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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Effect of Surface roughness for Hydro Turbine Step-up Efficiency

Beraki, Ermias January 2018 (has links)
The energy produced by the flow of water is known as hydropower. It is an easily accessible and available source of energy in large quantity in the form of, rivers, lakes, streams and runoffs around the world. Hydropower is dependent upon hydrological cycle hence; this beneficial characteristic of hydropower makes it a renewable source of energy. Hydropower is free from poisonous emission; therefore, it is considered as a safer and pollution free source of energy. It is usually used to develop electricity from generators. These generators are connected to the hydro turbines by means of shaft. The electricity produced from hydropower is stable and steady because of its higher capacity, thus it can be a suitable source to work as base-load and used to balance the power fluctuations caused by varying loads. The hydropower can also be accommodated with different sources such as solar and wind system. This way of power sharing needs quick regulation as the deviation in the power grid changes rapidly. To fulfil this power demand with higher stability prompted to the development of modern turbines with more efficient, reliable and robust design.   To achieve the above target, it is of prime importance to improve efficiency of hydro turbine. Nevertheless, many methods are in practice for improvement for efficiency of the turbine; though one of the prime elements which influence the turbine efficiency is surface roughness. The effect of surface roughness differs for different turbine components like stay vanes, guide vanes, runner, draft tube and spiral casing.   The main purpose of this thesis is to examine the effect of surface roughness for hydro turbine step-up efficiency. It is based on reduced scale model to prototype conversion method. For this purpose, IEC_62097 has provided an excel sheet as an attachment for calculation. There has been always a need to perform model test, since performing test on the prototype itself is very accurate, and calculations too, do not yield reliable results. Therefore, the model to prototype conversion method is considered a better solution.   A sensitivity analysis is conducted on a Kaplan turbine situated at the Granfors power station located along the Skellefteå river about 30 km from the city of Skellefteå. The results obtained after applying the latest step-up expressions are described and presented. These outcomes have shown significant positive impact on the hydro turbine efficiency improvement, which are presented in graphs.   The most significant variations of step-up efficiency against surface roughness were observed in the runner part of the turbine. This specific characteristic makes it evident that more focus and test should be conducted on this part to improve efficiency.
12

Analysis of uncertainties in fatigue load assessment : a study on one Kaplan hydro turbine during start operation

Gustafsson, Annica January 2019 (has links)
In the future, hydropower plants are expected to operate more flexibly. This will lead to a more varied operation of the turbine and the generator, such as more start and stop in order to stabilise the frequency in the grid. Studies show that these transient operations are more costly in terms of fatigue degradation, i.e. consumption of fatigue life. Vattenfall has developed a methodology with the aim to analyse fatigue loads, acting on the runner and the rotor in hydropower units during operation. With a numerical model, the loads are assessed with input data gathered from measurements together with given data on several parameters. Some of the input data are bearing structure stiffness, bearing oil properties, and point of action of forces, etc. Several of these input parameters are subject to a degree of uncertainty, which affect the assessed fatigue load, determined with the methodology. This study will focus on analysing one fatigue force component acting on the runner. The aim with this study is to answer the following research questions: (i) Which input parameters, that are subject to a degree of uncertainty, contribute the most to the combined standard uncertainty in the assessed fatigue force? (ii) How much does the combined standard uncertainty in the assessed fatigue force amount to? (iii) How does the uncertainty in the assessed fatigue force affect the fatigue damage?. The combined standard uncertainty in the fatigue force is determined with methods in uncertainty propagation. In order to evaluate the effect from the uncertainty in the fatigue load on the fatigue damage, a statistical analysis of the ratio between the fatigue damage associated with a probability of exceedance and the expected fatigue damage is conducted. From the results it can be observed that the governing uncertainty parameter is the offset of the shaft displacement signal, which amount to 40 % of the combined standard uncertainty in the fatigue force. Of the nine analysed uncertainty parameters, three parameters are bearing properties parameters, i.e. the bearing clearance, the oil film temperature and the point of action of bearing forces, which amount to 47.5 % of the combined standard uncertainty in the fatigue force. Therefore, in order to decrease the uncertainties, focus should be kept on the bearing properties. Given each parameters uncertainty, the ratio between the combined standard uncertainty in the fatigue force and the expected fatigue force amount to 7 %. This corresponds to a ratio between the standard uncertainty in the fatigue damage and the expected fatigue damage of 35 %, due to the value of the index of S-N curve of five. Given the standard uncertainty in the fatigue force together with the index of S-N-curve, the ratio between the fatigue force associated with a probability of exceedance and the expected fatigue force can be assessed, i.e. the fatigue force ratio. Consequently, the fatigue force ratio amount to 1.32 for a probability of 0.0032 %, 1.09 for a probability of 10 % and 1.04 for a probability of 30 %. These probabilities correspond to the fatigue damage ratios, i.e. the ratios between the fatigue damage associated with a probability of exceedance and the expected fatigue damage of 4, 1.56 and 1.20. Thereby, the uncertainty in the fatigue force can greatly affect the uncertainty in the fatigue damage, dependent on the value of the index of S-N-curve. The results from this study imply the importance of considering the uncertainties in fatigue load assessments. These results provide support for assessing load levels for runner dimensioning to finally, be able to derive a correct margin of safety. This in order to not underestimate fatigue damage and thereby decrease the risk for unexpected fatigue failure. / Det finns ett förväntat behov av att kraftproduktionen i vattenkraftverk skall vara mer flexibel i framtiden. Detta leder till mer varierande driftlägen för turbinen och generatorn, såsom fler start och stop med syfte att stabilisera frekvensen i elnätet. Studier påvisar att transienta driftlägen är mer kostsamma i form av utmattningsdegradering, d.v.s. konsumtion av utmattningsliv. Vattenfall har utvecklat en metodik för att analysera inverkan av utmattningslaster verkande på löphjulet och rotorn i vattenkraftsaggregat under drift. Med en numerisk modell kan utmattningslasterna bedömas. Den ingående datan till modellen är bland annat är uppmätta storheter och given data på parameterar. Några av de ingående storheterna är lagerstyvhet, angreppspunkter för lagerkrafter och lageroljans egenskaper, etc. Flera av dessa ingående parametrar innehar osäkerheter, vilket påverkar bedömningen av utmattningslasterna. Denna studie kommer att fokusera på en kraftkomponent verkande på löphjulet. Malet med detta arbete är att svara på följande forskningsfrågor: (i) Vilka ingående parametrar, som innehar en osäkerhet, bidrar med en styrande osäkerhet i den bedömda kraften? (ii) Hur mycket uppgår den kombinerade standardosäkerheten i den bedömda kraften till? (iii) Hur påverkar kraftens osäkerhet utmattningsskadan? Den kombinerade standardosäkerheten i kraften är beräknad med metoder i fortplantning av osäkerheter. För att kunna bedöma påverkan på delskadan givet osäkerheten i kraften, så sker en statistisk analys av förhållandet mellan delskadan sammanhängande med en sannolikhet för överskridande och den förväntade delskadan. Resultatet påvisar att den styrande ingående parametern är offset i signalen för axelförskjutning, vilken uppgår till 40 % av den kombinerade standardosäkerheten i utmattningskraften. Av de nio analyserade parametrarna härrör tre av dessa lageregenskaper, d.v.s. lagerspel, oljetemperatur och angreppspunkter för lagerkrafterna, vilka tillsammans uppgår till 47.5 % av den kombinerade standardosäkerheten i utmattningskraften. Därför, för att reducera den totala osäkerheten bör fokus ligga på lageregenskaperna. Givet alla standardosäkerheter i de analyserade parametrarna så uppgår förhållandet mellan standardosäkerheten i utmattningskraften och den förväntade utmattningskraften på löphjulet till 7 %. Detta motsvarar att förhållandet mellan standardosäkerheten i delskadan och väntevärdet för delskadan uppkommer till 35 %, givet ett index av S-N-kurvan på fem. Givet standardosäkerheten i kraften och index av S-N-kurvan, kan förhållandet mellan utmattningskraften förenad med en sannolikhet för överskridande, och den förväntade utmattningskraften, d.v.s. kvoten av utmattningskraften, utvärderas. Detta resulterar att kvoten av utmattningskraften uppgår till 1.32 för en sannolikhet för överskridande på 0.0032 %, 1.09 för en sannolikhet på 10 % och 1.04 för en sannolikhet på 30 %. Dessa sannolikheter motsvarar att kvoten av delskadan, d.v.s. kvoten mellan delskadan förenad med en sannolikhet för överskridande, och den förväntade delskadan uppgår till 4, 1.56 och 1.20. Därför kan osäkerheten i utmattningskraften påverka osäkerheten i delskadan med en betydande faktor, beroende på värdet på index av S-N-kurvan. Således, resultaten från denna studie påvisar betydelsen att beakta osäkerheterna i de ingående parameterna vid bedömning av utmattningslast. Dessa resultat tillhandahåller stöd vid bedömning av lastnivåer för dimensionering av löphjul, för att slutligen kunna erhålla en korrekt säkerhetsmarginal. Detta för att inte underskatta utmattningsskadan och därmed minska risken oför oväntat utmattningshaveri.

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