in the soil depends on their chemical form, the slurry characteristics, plant absorption capacity and the phytomass management. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of applying PS fertilizing and intensity of nutrient removal, represented by managements of biomass, in the dynamics of soil HMs. The levels of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni and Pb) were evaluated in a area with Typic Hapludox soil, after three applications of PS. The Humic Acid (HA) obtained from PS samples was characterized in terms of elemental composition, nuclear magnetic resonance of carbon-13 and infrared spectroscopy, in order to evaluate their potential to interact with the HMs. The total contents of Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni and Pb was determined in feed samples, PS from slurry tanks on a finishing swine farm and plants fertilized with PS, consisting a consortium of lopsided oat (Avena strigose, Schreb.) and Italian rye grass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The dynamics of HMs in soil was assessed by determining the pseudototals levels in six layers (0-2.5; 2.5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40; 40-80 cm), and bioavailable in the layer of most exploration of consortium roots studied (0-20 cm). The metals Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni e Pb were found in the feed, indicating the source and origin of the HMs in the PS. With 55% of aliphatic chains, 14% of oxygenated aliphatics and 15% of carboxyl, the characterization of HA in the PS showed a high capacity to interact and form soluble complexes with HMs. All analysed HMs had pseudototals levels that increased in all six layers of soil, as a function of the PS dose applied, and the bioavailable forms in the arable layer (0-20 cm). The management with higher intensity of biomass removal, the soil showed the lowest levels of HMs, pseudototal and bioavailables. The total metal accumulation in plants showed a positive and significant correlation with the levels of bioavailables in the soil, suggesting that the HMs were in exchangeable and/or hydrosoluble forms, capable of being transferred to water bodies and to enter the food chain. / Nas regi?es produtoras de su?nos, as granjas apresentam elevadas concentra??es de animais que geram grandes quantidades de res?duos, tornando-se um problema devido ? falta de ?rea agr?cola para sua distribui??o, em taxas calculadas para o fornecimento de nutrientes para as culturas.Aplica??es sistem?ticas de dejeto l?quido de su?nos (DLS) podem elevar os teores de metais pesados (MPs) no solo. A din?mica dos MPs depende da forma qu?mica que se encontram no solo, das caracter?sticas do res?duo aplicado, da absor??o pelas plantas e do manejo da fitomassa. Com o objetivo de estudar os efeitos da aplica??o de dejeto l?quido de su?nos e da intensidade de remo??o de nutrientes, representadas por manejos de fitomassa, na din?mica de MPs do solo, o presente trabalho avaliou os teores de metais pesados (Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni e Pb) em uma ?rea de Nitossolo Vermelho Distr?fico, ap?s tr?s aplica??es de DLS.Os ?cidos h?micos (AH) obtidos de amostras de DLS foram caracterizados quanto ? composi??o elementar,resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear do carbono-13 e espectroscopia de infravermelho, a fim de se avaliar o seu potencial de intera??o com os MPs. Foram determinados os teores totais de Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni ePb em amostras de ra??o, DLS oriundo de esterqueiras, e em tecido do cons?rcio de plantas de aveia preta (Avena strigosa Schreb.) e azev?m (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) adubadas com DLS. A din?mica dos MPs no solo foi avaliada atrav?s da determina??o dos teores pseudototais em seis camadas do solo (0-2,5; 2,5-5; 5-10; 10-20; 20-40, e 40-80 cm), e biodispon?veis na camada de maior explora??o das ra?zes do cons?rcio estudado (0-20 cm).Os metais Cu, Zn, Mn, Ni e Pb foram encontrados na ra??o, indicando a origem desses MPs no DLS. A caracteriza??o dos AH do DLS, com 55% de cadeias alif?ticas, 14% alif?ticas oxigenadas e 15% de carboxilas, demonstra a sua alta capacidade de intera??o e forma??o de complexos sol?veis com MPs. Todos os metais avaliados apresentaram ac?mulo nas seis camadas do solo em fun??o da dose de DLS aplicada, inclusive em formas biodispon?veis na camada ar?vel (0-20 cm). No manejo com maior intensidade de remo??o de fitomassa, o solo apresentou os menores teores de MPs, tanto pseudototais, como biodispon?veis. O ac?mulo total desses metais nas plantas apresentou correla??o positiva e significativa com os teores biodispon?veis do solo, indicando que os MPs se encontravam em formas troc?veis e/ou hidrossol?veis, com capacidade para serem transferidos para corpos h?dricos e entrar na cadeia tr?fica.

Objective of this project was the study of interaction processes between humic substances, U(VI), Np(V) and kaolinite KGa-1b. It contributed to the attainment of a better process understanding, the improvement of the knowledge on the interaction of humic substances and metal ions and the enhancement of the thermodynamic database. With a synthetic humic acid (HA), N-containing functional groups of HA were characterized by 15N-NMR spectroscopy. Based on these results, model studies of the influence of amino groups on the complexation behavior of HA were performed. Spectroscopic studies with amino acids show that the amino group do not contribute to the U(VI) complexation at pH 4. The impact of kaolinite on the formation of HA and humic substance-kaolinite-sorbates was studied in model syntheses. The results exhibit that the presence of kaolinite during the syntheses mainly influences the yields on HA and their elemental compositions. Synthetic humic substance-kaolinite-sorbates were isolated. Under exclusion of CO2, the U(VI) complexation by HA was investigated at pH 7 by means of the conventional time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (TRLFS) and TRLFS with ultrafast pulses. Complexation parameters for the ternary complex UO2(OH)HA(I) were determined. Studies of the Np(V) reduction in presence of HA with different functionalities under anaerobic conditions have shown that Np(V) is reduced to Np(IV) by HA. The redox capacity depends on the HA functionality. Applying a modified HA it was verified that phenolic/acidic OH groups play a dominating role in the Np(V) reduction. The influence of HA on the U(VI) and Np(V) sorption onto kaolinite was investigated in batch experiments. In dependence on the experimental conditions, HA effects the sorption and consequently the mobility of U(VI) and Np(V). From studies of the U(VI) sorption onto synthetic humic substance-kaolinite-sorbates it was concluded that the structure and functionality of sorbed/associated humic substances considerably influence the sorption behavior of U(VI). The structure of U(VI)-kaolinite-surface complexes in presence of HA was studied by means of X-ray absorption spectroscopy and TRLFS and compared to those of U(VI)-kaolinite-complexes. Investigations of the migration of HA and U(VI) in the laboratory system kaolinite-water were carried out in diffusion experiments. The migration of HA in compacted clay is governed by diffusion and influenced by its colloidal properties. Humic substances exert an immobilizing effect on the U(VI) transport in compacted kaolinite.

The interaction behavior of humic acids with uranium(VI) and the influence of humic substances on the migration behavior of uranium was investigated. A main focus of this work was the synthesis of four different humic acid model substances and their characterization and comparison to the natural humic acid from Aldrich. A radiometric method for the determination of humic acid functional groups was applied in addition to conventional methods for the determination of the functionality of humic acids. The humic acid model substances show functional and structural properties comparable to natural humic acids. Modified humic acids with blocked phenolic OH were synthesized to determine the influence of phenolic OH groups on the complexation behavior of humic acids. A synthesis method for 14C-labeled humic acids with high specific activity was developed. The complexation behavior of synthetic and natural humic acids with uranium(VI) was investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy, laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and FTIR spectroscopy. The synthetic model substances show an interaction behavior with uranium(VI) that is comparable to natural humic acids. This points to the fact that the synthetic humic acids simulate the functionality of their natural analogues very well. For the first time the influence of phenolic OH groups on the complexation behavior of humic acids was investigated by applying a modified humic acid with blocked phenolic OH groups. The formation of a uranyl hydroxy humate complex was identified by laserspectroscopic investigations of the complexation of Aldrich humic acid with uranium(VI)at pH 7. The migration behavior of uranium in a sandy aquifer system rich in humic substances was investigated in column experiments. A part of uranium migrates non-retarded through the sediment, bound to humic colloids. The uranium migration behavior is strongly influenced by the kinetically controlled interaction processes of uranium with the humic colloids. The influence of humic acids on the sorption of uranium(VI) onto phyllite was investigated in batch experiments using two different humic acids. The uranium(VI) sorption onto the rock phyllite is influenced by the pH-dependent sorption behavior of the humic acids.

A agropecuária pode ser uma aliada importante para a mitigação de gases causadores do efeito estufa. A recuperação direta de pastagens degradadas, a adoção do manejo intensivo das pastagens e a integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) têm apresentado grande potencial na diminuição dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), devido à elevada produção de massa de forragem das gramíneas tropicais, e consequentemente acumulando matéria orgânica no solo. Estudos sobre a dinâmica e estabilidade da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) são necessários, uma vez que a MOS constitui o maior reservatório dinâmico de carbono (C) da superfície terrestre, e qualquer variação na abundância e composição desta, perfaz importantes efeitos na dinâmica que ocorre entre os sistemas de armazenamento de carbono. Pode-se avaliar as modificações químicas sofridas pela MOS utilizando suas propriedades de fluorescência. Nesse contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar ácidos húmicos (AH), extraídos de diferentes sistemas de manejo pecuário, e verificar se os mesmos se alteram nesses manejos. O experimento estava localizado na unidade da Embrapa Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos-SP, sendo os sistemas de manejos o irrigado, sequeiro, em recuperação, degradado e a mata nativa como área de referência. Foram coletadas amostras de solo das cinco áreas de estudo, e posteriormente, realizou-se a extração dos AH do solo. As técnicas utilizadas na caracterização dos AH foram análise elementar (CHNS), espectroscopia de infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), fluorescência bidimensional e tridimensional e supressão de fluorescência por metais. Em geral, a MOS presente na superfície apresentou-se mais lábil e fresca, já a MOS em camadas mais profundas se mostrou mais recalcitrante e humificada. O manejo degradado apresentou pouco acúmulo de carbono no solo, e também um AH rico em compostos aromáticos e com alto valor de humificação. Os manejos de sequeiro e em recuperação mostraram comportamento semelhante ao da mata nativa, apresentando um alto acúmulo de carbono no solo, mas uma estrutura dos AH mais lábeis, nas camadas superficiais e baixos índices de humificação. A área irrigada teve baixa incorporação de carbono no solo, igualmente à área degradada, apresentando também um AH mais humificado e com estruturas mais conjugadas. O experimento de supressão de fluorescência mostrou valores menores da constante de estabilidade condicional (K), para os manejos irrigado e degradado, mostrando que os mesmos podem ter perdido alguns sítios ativos, deixando a MOS menos reativa no solo. Em relação às análises de fluorescência tridimensional, as amostras de AH tiveram duas componentes de fluorescência, ambas de origem tipo ácido húmico terrestre. Pode-se concluir que a recuperação de áreas degradadas é um caminho viável para a estocagem de MOS, uma vez que a área em recuperação apresentou valores semelhantes aos da mata nativa, porém a estabilidade desse carbono no solo deve ser monitorada constantemente. O excesso de irrigação e a degradação de pastagens não apresentaram um comportamento positivo para a MOS, ambos os manejos deixaram a MOS com poucos sítios ligantes, muito humificada mesmo em superfície e com pouco acúmulo de carbono no solo, deixando essa matéria orgânica pouco interativa, afetando assim a produtividade do solo. / Agricultural and livestock can be a great allied important for the mitigation of greenhouse gas effect. The direct recovery of degraded pastures, the adoption of intensive management of pasture and crop-livestock integration (CLI) have shown great potential in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) due to the high mass of forage production of tropical grasses, and thus accumulating organic matter in the soil. Studies of the dynamics and stability of the soil organic matter (SOM) is needed, since the SOM constitutes the largest dynamic carbono (C) reservoir from the land surface, and any variation in the abundance and composition thereof, adds up significant effects on the dynamics that occurs between the carbon storage systems. Can be evaluated the chemical modifications that occurred by the SOM using their fluorescence properties. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate humic acid (HA), taken from different livestock management systems, and verify that the HA have changes in these managements. The experiment was located in the unit Embra Pecuária Sudeste, São Carlos-SP, with the managements systems irrigated, dry, in recovery, degraded and native forest as a reference area. Soil samples were collected from five study areas, and later was carried out the extraction of soil AH. The techniques used in the characterization of HA was elemental analysis (CHNS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), two-dimensional, three-dimensional fluorescence and fluorescence quenching. In general, the SOM on the surface presented is more labile and fresh, already the SOM in deeper layers was more recalcitrant and humified. Degraded management showed little accumulation of carbon in the soil, an HA rich in aromatic compounds and with high value humification. The dry and in recovery managements showed similar behavior to that the native forest, with a high accumulation of carbon in the soil, but a structure of HA more labile, in the surface layers and low levels of humidification. The irrigated area had low incorporation of carbon in the soil, as well the degraded area, also presenting an HA more humified and with more conjugated structures. The fluorescence quenching experiment showed lower values of the conditional stability constant (K) for irrigation and degraded managements, showing that they may have lost some active sites, leaving the less reactive SOM soil. In relation to the tridimensional fluorescence analysis, HA samples had two fluorescent components, both source type terrestrial humic acid. Can be concluded that the recovery of degraded areas is a viable way to SOM storage, since that the area in recovery showed values similar to those of native forest, but the stability of carbon in the soil must be monitored constantly. Excess irrigation and pasture degradation did not show a positive behavior for SOM, both managements left SOM with few binding sites, very much humified in surface and low carbon accumulation in the soil, leaving this organic matter little interactive, affecting thus soil productivity.

Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2017-06-27T14:38:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Adierson Gilvani Ebeling.pdf: 3744657 bytes, checksum: 0458139e287a489573818b522e4c02de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-27T14:38:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Adierson Gilvani Ebeling.pdf: 3744657 bytes, checksum: 0458139e287a489573818b522e4c02de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-27 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico, CNPq, Brasil. / The Histosols have a small geographic extension in the Brazilian territory; however, they are intensively used in family agriculture systems and have a great environmental importance. The drainage of Histosols leads to the subsidence process and other changes in the soil organic matter (SOM), with consequences in their characteristics and potential. The nature of humic substances (HSs) is determinant in the alterations of the Histosols. The characterization of the HSs allows the understanding of processes of SOM transformation in the Histosols, and their environmental impact. The objectives of this study were: to characterize Histosols from different environments and land usage intensity; and to evaluate alterations in humic fractions of SOM, by using elemental composition analyses, spectroscopic, thermal degradation, and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The study was developed in eight Histosols, from the States of Rio de Janeiro, Maranh?o and Paran?, in Brazil. Their chemical properties: total organic carbon (TOC), pH, sum of bases (SB), H+, Al3+, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and V%; and physical properties: bulk density (BD), MR, MM, and OMD, were evaluated. Also, the quantitative fractionating of the HSs: fulvic acid (C-FAF), humic acid (CHAF), and humin (C-HUM), and C-FAH/C-FAF relations, C-EA/C-HUM (C-EA = C-FAF + C-FAH). The humic acids were extracted using the method of the International Humic Substances Society (IHSS), and evaluated by different techniques. The chemical attributes varied with the intensity of burning and agricultural usage. Though, in general, the Histosols presented low natural fertility, and it was related to the humic acid fraction (high ratio CFAH/ C-FAF). Amongst the SOM fractions the HUM predominated, with an average value of 59.98% of total carbon determined by the CHN; followed by the FAH. The C-FAH/C-FAF ratio diminished with the increase of agriculture usage intensity. The results of the TGI (Thermal Gravimetric Index) suggested strong resistance to thermal degradation of majority of the organic horizons. The elemental composition (%C, %H, %N, %O) of the humic acids showed large amplitude of variation between the horizons, but no pattern was observed between the Histosols. The increase of carbon content, the high values of TGI, and the reduction of oxygen content in the humic acids (HA) might explain the high thermal decomposition resistance found in the HA extracted form the Histosols. A correlation between H/C and TGI was observed, where the lower values of H/C were related to the highest resistance of the humic acids to thermal degradation. The spectroscopic and NMR techniques allowed characterizing compounds and groups of substances in the HA, showing the great potential of these tools in studies of HS from Histosols. The multivariate methods allowed a combined analysis of techniques applied in the study, showing a group of labile and recalcitrance materials in the soils. The results, in general, indicated the fragility of the Histosols areas, in terms of agricultural management and the formation environment. Their importance for the environment should be priority in comparison to agricultural usage, mainly due to their relevant part in the aquifers preservation. / Os Organossolos t?m pequena representatividade geogr?fica no Brasil, entretanto, s?o utilizados intensamente em modelos de agricultura familiar e t?m grande import?ncia ambiental. Por?m, a sua drenagem conduz ao processo de subsid?ncia e outras modifica??es na mat?ria org?nica do solo (MOS), com implica??es nas caracter?sticas dos Organossolos e em sua potencialidade. A natureza das subst?ncias h?micas (SHs) ? determinante nessas altera??es nos Organossolos. A caracteriza??o das SHs permite a compreens?o dos processos de transforma??o da MOS nos Organossolos e seu impacto no ambiente. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: caracterizar Organossolos em v?rios ambientes e intensidade de uso agr?cola e avaliar altera??es nas fra??es humificadas da MO, atrav?s de t?cnicas de an?lise da composi??o elementar, espectrosc?picas, termodegradativas e de resson?ncia magn?tica nuclear (RMN). Foram estudados oito perfis de solos, nos Estados do Rio de Janeiro, Maranh?o e Paran?. Foram avaliadas as suas propriedades qu?micas: carbono org?nico total (COT), pH, soma de bases (SB), H+, Al3+, CTC e V%; e propriedades f?sicas: densidade do solo (Ds), RM, MM e DMO. Al?m do fracionamento quantitativo das SHs: ?cidos f?lvicos (C-FAF), ?cidos h?micos (C-FAH) e humina (C-HUM), e rela??es C-FAH/C-FAF, C-EA/CHUM (C-EA = C-FAF + C-FAH). Os ?cidos h?micos (AH) foram extra?dos pelo m?todo da Sociedade Internacional de Subst?ncias H?micas (IHSS) e avaliados por distintas t?cnicas. Os atributos qu?micos variaram com o efeito das queimadas e da intensidade de uso agr?cola; por?m, em geral, os Organossolos apresentaram baixa fertilidade natural, a qual, em geral, esteve relacionada ? fra??o ?cido h?mico (maior raz?o C-FAH/C-FAF). Dentre as fra??es da MO, a HUM predominou, com valor m?dio de 59,98% do carbono total determinado pelo CHN, seguida da FAH. A rela??o C-FAH/C-FAF diminuiu a medida que o uso agr?cola ? intensificado. Os dados do ITG (?ndice Termogravim?trico) sugeriram forte resist?ncia ? termodegrada??o para a maioria dos horizontes org?nicos. A composi??o elementar (%C, %H, %N, %O) dos ?cidos h?micos apresentou grande amplitude entre os horizontes, por?m sem padr?o diferenciado entre os Organossolos. O aumento do conte?do de carbono, os altos valores de ITG e a diminui??o do conte?do de oxig?nio nos ?cidos h?micos podem explicar a maior resist?ncia a termodecomposi??o dos AH extra?dos dos Organossolos. Foi observada correla??o entre a raz?o H/C e o ITG, onde os menores valores de H/C estiveram relacionados a maior resist?ncia dos AH ? termodegrada??o. As t?cnicas espectrosc?picas e de RMN permitiram caracterizar compostos e grupamentos nos AH, demonstrando o potencial dessas ferramentas nos estudos de SHs provenientes de Organossolos. Os m?todos de an?lise multivariada permitiram uma avalia??o conjunta das t?cnicas utilizadas, mostrando um grupo de amostras l?beis e recalcitrantes nos solos. Os resultados encontrados, em geral, indicam a fragilidade das ?reas de Organossolos, em fun??o do manejo para agricultura e do seu ambiente de forma??o. A sua import?ncia em termos ambientais deveria ser priorizada em rela??o ao uso agr?cola, principalmente pelo papel relevante na preserva??o de aqu?feros.

[pt] Rejeitos da mineração contendo grandes quantidades de finos são constantemente descartados em barragens. A recuperação da água contida nesses rejeitos depende, dentre outros fatores, da remoção de reagentes residuais e material particulado fino, que, devido às suas características de tamanho e cargas superficiais requerem tempos de sedimentação impraticáveis industrialmente. Partículas em suspensão, com diâmetro médio inferior a 2 micrometro, não podem ser removidas por sedimentação simples pois, devido às suas cargas superficiais, permanecem em repulsão mútua, promovendo uma estabilidade eletrostática da polpa. Entretanto, o estado de dispersão dessas partículas está diretamente relacionado ao potencial eletrostático de superfície, sendo necessárias etapas de desestabilização de cargas e agregação, por meio de coagulação e floculação. Na indústria mineral as poliacrilamidas são os polímeros comerciais mais comumente utilizados; porém, com a demanda por floculantes de menor custo e ambientalmente amigáveis, como os polímeros naturais de uso ainda incipiente, a quitosana e o ácido húmico passam a ser atrativos para sua aplicação em polpas minerais. Para este caso de estudo serão avaliados um rejeito de níquel e lama vermelha, ambos provenientes de unidades industriais. O pH é uma variável muito influenciável no processo, porém mediante a análise do potencial zeta foram medidas as cargas superficiais resultantes e se determinou o pH de trabalho para cada uma das polpas. A qualidade dos flocos formados tem forte dependência com as condições operacionais de formação como tipo de reagentes e suas combinações, porém mediante a utilização do planejamento experimental foram estudadas variáveis como concentração de sólidos, dosagens de quitosana e de ácido húmico, velocidade e tempo de agitação. Os parâmetros do processo foram otimizados por meio da obtenção e ajuste de modelos matemáticos. Os ensaios de floculação tiveram como variável de resposta a turbidez do sobrenadante e os resultados foram ajustados atendendo às normas ambientais vigentes para reuso da água. Para o rejeito de Ni, em um pH próximo de 7, obteve-se um modelo quadrático, que conferido experimentalmente com as condições otimizadas deu uma resposta de turbidez de 32 NTU. Para o caso da lama vermelha obtiveramse dois modelos: em pH igual a 12 obteve-se um modelo linear, que gerou uma resposta de turbidez de 33 NTU e em pHigual a 8 obteve-se um modelo quadrático, conferido experimentalmente uma resposta de turbidez de 31 NTU. Dessa forma, nota-se que, para os polímeros estudados, é possível reduzir a turbidez de fluxos de sobrenadantes com eficiência de até 90 por cento. / [en] Mining waste containing large amounts of fines are constantly disposed of in dams. The recovery of water contained in these wastes depends, among other factors, the removal of residuals reagents and fine particulate material, which due to their size and surface charge characteristics require of sedimentation times impractical industrially. Suspended particles with an average diameter of less than 2 micrometre, can not be removed by simple sedimentation by reason of their surface charges, remain in mutual repulsion, promoting an electrostatic stability of the pulp. However, the dispersion state of the particles is directly related to the electrostatic surface potential, and steps necessary to destabilize charges and aggregation, through coagulation and flocculation. Polyacrylamides are the most commonly used commercial polymers at the mineral industry; however, the demand for flocculants of lower cost and environmentally friendly, such as natural polymers have incipient use as chitosan and humic acid, become attractive for application in mineral slurries, for this case study will be evaluated the tailings of Ni and the red mud. pH is a very influenceable variable in the process but by an analysis of the zeta potential were measured of resulting surface charges and determined of pH for each of the slurries. The quality of the flakes have formed strong dependence on operating conditions of formation as a kind of reagents and their combinations, but by using the experimental design were studied variables such as of solids concentration, chitosan, humic acid, stirring speed and stirring time. With the obtained mathematical models, were the optimizations conducted of the process parameters. In tests of flocculation, it had turbidity as response variable of the supernatant and the results were adjusted taking into account the environmental standards for water reuse. To Ni in a pH next to 7, there was obtained a quadratic model, given the conditions optimized experimentally gave a turbidity response of 32 NTU. For the case of red mud was obtained two models at pH 12 was obtained as a linear model given experimentally gave a turbidity response of 33 NTU and pH 8 was obtained a quadratic model, given experimentally has a turbidity response of 31 NTU, which show that it is possible to reduce overflow the turbidity from 500 NTU to less than 50 NTU.

The presented diploma thesis deals with the study of interactions between humic acids as the main component of soil organic matter with a model organic pollutant presented by cationic surfactant Septonex (which was expected to interact positively with humic acids due to its charge) through unconventional combination of dialysis and diffusion techniques realized in diffusion cells together with isothermal titration calorimetry capable of elucidating the nature of ongoing reactions from a thermodynamic point of view. The experiments were performed with a humic acid isolated by standard isolation procedure from Leonardite (1S104H) purchased from the International Society for Humic Substances, with humic acids isolated from lignite as well as modal chernozem. The aim of the submited diploma thesis is to assess the influence of carboxyl functional groups in the structure of humic acids to interactions with Septonex. For this reason, said samples of humic acids have been modified by selective methylation of their carboxyl functional groups, which can no longer participate in interactions with ionic substances. Results from diffusion cells and isothermal titration calorimetry confirmed the assumption that Septonex interacted with all types of unmodified humic acids more than with their methylated derivatives. Despite the available literature, it was surprising that the differences in the interaction of humic acids with Septonex were not diametrically different when comparing unmodified humic acids with their methylated derivatives. The extent of these interactions was assessed through the apparent equilibrium constant Kapp determined in the diffusion (dialysis) experiments and from the course of enthalpy curves from isothermal titration calorimetry. After the experiments and their evaluation, it can be concluded that humic acids and Septonex in their interactions, due to their structures, probably apply not only electrostatic interactions, especially through available carboxyl functional groups of humic acids and positively charged hydrophilic parts of Septonex molecules, but also a significant role have a hydrophobic effect, hydrogen bonds and Van der Waals forces.

Nowadays, huge amounts of drugs get into watercourses and soil due to wrong disposal in sewage treatment plants. In this work, the sorption and desorption behavior of Ibuprofen in the soil system was studied, especially in relation to humic acids. The degree of sorption and desorption was defined from the change in ibuprofen concentration analyzed by UV-VIS spectrometry, changes in conductivity and pH were also observed. Ibuprofen shows good sorption properties, desorption was really minimal. It can be assumed that there is a strong bond between ibuprofen and both soil and lignite humic acids and therefore there is no risk of leaching back into solutions. Therefore, if ibuprofen entered the environment, it would be sorbed into the humic acids contained in lignite or soil, which means that it should not be harmful in any way.

Humic acids are part of humus material abounded in nature. Humic acids are generally aromatic stuffs with sidechains and there can be linked various functional groups as carboxylic and fenolic mainly. This functional groups are able to form transitions elements ions and complexes of different stability. This property can be used in the environment, because certain polutants should be imobilized in nature. Diploma thesis studies adsorption of metal ions Cu2+, Cd2+, Zn2+ and Pb2+ on humic acids by electroanalytical method called flow – through coulometry.

Jihomoravský lignit pocházející z dolu Mír v Mikulčicích, Lignit s.r.o. byl přesítován a vybraná frakce byla modifikována tzv. mokrou cestou pomocí dvou oxidačních (HNO3, H2O2) a dvou „amfifilních“ (kyselina octová, kyselina citronová) činidel. Alkalickou extrakcí byly získány jak huminové kyseliny z neupraveného tak předupraveného lignitu (tzv. regenerované huminové kyseliny). Na základě výsledku elementární analýzy byly vypočítány C/O a C/H poměry, které společně s FTIR spektry podaly informaci o stupni alifaticity/aromaticity a dále o stupni oxidace organického uhlíku. Pomocí vysokoúčinné vylučovací chromatografie byla stanovena distribuce velikosti huminových agregátů. K objasnění procesů probíhajících v povrchové vrstvě bylo proměřeno povrchové napětí studovaných roztoků vzorků. Získaná data byla proložena Szyszkowského rovnicí a obdržené parametry poukázaly jak na povrchovou aktivitu jednotlivých huminových kyselin tak i na povahu molekul zodpovědných za snižování povrchového napětí. Pro vzájemnou korelaci dat získaných výše zmíněnými metodami byl použit Pearsonův korelační koeficient.