Hybrid entrepreneurial is phenomenal but remains under-studied in the management literature. This paper investigated the joint influence of hybrid entrepreneurs’ trait regulatory focus and wage work to entrepreneurial work enrichment (WE enrichment) on their entrepreneurial engagement and the subsequent proficient, adaptive, and proactive performance in entrepreneurial work. I first interviewed 16 hybrid entrepreneurs to obtain the understanding of their reasons for being in hybrid entrepreneurship, their regulatory focus tendencies, and the resources they transfer from wage work to entrepreneurial work. To validate the measurement scales of promotion and prevention focus, I conducted a pilot study among 66 hybrid entrepreneurs. Then, I conducted a multi-source questionnaire survey among 329 hybrid entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial partners in Ghana. The final sample included 272 completed and matched responses. I used structural equation modeling of Mplus 7.4 to test the hypothesized model. Results of the questionnaire survey provided strong support to my hypothesized model. Promotion focus and prevention focus had positive and negative relationships with these three types of entrepreneurial performance, respectively. I also found that the opposite relationships of promotion focus and prevention focus with these three types of entrepreneurial performance were mediated by entrepreneurial engagement. Furthermore, hybrid entrepreneurs work across the wage-work and entrepreneurial roles, and I found that WE enrichment played a moderating role. Specifically, WE enrichment strengthened the positive relationship between promotion focus and entrepreneurial engagement as well as the positive indirect relationships between promotion focus and the three types of entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial engagement. In contrast, WE enrichment weakened the negative relationship between prevention focus and entrepreneurial engagement as well as the negative indirect relationships between prevention focus and the three types of entrepreneurial performance through entrepreneurial engagement. This research sheds light on how personality traits and dual-work context affect hybrid entrepreneurs’ entrepreneurial processes and performance outcomes. Thus, I provide theoretical implications for the literature of hybrid entrepreneurial and dual work roles. Further, this research offers important practical implications for hybrid entrepreneurs and their entrepreneurial partners, as well as investors.

Financial independence (FI) and the FIRE Movement have gained a lot of traction in recent years. Despite the growing popularity of this alternative lifestyle, it is largely absent from the literature with only a few previous studies or investigations found. The goal of this thesis is to see if people use entrepreneurship to help them achieve financial independence. The thesis uses the critical case sampling method and semi-structured qualitative interviews with 11 individuals who are working toward or have already achieved financial independence. The findings show that most of the interviewees rely on waged work as their primary occupation, although most of them supplement their income by engaging in some form of income-generating activities alongside their main occupation, which is known as hybrid entrepreneurship. The interviewees were classified as engaging in full-time entrepreneurship, hybrid entrepreneurship, or no entrepreneurship. The findings showed that the majority of this sample pool was engaged in hybrid entrepreneurship, which implies that the pursuit of FI is either appealing to those already with entrepreneurial tendencies or the pursuit of FI encourages individuals to be more entrepreneurial. Additionally, there are indications that some individuals may use financial independence to reduce risk before embarking on an entrepreneurial journey which aligns with established theory regarding hybrid entrepreneurship. / Ekonomiskt oberoende (FI) och FIRE-rörelsen har fått stor genomslag de senaste åren. Trots den växande populariteten för denna alternativa livsstil är den till stor del frånvarande i litteraturen med endast ett fåtal tidigare studier eller undersökningar hittade. Målet med denna avhandling är att se om människor använder entreprenörskap för att hjälpa dem att uppnå ekonomiskt oberoende. Avhandlingen använder den kritiska fallsurvalmetoden och semistrukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer med 11 individer som arbetar mot eller redan har uppnått ekonomiskt oberoende. Resultaten visar att de flesta av de intervjuade förlitar sig på lönearbete som sin primära sysselsättning, även om de flesta av dem kompletterar sin inkomst genom att ägna sig åt någon form av inkomstbringande aktiviteter vid sidan av sin huvudsakliga sysselsättning, som kallas hybridföretagande. Intervjupersonerna klassificerades som engagerade i heltidsföretagande, hybridföretagande eller inget företagande. Resultaten visade att majoriteten av denna urvalspool var engagerad i hybridföretagande, vilket innebär att strävan efter FI antingen tilltalar dem som redan har entreprenöriella tendenser eller att strävan efter FI uppmuntrar individer att bli mer entreprenöriella. Dessutom finns det indikationer på att vissa individer kan använda ekonomiskt oberoende för att minska risken innan de ger sig ut på en entreprenöriell resa som ligger i linje med etablerad teori om hybridföretagande.