As expectativas dinâmicas de um mundo de inovações tecnológicas, consubstanciados por explorações menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, dirigidas a um mercado consumista emergente, representam desafios para soluções de problemas de engenharia dirigidos para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Com o desenvolvimento do concreto compactado com rolo (CCR), a partir dos anos 70, o emprego de vertedouros em degraus em barragens de gravidade tornou-se uma solução atrativa, visto que, proporciona, simultaneamente, o aumento da dissipação da energia do escoamento e a redução do tempo e dos custos de implantação dessas obras. Atualmente, têm-se usado como restrições ao seu emprego de vertedouros em degraus valores máximos de vazões específicas que, sem um limite consensual, vêm tolhendo suas potencialidades. A macrorugosidade da calha acelera o processo de aeração do escoamento, se comparado com um vertedouro de soleira lisa, protegendo, para a zona aerada, os degraus contra erosão por cavitação. Entretanto, para o trecho não aerado do escoamento, existem riscos desse processo se estabelecer. As descontinuidades da fronteira sólida propiciam a sucessiva separação da camada limite nos cantos externos dos degraus. Nessa região são geradas pressões muito baixas. O presente estudo, realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, objetivou, através de medições experimentais, descrever, caracterizar e modelar pressões hidrodinâmicas nas soleiras dos degraus, estabelecendo limites para incipiência à cavitação no trecho não-aerado do escoamento. Três calhas escalonadas com declividade 1V:0,75H e alturas de degraus iguais a 0,03 m; 0,06 m e 0,09 m foram projetadas e construídas para a investigação. As amostras de pressões registradas com transmissores de pressão a 50 Hz e duração de 3minutos e 12 horas possibilitaram caracterizar o campo de pressão identificando zonas críticas, bem como, avaliando o comportamento estatístico dessas solicitações. As maiores flutuações de pressões foram registradas nas extremidades externas dos degraus e na seção de afloramento da camada limite, chegando a valores negativos de 0,69 vezes a distância vertical entre a crista e a seção analisada. Determinaram-se freqüências dominantes compreendidas entre 7-18 Hz, com valores máximos situados nos patamares dosdegraus. Os números adimensionais de Strouhal, calculados com as freqüências predominantes e as profundidades equivalente do escoamento, diminuíram de 0,40 a 0,04 no sentido do fluxo. Quanto aos limites de incipiência à cavitação, as vazões especificas mais restritivas ao emprego de vertedouros em degraus ficaram na faixa entre 11,3 e 15,6 m²/s com velocidades médias da ordem de 17 m/s, obtidas para a seção de afloramento da camada limite. / Hydraulic researchers have to accomplish the technological and construction materials innovations to new security design project criteria compatible to low costs requirement. At 70’s years, with the development of the Roller Compact Concrete (RCC), the use of stepped spillways has become an attractive solution for gravity dams. In steeply sloping stepped spillways, the large step macro-roughness promotes the occurrence of negative pressures on the step cavity, particularly near the external edge of the vertical step face. Consequently one may expect the occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure conditions capable to induce cavitation for velocities lower than those observed in smooth chute spillways. Predicting cavitation damage is more complex than predicting cavitation inception. Flow conditions leading to the onset of cavitation are generally conservative in predicting damage. The severity of damage that may be expected is related both to intensity of cavitation and time of exposure. There is still no consensus on the maximum unit discharge or flow velocity which assures cavitation safe design of stepped spillways.The study carried through in the Institute of Hydraulic Research (UFRGS - Brazil), had the main goal: described, characterized and modeled experimental measurements of hydrodynamic pressures on the faces of the steps and established limits of incipient cavitation. Three stepped chutes with declivity 1V:0.75H and 0.03 m; 0.06 m and 0.09 m steps heights were projected. The samples of pressures were registered with pressure transmitters with 50 Hz and 3 minutes duration. Long-duration test were also conducted (12 hours sample size) that permitted characterize the pressure field, identifying critical zones, as well as, evaluating its statistical behaviour. The largest fluctuating pressures had been registered in the outer corner on the steps and at the inception point of air entrainment. At this last position can be expected negative pressure values close to 0.69 times the vertical distance between the crest and the analyzed section. The dominant frequencies found varied between 7-18 Hz. The dimensionless number of Strouhal calculated with the predominant frequencies and the clear equivalent depth, had diminished of 0.40 the 0.04 in the direction of the flow. The pressure measurements indicated specific discharge between 11.3-15.6 m²/s and average velocity in order of 17 m/s to inception cavitation process near the inception point.

As expectativas dinâmicas de um mundo de inovações tecnológicas, consubstanciados por explorações menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, dirigidas a um mercado consumista emergente, representam desafios para soluções de problemas de engenharia dirigidos para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Com o desenvolvimento do concreto compactado com rolo (CCR), a partir dos anos 70, o emprego de vertedouros em degraus em barragens de gravidade tornou-se uma solução atrativa, visto que, proporciona, simultaneamente, o aumento da dissipação da energia do escoamento e a redução do tempo e dos custos de implantação dessas obras. Atualmente, têm-se usado como restrições ao seu emprego de vertedouros em degraus valores máximos de vazões específicas que, sem um limite consensual, vêm tolhendo suas potencialidades. A macrorugosidade da calha acelera o processo de aeração do escoamento, se comparado com um vertedouro de soleira lisa, protegendo, para a zona aerada, os degraus contra erosão por cavitação. Entretanto, para o trecho não aerado do escoamento, existem riscos desse processo se estabelecer. As descontinuidades da fronteira sólida propiciam a sucessiva separação da camada limite nos cantos externos dos degraus. Nessa região são geradas pressões muito baixas. O presente estudo, realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, objetivou, através de medições experimentais, descrever, caracterizar e modelar pressões hidrodinâmicas nas soleiras dos degraus, estabelecendo limites para incipiência à cavitação no trecho não-aerado do escoamento. Três calhas escalonadas com declividade 1V:0,75H e alturas de degraus iguais a 0,03 m; 0,06 m e 0,09 m foram projetadas e construídas para a investigação. As amostras de pressões registradas com transmissores de pressão a 50 Hz e duração de 3minutos e 12 horas possibilitaram caracterizar o campo de pressão identificando zonas críticas, bem como, avaliando o comportamento estatístico dessas solicitações. As maiores flutuações de pressões foram registradas nas extremidades externas dos degraus e na seção de afloramento da camada limite, chegando a valores negativos de 0,69 vezes a distância vertical entre a crista e a seção analisada. Determinaram-se freqüências dominantes compreendidas entre 7-18 Hz, com valores máximos situados nos patamares dosdegraus. Os números adimensionais de Strouhal, calculados com as freqüências predominantes e as profundidades equivalente do escoamento, diminuíram de 0,40 a 0,04 no sentido do fluxo. Quanto aos limites de incipiência à cavitação, as vazões especificas mais restritivas ao emprego de vertedouros em degraus ficaram na faixa entre 11,3 e 15,6 m²/s com velocidades médias da ordem de 17 m/s, obtidas para a seção de afloramento da camada limite. / Hydraulic researchers have to accomplish the technological and construction materials innovations to new security design project criteria compatible to low costs requirement. At 70’s years, with the development of the Roller Compact Concrete (RCC), the use of stepped spillways has become an attractive solution for gravity dams. In steeply sloping stepped spillways, the large step macro-roughness promotes the occurrence of negative pressures on the step cavity, particularly near the external edge of the vertical step face. Consequently one may expect the occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure conditions capable to induce cavitation for velocities lower than those observed in smooth chute spillways. Predicting cavitation damage is more complex than predicting cavitation inception. Flow conditions leading to the onset of cavitation are generally conservative in predicting damage. The severity of damage that may be expected is related both to intensity of cavitation and time of exposure. There is still no consensus on the maximum unit discharge or flow velocity which assures cavitation safe design of stepped spillways.The study carried through in the Institute of Hydraulic Research (UFRGS - Brazil), had the main goal: described, characterized and modeled experimental measurements of hydrodynamic pressures on the faces of the steps and established limits of incipient cavitation. Three stepped chutes with declivity 1V:0.75H and 0.03 m; 0.06 m and 0.09 m steps heights were projected. The samples of pressures were registered with pressure transmitters with 50 Hz and 3 minutes duration. Long-duration test were also conducted (12 hours sample size) that permitted characterize the pressure field, identifying critical zones, as well as, evaluating its statistical behaviour. The largest fluctuating pressures had been registered in the outer corner on the steps and at the inception point of air entrainment. At this last position can be expected negative pressure values close to 0.69 times the vertical distance between the crest and the analyzed section. The dominant frequencies found varied between 7-18 Hz. The dimensionless number of Strouhal calculated with the predominant frequencies and the clear equivalent depth, had diminished of 0.40 the 0.04 in the direction of the flow. The pressure measurements indicated specific discharge between 11.3-15.6 m²/s and average velocity in order of 17 m/s to inception cavitation process near the inception point.

As expectativas dinâmicas de um mundo de inovações tecnológicas, consubstanciados por explorações menos agressivas ao meio ambiente, dirigidas a um mercado consumista emergente, representam desafios para soluções de problemas de engenharia dirigidos para diversos segmentos da sociedade. Com o desenvolvimento do concreto compactado com rolo (CCR), a partir dos anos 70, o emprego de vertedouros em degraus em barragens de gravidade tornou-se uma solução atrativa, visto que, proporciona, simultaneamente, o aumento da dissipação da energia do escoamento e a redução do tempo e dos custos de implantação dessas obras. Atualmente, têm-se usado como restrições ao seu emprego de vertedouros em degraus valores máximos de vazões específicas que, sem um limite consensual, vêm tolhendo suas potencialidades. A macrorugosidade da calha acelera o processo de aeração do escoamento, se comparado com um vertedouro de soleira lisa, protegendo, para a zona aerada, os degraus contra erosão por cavitação. Entretanto, para o trecho não aerado do escoamento, existem riscos desse processo se estabelecer. As descontinuidades da fronteira sólida propiciam a sucessiva separação da camada limite nos cantos externos dos degraus. Nessa região são geradas pressões muito baixas. O presente estudo, realizado no Instituto de Pesquisas Hidráulicas, objetivou, através de medições experimentais, descrever, caracterizar e modelar pressões hidrodinâmicas nas soleiras dos degraus, estabelecendo limites para incipiência à cavitação no trecho não-aerado do escoamento. Três calhas escalonadas com declividade 1V:0,75H e alturas de degraus iguais a 0,03 m; 0,06 m e 0,09 m foram projetadas e construídas para a investigação. As amostras de pressões registradas com transmissores de pressão a 50 Hz e duração de 3minutos e 12 horas possibilitaram caracterizar o campo de pressão identificando zonas críticas, bem como, avaliando o comportamento estatístico dessas solicitações. As maiores flutuações de pressões foram registradas nas extremidades externas dos degraus e na seção de afloramento da camada limite, chegando a valores negativos de 0,69 vezes a distância vertical entre a crista e a seção analisada. Determinaram-se freqüências dominantes compreendidas entre 7-18 Hz, com valores máximos situados nos patamares dosdegraus. Os números adimensionais de Strouhal, calculados com as freqüências predominantes e as profundidades equivalente do escoamento, diminuíram de 0,40 a 0,04 no sentido do fluxo. Quanto aos limites de incipiência à cavitação, as vazões especificas mais restritivas ao emprego de vertedouros em degraus ficaram na faixa entre 11,3 e 15,6 m²/s com velocidades médias da ordem de 17 m/s, obtidas para a seção de afloramento da camada limite. / Hydraulic researchers have to accomplish the technological and construction materials innovations to new security design project criteria compatible to low costs requirement. At 70’s years, with the development of the Roller Compact Concrete (RCC), the use of stepped spillways has become an attractive solution for gravity dams. In steeply sloping stepped spillways, the large step macro-roughness promotes the occurrence of negative pressures on the step cavity, particularly near the external edge of the vertical step face. Consequently one may expect the occurrence of sub-atmospheric pressure conditions capable to induce cavitation for velocities lower than those observed in smooth chute spillways. Predicting cavitation damage is more complex than predicting cavitation inception. Flow conditions leading to the onset of cavitation are generally conservative in predicting damage. The severity of damage that may be expected is related both to intensity of cavitation and time of exposure. There is still no consensus on the maximum unit discharge or flow velocity which assures cavitation safe design of stepped spillways.The study carried through in the Institute of Hydraulic Research (UFRGS - Brazil), had the main goal: described, characterized and modeled experimental measurements of hydrodynamic pressures on the faces of the steps and established limits of incipient cavitation. Three stepped chutes with declivity 1V:0.75H and 0.03 m; 0.06 m and 0.09 m steps heights were projected. The samples of pressures were registered with pressure transmitters with 50 Hz and 3 minutes duration. Long-duration test were also conducted (12 hours sample size) that permitted characterize the pressure field, identifying critical zones, as well as, evaluating its statistical behaviour. The largest fluctuating pressures had been registered in the outer corner on the steps and at the inception point of air entrainment. At this last position can be expected negative pressure values close to 0.69 times the vertical distance between the crest and the analyzed section. The dominant frequencies found varied between 7-18 Hz. The dimensionless number of Strouhal calculated with the predominant frequencies and the clear equivalent depth, had diminished of 0.40 the 0.04 in the direction of the flow. The pressure measurements indicated specific discharge between 11.3-15.6 m²/s and average velocity in order of 17 m/s to inception cavitation process near the inception point.

<div><p>Water is inflammable, non-toxic, environmentally friendly--- desirable traits, for a hydraulic fluid. However, its extremely low viscosity diminishes the load-bearing and sealing capacity of lubricating interfaces. Case in point: axial piston machines of swash plate design are compact, highly efficient positive displacement machines at the heart of hydraulic systems in forestry, construction, aerospace, and agricultural equipment, as well as industrial applications (presses, etc.); however, the three main lubricating interfaces decisive to the performance of such units in terms of both component life and efficiency are challenged by the use of water as working fluid. Especially during high-pressure operation, this low-viscosity lubricant can cause the these interfaces to fail in carrying the imposed load, resulting in severe wear, or even pump failure. The piston-cylinder interface is particularly challenging to design for water because it stands under obligation to carry the heavy side load that acts on the pistons of these machines, which increases with operating pressure. Furthermore, the architecture of axial piston machines of swash plate design does not allow this interface to be hydrostatically balanced.</p> <p> </p> <p>Through the development of a methodology that separates the fluid pressure fields of the three main lubricating interfaces of axial piston machines into their hydrostatic and hydrodynamic components, the present work enables a direct comparison of these interfaces in terms of how they support load. A case study of a 75 cc unit running on hydraulic oil conducted via this methodology at three different operating conditions (low pressure/low speed, low pressure/high speed, and high pressure/low speed) demonstrates that in the piston-cylinder interface, the force from hydrostatic pressure reaches such high magnitudes over the high-pressure stroke that less than half of it is needed to counter the load. The excess force from hydrostatic pressure then becomes the load. Consequentially, hydrodynamic pressure must counter a force from hydrostatic pressure that exceeds the original load. In the other two interfaces, by contrast, over half the load is being carried by hydrostatic pressure, thus significantly diminishing the amount of hydrodynamic pressure the interfaces are required to generate in order to achieve full load support. Moreover, nearly all of the moment on the piston is countered by hydrodynamic pressure, while less than half of the moment on the block is countered by hydrodynamic pressure, and the moment on the slipper is negligible by comparison.</p> <p> </p> <p>While this case study only investigates one pump, it shows how critical hydrodynamic pressure can be to load support in the piston-cylinder interface. The use of a low-viscosity fluid, e.g. water, reduces the hydrodynamic pressure that is generated in this interface, which, at challenging operating conditions, can lead to metal-to-metal contact. However, the performance of the interface can be improved via micro surface shaping, i.e. by giving the surface of the piston, or the bore that it moves through, a shape on the order of microns in height. The aim of present work is to pursue design trends leading to surface shapes that will enable this interface to function at higher pressures than currently achievable. </p> <p> </p> <p>This pursuit takes the form of systematic virtual design studies, an optimization procedure, and an algorithm developed specifically for tailoring the bore surfaces through which the pistons travel to piston tilt and deformation. From this emerges not only a set of design trends corresponding to the dimensions of two particularly powerful types of micro surface shaping, but also a profound insight into the behavior of the water-lubricated piston-cylinder interface fluid film, and how that behavior can be manipulated by changing the component surfaces that constitute its borders. Furthermore, in collaboration with Danfoss High Pressure Pumps, a physical prototype of a 444 cc axial piston pump with surface shaping generated via the aforementioned algorithm has been constructed and tested, achieving a total pump efficiency roughly 3% higher than that achievable by the commercial unit that the geometry of the prototype is based on.</p><br></div>

This report presents the work done within the framework of my master thesis in the program Infrastructure Engineering at KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm. This project has been proposed and sponsored by the French company Setec TPI, part of the Setec group, located in Paris. The overall goal of this study is to investigate fluid-structure interaction and particularly sloshing in liquid-containing structures subjected to seismic or other dynamic action. After a brief introduction, the report is composed of three main chapters. The first one presents and explains fluid-structure interaction equations. Fluid-structure interaction problems obey a general flow equation and several boundary conditions, given some basic assumptions. The purpose of the two following chapters is to solve the corresponding system of equations. The first approach proposes an analytical solution: the problem is solved for 2D rectangular tanks. Different models are considered and compared in order to analyze and describe sloshing phenomenon. Liquid can be decomposed in two parts: the lower part that moves in unison with the structure is modeled as an impulsive added mass; the upper part that sloshes is modeled as a convective added mass. Each of these two added mass creates hydrodynamic pressures and simple formulas are given in order to compute them. The second approach proposes a numerical solution: the goal is to be able to solve the problem for any kind of geometry. The differential problem is resolved using a singularity method and Gauss functions. It is stated as a boundary integral equation and solved by means of the Boundary Element Method. The linear system obtained is then implemented on Matlab. Scripts and results are presented. Matlab programs are run to solve fluid-structure interaction problems in the case of rectangular tanks: the results concur with the analytical solution which justifies the numerical solution. This report gives a good introduction to sloshing phenomenon and gathers several analytical solutions found in the literature. Besides, it provides a Matlab program able to model effects of sloshing in any liquid-containing structures.

Recent events regarding energy policies throughout the globe and advances in technology are making offshore wind farms become a reality. Most offshore wind farms are still, however, built close to land masses, and need to be rigidly attached to the seabed in one way or another. In many countries, both public and private entities are developing new concepts of floating platforms to overcome the thirty to thirty-five-metre depth limit. Some of these new platforms use and adapt previous Oil and Gas platform concepts, while others are built up from scratch. This Master Thesis covers a hydrodynamic and structural analysis of a new concrete floating platform concept developed for medium to deep waters. This work is based on data from experimental model-scale tests performed in a wave tank and from numerical models using linear potential theory, limited here only to regular wave trains. The study focused on the behavior of the heave plates attached to the platform: test data was analyzed in order to find indicators of the largest dynamic pressures on the plates when only motion data was available, and the structural behavior of the plates was studied under different static pressure distributions using a commercial Finite Element Method software. The results from these analyses show that the normal accelerations of the plates -assumed rigid- strongly correlate with the dynamic pressures measured; and that the general structural behavior of the plate, in terms of deformations and bending moments, is well captured when the hydrodynamic load distribution is simplified into a uniformly distributed load of the same magnitude. The results obtained will help reduce the computational effort currently needed in the design of these floating structures, especially at some stages, when numerous scenarios, load cases and combinations need to be studied.

High hydrodynamic pressure (HDP) treatment is a novel non-thermal technology that improves tenderness in foods by subjecting foods to underwater shock waves. In this study non-destructive and destructive testing methods, along with two mathematical models were explored to predict biomechanical behavior of beef loins subjected to HDP-treament. The first study involved utilizing ultrasound and imaging techniques to predict textural changes in beef loins subjected to HDP-treatment using Warner-Braztler shear force (WBS) scores and texture profile analysis (TPA) features for correlation. Ultrasound velocity correlated very poorly with the WBS scores and TPA features, whereas the imaging features correlated better with higher r-values. The effect of HDP-treatment variables on WBS and TPA features indicated that amount of charge had no significant effects when compared to location of sample and container size during treatment. Two mathematical models were used to simulate deformational behavior in beef loins. The first study used a rheological based modeling of protein gel as a preliminary study. Results from the first modeling study indicated no viscous interactions in the model and complete deformation failure at pressures exceeding 50 kPa, which was contrary to the real-life process conditions which use pressures in the order of MPa. The second modeling study used a finite element method approach to model elastic behavior. Shock wave was modeled as a non-linear and linear propagating wave. The non-linear model indicated no deformation response, whereas the linear model indicated realistic deformation response assuming transverse isotropy of the model beef loin. The last study correlated small- and large-strain measurements using stress relaxation and elastic coefficients of the stiffness matrix as small-strain measures and results of the study indicated very high correlation between elastic coefficients c11, c22, and c44 with TPA cohesiveness (r > 0.9), and springiness (r > 0.85). Overall results of this study indicated a need for further research in estimating mechanical properties of beef loins in order to understand the dynamics of HDP-treatment process better. / Ph. D.

Στην παρούσα εργασία εξετάζεται η επίδραση του κλυδασμού στην απόκριση σφαιρικών δεξαμενών με άκαμπτα τοιχώματα για τυχαίο ποσοστό πλήρωσης, υπό οριζόντια σεισμική διέγερση. Πραγματοποιείται η ιδιομορφική ανάλυση της κίνησης του κλυδασμού χρησιμοποιώντας τη μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων στοιχείων και το πρόγραμμα ANSYS για την διατύπωση και επίλυση των εξισώσεων. Υπολογίζονται τα ιδιοδιανύσματα και εξάγονται νομογραφήματα της ιδιοσυχνότητας σε συνάρτηση με τη διάμετρο της σφαίρας, το ποσοστό πλήρωσης και την επιτάχυνση της βαρύτητας. Για την ερμηνεία της υδροδυναμικής συμπεριφοράς του περιεχόμενου υγρού υιοθετείται η καθιερωμένη θεώρηση της επαλληλίας των επιδράσεων δύο ανεξάρτητων κινήσεων: Της κίνησης της κυκλοφορούσας μάζας και της κίνησης της ωστικής μάζας του υγρού. Προτείνεται και τεκμηριώνεται μια μεθοδολογία για τον προσδιορισμό της κυκλοφορούσας και της ωστικής μάζας για κάθε μορφή δεξαμενής και κάθε ποσοστό πλήρωσης. Για την περίπτωση των σφαιρικών δεξαμενών εξάγονται νομογραφήματα που αναπαριστούν την κυκλοφορούσα και την ωστική μάζα ως συνάρτηση του ύψους πλήρωσης. Παράλληλα, παράγεται ένα ισοδύναμο σύστημα διακριτών μαζών και ελατηρίων που προσομοιώνει την υδροδυναμική συμπεριφορά του περιεχόμενου υγρού σε οριζόντια διέγερση, για κάθε στάθμη της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας. Μεταξύ άλλων, προσδιορίζονται οι κατανομές της κυκλοφορούσας και της ωστικής υδροδυναμικής πιέσης για συγκεκριμένα ποσοστά πλήρωσης και η τιμή της συνολικής πίεσης σε τυχαίο σημείο του σφαιρικού κελύφους. Τέλος, παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα εφαρμογών σχετικά με την σεισμική απόκριση σφαιρικών δεξαμενών, χρησιμοποιώντας το προτεινόμενο ισοδύναμο διακριτό σύστημα, και συγκρίνονται με τα αντίστοιχα άλλων εργασιών για την τεκμηρίωση της ορθότητας και της αποτελεσματικότητας του. / The present work considers the sloshing effects on the seismic response of spherical tanks with rigid walls and filled with liquid up to an arbitrary level. The sloshing eigenmode analysis is performed by means of the finite element method utilizing the ANSYS program. The eigenfunctions are computed and nomographs of the corresponding natural frequencies are obtained. Each nomograph is a multivariable function of tank diameter and filling level of the content liquid. The hydrodynamic behaviour of the liquid motion can be considered to be equivalent to the superposition of two independent motions; the motion of an impulsive and all convective masses. The main goal of the present work is the development of a methodology to determine the impulsive and the major convective masses for arbitrary tank diameter and filling level values. The accuracy of the proposed methodology is verified for the case of vertical cylindrical tanks, where the analytical solution is well known. Applying the proposed methodology to the case of spherical tanks, the impulsive and the major convective masses are computed as functions of the non-dimensional liquid filling level. It is found that the convective mass corresponding to the first eigenmode is by far more significant than all the higher order convective masses; therefore, the liquid sloshing motion is dominated by this mode. Then, the hydrodynamic behaviour of the content liquid is simulated by means of an equivalent discrete system of masses and springs. In addition, the wall distributions of convective and impulsive pressures are calculated. Finally, utilizing the obtained equivalent discrete system, numerical results of the seismic response of typical spherical tanks are presented and compared to those obtained by other semi-analytical and numerical methods.

Die eingereichte Arbeit ist ein Beitrag, um das Verständnis der Filtration von metallischen Schmelzen für hochwertige Gussprodukte zu erhöhen. Anhand theoretischer und experimenteller Betrachtungen wird besonders die Benetzung zwischen der kontinuierlichen und der dispersen Phase als Einflussfaktor auf Tiefenfiltrationsprozesse untersucht. Rasterkraftmikroskopische Messungen verdeutlichen die Bedeutung der Benetzung auf die Adhäsionsenergie zwischen zwei Feststoffoberflächen. Durch ein entwickeltes Modellsystem konnte bewiesen werden, dass mit steigendem Kontaktwinkel zwischen disperser und kontinuierlicher Phase die Filtrationseffizienz signifikant ansteigt. Aufgrund der wirkenden Haftmechanismen im getesteten Benetzungssystem können sich dendritische Abscheidestrukturen ausbilden, die zur Redispergierung neigen. Ergänzt um eine numerische Simulation am Einzelkollektor, konnte ein Abscheidemodell entwickelt werden. Dieses berücksichtigt erstmals reale Haftenergieverteilungen, simulierte Aufprallenergieverteilungen und die hydrodynamische Hemmung als relevante Parameter für die Tiefenfiltration.

Die eingereichte Arbeit ist ein Beitrag, um das Verständnis der Filtration von metallischen Schmelzen für hochwertige Gussprodukte zu erhöhen. Anhand theoretischer und experimenteller Betrachtungen wird besonders die Benetzung zwischen der kontinuierlichen und der dispersen Phase als Einflussfaktor auf Tiefenfiltrationsprozesse untersucht. Rasterkraftmikroskopische Messungen verdeutlichen die Bedeutung der Benetzung auf die Adhäsionsenergie zwischen zwei Feststoffoberflächen. Durch ein entwickeltes Modellsystem konnte bewiesen werden, dass mit steigendem Kontaktwinkel zwischen disperser und kontinuierlicher Phase die Filtrationseffizienz signifikant ansteigt. Aufgrund der wirkenden Haftmechanismen im getesteten Benetzungssystem können sich dendritische Abscheidestrukturen ausbilden, die zur Redispergierung neigen. Ergänzt um eine numerische Simulation am Einzelkollektor, konnte ein Abscheidemodell entwickelt werden. Dieses berücksichtigt erstmals reale Haftenergieverteilungen, simulierte Aufprallenergieverteilungen und die hydrodynamische Hemmung als relevante Parameter für die Tiefenfiltration.:Inhaltsverzeichnis III Danksagung VII Eidesstattliche Erklärung IX 1 Einleitung 1 2 Grundlagen 4 2.1 Metallschmelzefiltration 4 2.2 Benetzbarkeit 18 2.3 Wechselwirkungskräfte zwischen Feststoffen 25 2.4 Tiefenfiltration 34 2.4.1 Transportmechanismen 42 2.4.1.1 Sedimentation 43 2.4.1.2 Trägheit 44 2.4.1.3 Sperreffekt 44 2.4.1.4 Strömungseffekte 45 2.4.2 Haftmechanismen 49 2.5 Einzelkollektormodell 53 3 Materialien und Methoden 57 3.1 Charakterisierung verwendeter Feststoffe 57 3.1.1 Aluminiumoxid 59 3.1.2 Polytetrafluorethylen 62 3.1.3 Beschichtung des Aluminiumoxids 64 3.2 Keramische Filterstrukturen 65 3.2.1 Schaumfilter 65 3.2.2 Einzelkollektoren 72 3.3 Eigenschaften der kontinuierlichen Phase 74 3.4 Versuchsanlagen und Analytik 74 3.4.1 Filtrationsanlagen 75 3.4.2 Einzelkollektorversuchsstand 77 3.4.3 Analytik 80 3.5 Versuchsdurchführung 82 3.5.1 Kleine Filtrationsversuchsanlage 83 3.5.2 Einzelkollektorversuchsstand 86 3.5.3 Statistische Versuchsplanung 88 4 Entwicklung eines Abscheidemodells für Partikel in flüssigen Medien mithilfe numerischer Simulationen 93 4.1 Beschreibung der numerischen Strömungssimulation 94 4.2 Einfluss der hydrodynamischen Hemmung auf den Partikelaufprall 98 4.3 Experimentelle Ermittlung der Haftenergie 105 4.4 Berechnung der Haftwahrscheinlichkeit (Hiller-Zahl) 109 5 Modellhafte Untersuchungen mithilfe des Einzelkollektorkonzeptes 114 5.1 Grundlagenuntersuchungen zum Einzelkollektorkonzept 115 5.2 Parameterstudie zum Abscheideverhalten beim Einzelkollektoraufbau 119 6 Ergebnisse der Filtrationsversuche 128 6.1 Einfluss der Benetzung auf die Filtrationseffizienz 128 6.2 Einfluss der Fluidgeschwindigkeit und des Benetzungszustandes auf die Filtrationseffizienz 134 6.3 Redispergierungseffekte in keramischen Schaumfiltern 139 6.4 Einfluss der relativen Dichte auf die Filtrationseffizienz im komplett hydrophoben System 146 6.5 Vergleich der numerisch modellierten und der experimentell ermittelten Filtrationseffizienz 150 7 Zusammenfassung 155 8 Ausblick 159 9 Symbolverzeichnis 161 Lateinische Symbole 161 Symbol 161 Einheit 161 Bedeutung 161 Griechische Symbole 165 Indizes 166 Abkürzungen 167 10 Literaturverzeichnis 168 11 Anhang 189 11.1 Herstellung Polytetrafluorethylen Pulver 189 11.2 Berechnung der vdW-Kräfte und der Kapillarkräfte basierend auf Kapitel 2.3 190 11.3 Rezeptur zur Herstellung der Dynasylan-Beschichtung 192 11.4 Ergebnistabelle der statistischen Versuchsplanung am Einzelkollektorsystem 193