Cette thèse a pour objectif de mieux comprendre les mécanismes physiques qui contrôlent les trajectoires de particules anisotropes dans des écoulements confinés, afin d’en améliorer la prédiction. Nous avons dans un premier temps développé des outils expérimentaux basés sur la microscopie et le traitement d’images afin d’analyser les positions de particules en écoulement confiné dans des microcanaux de section carrée. Ces outils ont ensuite permis l’obtention de résultats originaux sur la migration latérale de particules sphériques dans des écoulements faiblement inertiels. Nous avons montré en particulier que les particules migrent au centre du canal à faible nombre de Reynolds et à proximité du centre de chaque face à Reynolds plus élevé et que ces deux régimes co-existent pour des Reynolds intermédiaires. Parallèlement à leur migration latérale, les particules en écoulement confiné peuvent s’espacer régulièrement sous certaines conditions pour former des trains. Ce travail a donc consisté à mener une étude statistique pour quantifier et localiser la formation des trains. Il a été montré que la formation des trains était contrôlée par la configuration de l’écoulement dans le sillage des particules et que leurs caractéristiques, i.e., le pourcentage de particules en trains et la distance interparticulaire, étaient fonction du nombre de Reynolds particulaire. Enfin, des résultats préliminaires sur le cas d’écoulements bi-disperses ont été obtenus. Pour terminer, les perspectives et développements futurs de ce travail sont dégagés. / This thesis aims to better understand the physical mechanism controlling the trajectories of particles in confined flows in order to improve predictive models. In the first step we have developed experimental tools based on microscopy and image analysis in order to identify the particles positions in confined flows in square section microchannels. These tools have then permitted to obtain original results on the lateral migration of spherical particles in flows at low inertia. In particular we have shown that neutrally buoyant particles in square channels are focused at channel center at low Reynolds number and at four channel faces at high Reynolds, and that there is a co-existence of the two regimes for intermediate Reynolds. In addition to their lateral migration, under certain conditions, particles can also align in the flow direction to form trains of evenly spaced particles. This work has thus been devoted to the statistical study on the quantification and localization of the train formation and configuration. It has been shown that the formation of trains is controlled by the flow configuration in the wake of the particles, and that the train characteristics, i.e., the fraction of particles in trains and the interparticle distance, are functions of the particle Reynolds number. Finally, preliminary results on flows of bidisperse suspensions have been obtained. To conclude, the perspectives and future developments of this work are presented.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18306号 / 工博第3898号 / 新制||工||1598(附属図書館) / 31164 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科化学工学専攻 / (主査)教授 山本 量一, 教授 松坂 修二, 教授 古賀 毅 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Modelos de Simulador de Manobras de Navios em Tempo Real vem se tornando cada vez mais comuns e necessários na análise de viabilidade de portos e canais de acesso. O aumento do porte das embarcações, não acompanhado por equivalente aumento das dimensões dos portos, faz com que cada vez mais os efeitos de águas rasas e interação com margens e estruturas portuárias se tornem relevantes durante uma manobra. Com o intuito de aumentar a gama de aplicação desse tipo de simulador, o presente trabalho aborda uma modelagem matemática para estimar as forças hidrodinâmicas de interação com as margens e outros navios para aplicação em simuladores de manobras. O modelo usa, como base, dados oriundos de um método numérico validado experimentalmente, o Método dos Elementos de Contorno. Baseado nesse método, alguns casos tipo foram selecionados para gerar um banco de dados e um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para estimar as forças de interação, extrapolando as respostas obtidas para casos não previstos anteriormente. A obtenção das forças através do modelo é baseada em alguns parâmetros de entrada, tais como velocidade de avanço da embarcação e as distâncias relativas entre o navio e o meio. Assim, aplica-se uma série de medidas para determinar geometrias aproximadas do meio e/ou posição de outros navios em um dado instante. Foi realizada uma verificação do modelo para casos não previstos, avaliando os erros associados à modelagem e sua aplicabilidade. Os erros foram considerados aceitáveis para as condições impostas, visto as aplicações existentes em simuladores de manobras. Além disso, o modelo desenvolvido foi executado no simulador de manobras, no qual foram realizados alguns testes de sensibilidade ao movimento, além de algumas comparações com outros trabalhos, quando possível. / Real-time Ship Maneuvering Simulator models are becoming more common and necessary in the feasibility analysis of ports and access channels. The constant increase in the length and draught of vessels, not followed by equivalent ports development, makes the effects of shallow water, ship-bank and ship-port interaction with other structures more relevant during a maneuver. In order to increase the application range of this kind of simulator, the present work develops a mathematical model to estimate ship-bank and ship-ship hydrodynamic interaction forces and moments during a maneuver. The model uses, as a reference, data derived from an experimentally validated numerical method, the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Based on this method, some reference cases were selected to generate a database which would be used by our mathematical model to extrapolate results and estimate the interaction forces for any unexpected scenario. The forces obtained through the model are based on some input parameters, such as the vessel forward speed and the relative distances between the ship and bank and other ships. Thus, a series of measurements were developed to determine approximate geometries of the port and/or position of other ships at a given time slot. A model verification was performed for some unexpected scenarios, evaluating the errors associated with the model and its application. By taking similar works developed in maritime simulators as a comparison point, the errors obtained in our mathematical model were considered acceptable. The developed model was implemented in the ship maneuvering simulator located at TPN-USP, where some movement sensitivity tests were performed as well as some comparisons with other works, whenever possible.

On the bead modeling methodology, or BMM, a macromolecule is modeled as a rigid, non-overlapping bead array with arbitrary radii. The BMM approach was pioneered by Kirkwood and coworkers (Kirkwood, J.G., Macromolecules, E.P. Auer (Ed.), Gordon and Breach, New York, 1967; Kirkwood, J.G., Riseman, J., J. Chem. Phys., 1948, 16, 565) and applied to such transport properties as diffusion, sedimentation, and viscosity. With the availability of computers, a number of investigators extended the work to account for the detailed shape of biomolecules in the 1970s. A principle objective of my research has been to apply the BMM approach to more complex transport phenomena such as transport in a gel, electrophoresis (free solution and in a gel), and also transport in more complex media (such as the viscosity of alkanes and benzene). Variables considered by the BMM include the number of beads (N), the radii of the beads, net charge and charge distribution, conformations, salt type, and salt concentration. The BMM has been extended to: (1) account for the existence of a gel; (2) characterize the charge and secondary structure of macromolecules; (3) account more accurately for hydrodynamic interaction (remove the orientationnal preaveraging approximation of hydrodynamic interaction); (4) study the effect of ion relaxation for particles in arbitrary size, shape, and charge; (5) consider the salt dependence of electrokinetic properties; (6) account for the formation of possible complex between guest ions and BGE ions. We also did diffusion constant measurement by NMR for amino acids and short peptides in 10%D2O-90% H2O at room temperature and applied to our modeling study by BMM.

Les vésicules sont des bicouches fermées de molécules tensioactives, remplies de liquide, à l'intérieur d'un autre liquide. Leur taille peut être comprise entre dix et 100 microns : elles sont alors dites géantes. Nous nous intéressons à la dynamique de deux de ces objets dans un cisaillement simple, c'est à dire l'écoulement d'un liquide situé entre deux plaques planes se translatant l'une par rapport à l'autre à vitesse et distance constante. Nous commençons par une étude asymptotique, pour des vésicules quasi-sphériques en interaction lointaine. Nous utilisons ensuite un code de calcul basé sur la méthode des éléments de frontière pour étudier le cas de vésicules moins sphériques et plus proches, et comparons les résultats obtenus avec des expériences. Nous présentons enfin comment cette étude peut être utilisée pour prédire certaines propriétés de diffusion d'une suspension de vésicules, dans le régime semi-dilué, où seul le détail des interactions à deux corps est considéré. / Vesicles are closed bilayers of tensioactive molecules, filled with liquid, inside another liquid. Their size can be between 10 and 100 microns : in this case, they are called giant vesicles. We study the dynamic of two of these objects in a simple shear flow, which is the one of a liquid sheared between two walls translating with respect to each other at a constant speed and distance. We begin by an asymptotic study, for quasispherical vesicles in the far field interacting regime. We then use a numerical code based on the boundary element method to study the case of less spherical and closer vesicles, and compare our results with experiments. We finish by presenting how this study can be used to predict some diffusing properties of a sheared suspension of vesicles, in the semidilute regime, where only the details of two body interactions are considered.

Modelos de Simulador de Manobras de Navios em Tempo Real vem se tornando cada vez mais comuns e necessários na análise de viabilidade de portos e canais de acesso. O aumento do porte das embarcações, não acompanhado por equivalente aumento das dimensões dos portos, faz com que cada vez mais os efeitos de águas rasas e interação com margens e estruturas portuárias se tornem relevantes durante uma manobra. Com o intuito de aumentar a gama de aplicação desse tipo de simulador, o presente trabalho aborda uma modelagem matemática para estimar as forças hidrodinâmicas de interação com as margens e outros navios para aplicação em simuladores de manobras. O modelo usa, como base, dados oriundos de um método numérico validado experimentalmente, o Método dos Elementos de Contorno. Baseado nesse método, alguns casos tipo foram selecionados para gerar um banco de dados e um modelo matemático foi desenvolvido para estimar as forças de interação, extrapolando as respostas obtidas para casos não previstos anteriormente. A obtenção das forças através do modelo é baseada em alguns parâmetros de entrada, tais como velocidade de avanço da embarcação e as distâncias relativas entre o navio e o meio. Assim, aplica-se uma série de medidas para determinar geometrias aproximadas do meio e/ou posição de outros navios em um dado instante. Foi realizada uma verificação do modelo para casos não previstos, avaliando os erros associados à modelagem e sua aplicabilidade. Os erros foram considerados aceitáveis para as condições impostas, visto as aplicações existentes em simuladores de manobras. Além disso, o modelo desenvolvido foi executado no simulador de manobras, no qual foram realizados alguns testes de sensibilidade ao movimento, além de algumas comparações com outros trabalhos, quando possível. / Real-time Ship Maneuvering Simulator models are becoming more common and necessary in the feasibility analysis of ports and access channels. The constant increase in the length and draught of vessels, not followed by equivalent ports development, makes the effects of shallow water, ship-bank and ship-port interaction with other structures more relevant during a maneuver. In order to increase the application range of this kind of simulator, the present work develops a mathematical model to estimate ship-bank and ship-ship hydrodynamic interaction forces and moments during a maneuver. The model uses, as a reference, data derived from an experimentally validated numerical method, the Boundary Element Method (BEM). Based on this method, some reference cases were selected to generate a database which would be used by our mathematical model to extrapolate results and estimate the interaction forces for any unexpected scenario. The forces obtained through the model are based on some input parameters, such as the vessel forward speed and the relative distances between the ship and bank and other ships. Thus, a series of measurements were developed to determine approximate geometries of the port and/or position of other ships at a given time slot. A model verification was performed for some unexpected scenarios, evaluating the errors associated with the model and its application. By taking similar works developed in maritime simulators as a comparison point, the errors obtained in our mathematical model were considered acceptable. The developed model was implemented in the ship maneuvering simulator located at TPN-USP, where some movement sensitivity tests were performed as well as some comparisons with other works, whenever possible.

Renewable energies are believed to play the key role in assuring a future of sustainable energy supply and low carbon emissions. Particularly, this thesis focus on wave energy, which is created by extracting the power stored in the waves of the oceans. In order for wave energy to become a commercialized form of energy, modular deployment of many wave energy converters (WECs) together will be required in the upcoming future. This design will thus allow to benefit, among others, from the modular construction, the shared electrical cables connections and moorings, the reduction in the power fluctuations and reduction of deployment and maintenance costs. When it comes to arrays, the complexity of the design process increase enormously compared with the single WEC, given the mutual influence of most of the design parameters (i.e. hydrodynamic and electrical interactions, dimensions, geometrical layout, wave climate etc.). Uppsala University has developed and tested WECs since 2001, with the first offshore deployment held in 2006. The device is classified as a point absorber and consists in a linear electric generator located on the seabed, driven in the vertical direction by the motion of a floating buoy at the surface. Nowadays, one of the difficulties of the sector is that the cost of electricity is still too high and not competitive, due to high capital and operational costs and low survivability. Therefore, one step to try to reduce these costs is the development of reliable and fast optimization tools for parks of many units. In this thesis, a first attempt of systematic optimization for arrays of the Uppsala University WEC has been proposed. A genetic algorithm (GA) has been used to optimize the geometry of the floater and the damping coefficient of the generator of a single device. Afterwards, the optimal layout of parks up to 14 devices has been studied using two different codes, a continuous and a discrete variables real coded GA. Moreover, the method has been extended to study arrays with devices of different dimensions. A deterministic evaluation of small array layouts in real wave climate has also been carried out. Finally, a physical scale test has been initiated which will allow the validation of the results. A multi--parameter optimization of wave power arrays of the Uppsala University WEC has been shown to be possible and represents a tool that could help to reduce the total cost of electricity, enhance the performance of wave power plants and improve the reliability.

No description available.

The continuous flow separation of magnetic particles from a mixture of particles could improve the performance of magnetic bead based assays but the formation of agglomerates limit the separation efficiency. Bead agglomerates are formed as a result of magnetic binding forces while the hydrodynamic fluid environment strongly influences their movement. The ability to predict the interaction between nearby beads will help to determine a threshold separation distance which will be recommended for use when obtaining measurement within a magnetic bead assay for a specified time interval. The introductory part of this thesis explored the development of a two dimensional numerical model in Matlab which predicts the trajectory pattern as well as magnetic induced velocities between a pair of super-paramagnetic beads suspended in water within a uniform field. The movement of a bead pair interacting due to both magnetic and hydrodynamic forces within a magnetophoretic system was recorded using an optical system; the beads' movements were compared with the simulated trajectories and gave a good agreement. The model was used to predict the shortest agglomeration time for a given separation distance which is of practical benefit to users of bead based assays. The concluding part of this thesis expanded the simulation into a three dimensional model to predict the interactions among three super-paramagnetic beads within a magnetophoretic system. In order to determine the height of the magnetic beads, a Huygens-Fresnel model was implemented in Matlab which was compared with off-focused diffracted images of the beads viewed under an optical system. A good comparison was obtained by comparing the simulated three-dimensional trajectories with experimental data.

In this thesis, simulations are performed to study the motion ofindividual cells in flow, focusing on the hydrodynamics of actively swimming cells likethe self-propelling microorganisms, and of passively advected objects like the red bloodcells. In particular, we develop numerical tools to address the locomotion ofmicroswimmers in viscoelastic fluids and complex geometries, as well as the motion ofdeformable capsules in micro-fluidic flows. For the active movement, the squirmer is used as our model microswimmer. The finiteelement method is employed to study the influence of the viscoelasticity of fluid on theperformance of locomotion. A boundary element method is implemented to study swimmingcells inside a tube. For the passive counterpart, the deformable capsule is chosen as the modelcell. An accelerated boundary integral method code is developed to solve thefluid-structure interaction, and a global spectral method is incorporated to handle theevolving cell surface and its corresponding membrane dynamics. We study the locomotion of a neutral squirmer with anemphasis on the change of swimming kinematics, energetics, and flowdisturbance from Newtonian to viscoelastic fluid. We also examine the dynamics of differentswimming gaits resulting in different patterns of polymer deformation, as well as theirinfluence on the swimming performance. We correlate the change of swimming speed withthe extensional viscosity and that of power consumption with the phase delay of viscoelasticfluids. Moreover, we utilise the boundary element method to simulate the swimming cells in astraight and torus-like bent tube, where the tube radius is a few times the cell radius. Weinvestigate the effect of tube confinement to the swimming speed and power consumption. Weanalyse the motions of squirmers with different gaits, which significantly affect thestability of the motion. Helical trajectories are produced for a neutralsquirmer swimming, in qualitative agreement with experimental observations, which can beexplained by hydrodynamic interactions alone. We perform simulations of a deformable capsule in micro-fluidic flows. We look atthe trajectory and deformation of a capsule through a channel/duct with a corner. Thevelocity of capsule displays an overshoot as passing around the corner, indicating apparentviscoelasticity induced by the interaction between the deformable membrane and viscousflow. A curved corner is found to deform the capsule less than the straight one. In addition, we propose a new cell sorting device based on the deformability of cells. Weintroduce carefully-designed geometric features into the flow to excite thehydrodynamic interactions between the cell and device. This interaction varies andclosely depends on the cell deformability, the resultant difference scatters the cellsonto different trajectories. Our high-fidelity computations show that the new strategy achievesa clear and robust separation of cells. We finally investigate the motion of capsule in awall-bounded oscillating shear flow, to understand the effect of physiological pulsation to thedeformation and lateral migration of cells. We observe the lateral migration velocity of a cellvaries non-monotonically with its deformability. / <p>QC 20140313</p>