This thesis is an assessment of socio-economic development of Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey after GAP Project. The aim of this study is to analyze and discuss impacts of the GAP Project and to evaluate achievements of the most important sustainable development project of Turkey. Several social and economic indicators, like demographic structure, education, health, financial figures, industry, agriculture and energy, have been analyzed and evaluated in order to obtain reliable and realistic conclusions. The main conclusion of this thesis states that Southeastern Anatolia Region has developed both socially and economically with the impacts of GAP Project. Rapid economic growth, increased agricultural and industrial activities are the evidences of this development. However, another conclusion of the study indicates that the achievements of GAP cannot ensure the expected socio-economic development of the Region. This conclusion shows the necessity of questioning the success of the governance and execution of the GAP Project.

Hydrological observations are characterised by wet and dry cycles, a characteristic that is termed hydrological persistence. Interactions between global climate phenomena and the hydrological cycle result in rainfall and streamflow data clustering into wetter and drier states. These states have implications for the management and planning of water resources. Statistical tests constructed from the theory of wet and dry spells indicate that evidence for persistence in monthly observations is more compelling than at an annual scale. This thesis demonstrates that examination of monthly data yields spatially - consistent patterns of persistence across a range of hydrological variables. It is imperative that time series models for rainfall and streamflow replicate the observed fluctuations between the climate regimes. Monthly time series are generally represented with linear models such as ARMA variants ; however simulations from such models may underestimate the magnitude and frequency of persistence. A different approach to modelling these data is to incorporate shifting levels in the broader climate with a tendency to persist within these regimes. Hidden Markov models ( HMMs ) provide a strong conceptual basis for describing hydrological persistence, and are shown to provide accurate descriptions of fluctuating climate states. These models are calibrated here with a full Bayesian approach to quantify parameter uncertainty. A range of novel variations to standard HMMs are introduced, in particular Autoregressive HMMs and hidden semi - Markov models which have rarely been used to model monthly rainfall totals. The former model combines temporal persistence within observations with fluctuations between persistent climate states, and is particularly appropriate for modelling streamflow time series. The latter model extends the modelling capability of HMMs by fitting explicit probability distributions for state durations. These models have received little attention for modelling persistence at monthly scale. A non - parametric ( NP ) HMM, which overcomes the major shortcomings of standard parametric HMMs, is also described. Through removing the requirement to assume parametric forms of conditional distributions prior to model calibration, the innovative NP HMM framework provides an improved estimation of persistence in discrete and continuous data that remains unaffected by incorrect parametric assumptions about the state distributions. Spatially - consistent persistence is identified across Australia with the NP HMM, showing a tendency toward stronger persistence in low-rainfall regions. Coherent signatures of persistence are also identified across time series of total monthly rainfall, numbers of rain - days each month, and the intensities of the most extreme rain events recorded each month over various short durations, illustrating that persistent climate states modulate both the numbers of rain events and the amount of moisture contained within these events. These results provide a new interpretation of the climatic interactions that underlie hydrological persistence. The value of HMMs to water resource management is illustrated with the accurate simulation of a range of hydrologic data, which in each case preserves statistics and spell properties over a range of aggregations. Catchment - scale rainfall for the Warragamba Reservoir is simulated accurately with HMMs, and rainfall - runoff transformations from these simulations provide reservoir inflows of lower drought risk than provided from ARMA models. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2006.

Local scour around bridge piers can cause serious damages and structural failure to the bridge. Correct prediction of the scour is an important criterion for the engineering design. Though the subject has been investigated for many decades, the theoretical developments have been very limited due to the complicated interaction of three-dimensional flow and the sediment transport. This thesis concerns the flow around a vertical bottom mounted cylinder exposed to currents and is considered as the initial phase of a study towards modeling local scour around vertical bottom-mounted structures. The aim of the present study is to obtain a better understanding of the complex three-dimensional flow and the mechanisms related to the scouring. The study started with the development of a three-dimensional numerical model to simulate flow around cylindrical structures. After validation of the model, the model was applied to investigate flow around an isolated rectangular cylinder. Unsteady flows around cylinders of a square cross section (A/D = 1) and a rectangular cross section (A/D = 2) were simulated to understand the flow properties around a cylinder other than a circular cross section. Three-dimensional flow patterns, pressure distribution, forces on the cylinder and vortex-shedding frequencies were discussed. It was found that the present numerical results generally agree well with the experimental data. Flow around a vertical cylinder mounted on a rigid bed was then investigated by the numerical model. A circular and a square cross sections were considered respectively. Flow structures of horseshoe vortex and the wake vortex which are the major mechanisms leading to the scouring around the base of the vertical cylinder were explored. The bed shear stress distributions that directly affect the scour processes were discussed. Finally the numerical model was applied to study the flow around a submerged square cylinder mounted on a bed, which has significant engineering relevance to the local scour around structures, such as bridge pier foundation itself, or a caisson placed underwater around the pier bottom for scour protection. The numerical calculations were carried out at different cylinder heights to investigate the effect of the cylinder height on the flow properties. It was found that for submerged cylinders with the height of less than one and a half of the cylinder side width the maximum bed shear stress amplification is about 60% of the value of an infinite long cylinder. The quantification of the shear stress reduction is important for scour protection design.

Thesis (M.S. - Hydrology and Water Resources)--University of Arizona. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 202-207).

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Book, Wayne; Committee Member: Lipkin, Harvey; Committee Member: Paredis, Christiaan

Thesis (M. S.)--Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. / Committee Chair: Singhose, William; Committee Member: Costello, Mark; Committee Member: Whiteman, Wayne

Thesis (M.S.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Geosciences. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Texas at El Paso, 2009. / Title from title screen. Vita. CD-ROM. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2006. / Title from first page of PDF file. Includes bibliographical references (p. 139-141).