Teores anômalos de bário vêm sendo detectados na água subterrânea explorada por poços de abastecimento público e em aquíferos rasos de áreas industriais no Estado de São Paulo. Tais ocorrências muitas vezes inviabilizam a exploração de água para fins de abastecimento e também resultam na classificação de áreas industriais como contaminadas. A problemática estudada, portanto, apresenta importância econômica e social dentro dos contextos de outorga do uso de recursos hídricos e gerenciamento de áreas contaminadas. Em boa parte dos casos conhecidos, não se sabe se o elemento tem origem natural ou antrópica. neste sentido, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar anomalias e avaliar sua origem, bem como investigar os mecanismos geoquímicos relacionados. A metodologia utilizada envolveu: tratamento estatístico do banco de dados de monitoramento da CETESB; coleta de amostras de água de poços selecionados; identificação e seleção das áreas com anomalias para estudos locais; execução de ensaios de bombeamento com coleta de amostras; realização de sondagens e instalação de poços de monitoramento rasos e profundos; amostragem e análises mineralógicas e químicas de rocha e solo; coleta e análises físico-químicas de água subterrânea. Dentre as ocorrências avaliadas nos poços monitorados pela CETESB, concentrações de até 1,2 mg/L, acima do valor máximo permitido (VMP = 0,7mg/L), foram detectadas especialmente nos poços do Sistema Aquífero Bauru (SAB). Nos poços QUE CAPTAM ÁGUA DOS AQUÍFEROS Marília e Adamantina, tais anomalias estão associadas com águas bicarbonatadas cálcicas de pH mais alcalino, e baixas concentrações de NO\'IND.3\'\'POT.-\'. Enquanto que nos poços que atravessam os aquíferos Adamantina e Santo Anastácio, as ocorrências correlacionam-se positivamente com NO\'IND.3\'\'POT.-\' e Cl\'POT-\', sugerindo origem antrópica associada à infiltração de efluentes domésticos. A origem natural do Ba é comprovada no município de Gália, onde ocorre a maior anomalia (2,2 mg/L) observada em poço de monitoramento, cuja seção filtrante está instalada no nível de maior cimentação carbonática das rochas da Formação Marília. Dentre as áreas industriais, selecionou-se uma unidade produtora de defensivos agrícolas com anomalias no subsolo, onde o Ba pode ter origem não só antrópica, mas também natural. Os solos apresentam concentrações de Ba de até 1.290 mg/kg, acima do valor de intervenção para áreas industriais (750 mg/kg) em alguns pontos. Tais anomalias correlacionam-se positivamente com P\'IND.2\'O\'IND.5\' e foram definidas de origem antrópica, associadas à produção de fertilizantes fosfatados. As anomalias de Ba na água subterrânea de até 8,1mg/L também são de origem antrópica, associadas a práticas inadequadas de manipulação de resíduos e efluentes industriais. / Anomalous levels of barium have been detected in public wells and in shallow aquifer of industrial areas in the state of São Paulo. Frequently, these occurrences result in interrupting the groundwater supply and in classifying the industrial areas as contaminated ones. Therefore, this research has socio-economic and environmental importance in the water resource and contaminated areas management. For most of the cases, it is not known whether the source of the element is natural or anthropic. In this way, the purposes of this research were to identify hazards and to determine their origin, as well as to investigate the geochemical mechanisms related to the anomalies. The methodology consisted of: statistical treatment of the CETESB monitoring database; groundwater sampling of selected public wells; pumping tests along with groundwater sampling; identification and selection of study areas with anomalies; deep and shallow boreholes execution and monitoring wells installation; soil sampling and mineralogical and chemical analyses; groundwater sampling and physic-chemical and chemical analyses. Among the identified occurrences in the state, maximum concentrations of barium (1,2 mg/L) above the maximum permitted level (MPL = 0,7 mg/L) were detected predominantly in the supply wells of the Bauru Aquifer System (BAS). In the pumping wells of Marília and Adamantina aquifers, the anomalies occur in calcium bicarbonate waters, with alkaline pH and low nitrate concentrations. Whereas in the Adamantina and Santo Anastácio aquifers, the barium anomalies are positively correlated with NO\'IND.3\'\'POT.-\' e Cl\'POT.-\', suggesting anthropic source associated with sewage infiltration. The barium natural source in the wells that cross both the Marília and Adamantina aquifers is confirmed at Gália city, where the maximum anomaly occurs (2,2 mg/L), related with the sandstones with carbonate cementation of Marília Formation, specifically at the level with highest cementation. A pesticide manufacturer company was selected between the industrial areas classified as contaminated, with barium anomalies in the soil and groundwater. The concentrations in soil, higher than the maximum permitted level to industrial areas (750 mg/kg) in some points (maximum of 1,290 mg/kg), are related to anthropogenic source, positively correlated with P\'IND.2\'O\'IND.5\', which is associated with phosphate fertilizers production. The barium occurrences in groundwater (maximum of 8,1 mg/L) are related to anthropogenic source too, due to inadequate practices of industrial effluent disposal. Therefore, the presence of barium in the groundwater may be due to geogenic phenomena or to anthropogenic interference

Many agricultural landscapes in India are irrigated with wastewater, and it is a common livelihood practice particularly in urban and peri-urban areas. Farmers around urban agglomerations continuously depend on the wastewater released from nearby urban centres. While providing opportunities with respect to water and nutrient supply, irrigating with wastewater has adverse environmental impacts, particularly on the local aquifer systems. Therefore, addressing the wastewater irrigation influence on local aquifer systems is crucial for sustainable groundwater management. The present research demonstrates the impacts of wastewater irrigation, seasonality and spatio-temporal variations in the groundwater quality and its geochemical evolution and mixing processes in different land use and crop settings. The doctoral research aims at understanding the aquifer heterogeneity, land use conditions, groundwater dynamics and contaminant fate and transport in the long-term wastewater irrigation system to develop sustainable and suitable groundwater management strategies. The selected study watershed is located on the banks of Musi River in a peri-urban catchment of the Musi River basin in India. Statistical techniques, land use change modelling and solute flow and transport modelling tools are employed to identify and quantify the linkages between contaminants, agricultural use and environmental variables, particularly those characterizing the groundwater qualities. The research results suggest that concentrations of the major ionic substances increase after the monsoon season, especially in wastewater irrigated areas and the major polluted groundwaters to come from the wastewater irrigated parts of the watershed. Clusters of chemical variables identified indicate that groundwater pollution is highly impacted by mineral interactions and long-term wastewater irrigation. The groundwater geochemistry of the watershed is largely controlled by long-term wastewater irrigation, local rainfall patterns and water-rock interactions. The detected land use changes in the watershed indicate that, as a consequence of urban pressures, agricultural landscapes are being converted into built-up areas and, at the same time, former barren land is converted to agricultural plots. The mapped land use data are used in modelling the aquifer conditions and to observe the groundwater dynamics in the peri-urban environment. The study results provide the basis for sustainable agriculture and groundwater development using the efficient scenarios identified for wastewater irrigation management. The resulting strategies for integrated management of water and waste will contribute to the water security and achieve the respective Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs 2, 3, 6, 11 and 15).

<p>The transport of elements by streams from headwater regions to the sea is influenced by landscape characteristics. This thesis focuses on the influence of landscape characteristics (e.g. proportion of wetland/forest coverage) on temporal and spatial variations of Fe, Mn, S and trace elements (As, Co, Pb) in streams located in northern Sweden, a boreal region characterized by coniferous forests and peat wetlands.</p><p>Water samples from a network of 15 streams revealed a different hydrogeochemistry in forested catchments compared to wetland catchments. The temporal variation was dominated by spring flood, when concentrations of Fe, Mn and trace elements increased in forested headwaters. However, in streams of wetland catchments concentrations decreased, but Pb concentrations were higher in comparison to other streams. Both Fe and Pb showed positive correlations with wetland area, while Co correlated with forest coverage. The anthropogenic contribution of As and Pb appear to be larger than the supply from natural sources.</p><p>During spring flood SO₄^2- decreased in most streams, although concentrations increased in streams of wetland catchments. Concentrations of SO₄^2-were higher in streams of forested catchments than in wetland dominated streams, the former being net exporters of S and the latter net accumulators. Isotope values of stream water SO₄^2- (δ³⁴S_SO4) were close to that of precipitation during spring flood, indicating that the major source of S is from deposition. The results show that, although emissions of anthropogenic S have been reduced, there is still a strong influence of past and current S deposition on runoff in this region.</p><p>In conclusion, wetlands are key areas for the hydrogeochemistry in this boreal landscape. The findings emphasize the importance of understanding stream water chemistry and element cycling from a landscape perspective. This may be important for predicting how boreal regions respond to environmental disturbances such as climate change.</p>

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Groundwater in arid and semi-arid areas like the Karoo region of South Africa is an important source of domestic, agricultural and industrial source of fresh water. As a scarce resource, it requires extensive quality control and protection through innovative methods and efficient strategies. The town of Beaufort West and its vicinity use groundwater as a major source of municipal and private water supply. Forty nine groundwater samples were collected from spatially referenced boreholes located in and around the town of Beaufort West and were analyzed for <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">EC, pH, <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">TDS,<font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">TH, SAR, TA, Ca</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Mg</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Na</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, K</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, HCO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3-</font></font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Cl</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">-</font></font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, NO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3- </font></font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">and SO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">42- </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="3">according to&nbsp / <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">SANS 241 standards and tested for ionic balance. The groundwater of the study area was characterized using WHO and South African drinking water quality standards as well as TDS and Salinity hazard classifications. These comparisons and classifications characterized the groundwater of the study area as hard to very hard, with low to medium salinity hazard. These results are in accordance with the dominance of the ions Ca</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Na</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, HCO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3 - </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">and Cl</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">- </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">in the groundwater samples. Linear relationships between the hydrochemical variables were analysed through correlation and multiple regression analysis to relate the groundwater quality to the underlying hydrogeochemical processes. These linear relationships explained the contribution of the measured variables towards the salinity, hardness and anthropogenic contamination of the groundwater. The groundwater of the study area was also assessed using conventional trilinear diagrams and scatter plots to interpret the water quality and determine the major ion chemistry. The conventional methods highlighted the sources of the hydrochemical variables through analysis and interpretation of rock-water interaction and evaporations processes. To supplement <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">these conventional methods and reveal hidden hydrogeochemical phenomenon, multivariate statistical analyses were employed. Factor analysis reduced the hydrochemical variables into three factors (Hardness, Alkalinity and Landuse) that characterize the groundwater quality in relation to the source of its hydrochemistry. Furthermore, combination of Cluster (CA) and Discriminant analyses (DA) were used to classify the groundwater in to different hydrochemical facies and determine the dominant hydrochemical variables that characterize these facies. The classification results were also compared with the trilinear diagrammatic interpretations to highlight the advantages of these multivariate statistical methods. The CA and DA classifications resulted in to six different hydrochemical facies that are characterized by NO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3 -</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Na</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+ </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">and pH. These three hydrochemical variables explain 93.9% of the differences between the water types and highlight the influence of natural hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic processes on the groundwater quality. All the univariate, bivariate, multivariate statistical and conventional hydrogeochemical analyses results were analyzed spatially using ArcGIS 10.0. The spatial analysis employed the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method to predict spatial distribution of unmeasured areas and reclassification of the interpolation results for classification purposes. The results of the different analyses methods employed in the thesis illustrate that the groundwater in the study area is generally hard but permissible in the absence of better alternative water source and useful for irrigation.</font></font></font></font></font></font></p> </font></p>

<p><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"> <p align="left">Groundwater in arid and semi-arid areas like the Karoo region of South Africa is an important source of domestic, agricultural and industrial source of fresh water. As a scarce resource, it requires extensive quality control and protection through innovative methods and efficient strategies. The town of Beaufort West and its vicinity use groundwater as a major source of municipal and private water supply. Forty nine groundwater samples were collected from spatially referenced boreholes located in and around the town of Beaufort West and were analyzed for <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">EC, pH, <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">TDS,<font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">TH, SAR, TA, Ca</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Mg</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Na</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, K</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, HCO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3-</font></font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Cl</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">-</font></font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, NO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3- </font></font><font size="3" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">and SO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">42- </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="3">according to&nbsp / <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">SANS 241 standards and tested for ionic balance. The groundwater of the study area was characterized using WHO and South African drinking water quality standards as well as TDS and Salinity hazard classifications. These comparisons and classifications characterized the groundwater of the study area as hard to very hard, with low to medium salinity hazard. These results are in accordance with the dominance of the ions Ca</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">2+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Na</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, HCO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3 - </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">and Cl</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">- </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">in the groundwater samples. Linear relationships between the hydrochemical variables were analysed through correlation and multiple regression analysis to relate the groundwater quality to the underlying hydrogeochemical processes. These linear relationships explained the contribution of the measured variables towards the salinity, hardness and anthropogenic contamination of the groundwater. The groundwater of the study area was also assessed using conventional trilinear diagrams and scatter plots to interpret the water quality and determine the major ion chemistry. The conventional methods highlighted the sources of the hydrochemical variables through analysis and interpretation of rock-water interaction and evaporations processes. To supplement <font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">these conventional methods and reveal hidden hydrogeochemical phenomenon, multivariate statistical analyses were employed. Factor analysis reduced the hydrochemical variables into three factors (Hardness, Alkalinity and Landuse) that characterize the groundwater quality in relation to the source of its hydrochemistry. Furthermore, combination of Cluster (CA) and Discriminant analyses (DA) were used to classify the groundwater in to different hydrochemical facies and determine the dominant hydrochemical variables that characterize these facies. The classification results were also compared with the trilinear diagrammatic interpretations to highlight the advantages of these multivariate statistical methods. The CA and DA classifications resulted in to six different hydrochemical facies that are characterized by NO</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">3 -</font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">, Na</font><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT"><font size="1" face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">+ </font></font><font face="TimesNewRomanPSMT">and pH. These three hydrochemical variables explain 93.9% of the differences between the water types and highlight the influence of natural hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic processes on the groundwater quality. All the univariate, bivariate, multivariate statistical and conventional hydrogeochemical analyses results were analyzed spatially using ArcGIS 10.0. The spatial analysis employed the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method to predict spatial distribution of unmeasured areas and reclassification of the interpolation results for classification purposes. The results of the different analyses methods employed in the thesis illustrate that the groundwater in the study area is generally hard but permissible in the absence of better alternative water source and useful for irrigation.</font></font></font></font></font></font></p> </font></p>

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2016-04-19T17:51:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Ricardo_Sierpe_2012.pdf: 8540575 bytes, checksum: 1b2ac4ff3c42abf36cc1a3c954a39998 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-19T17:51:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Ricardo_Sierpe_2012.pdf: 8540575 bytes, checksum: 1b2ac4ff3c42abf36cc1a3c954a39998 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências-Geoquímica. Niterói, RJ / Esta dissertação foi realizada no âmbito da pesquisa Delineamento da Ecorregião Aquática Xingu-Tapajós – “AquaRios”, desenvolvida no Centro de Tecnologia Mineral – CETEM. A ecorregião aquática em foco está localizada integralmente na Amazônia Legal, sendo por sua vez um interflúvio dos rios Tapajós e Xingu, ambos afluentes da margem direita do rio Amazonas. A presente dissertação traz para a Geoquímica Ambiental a discussão sobre ecorregião aquática, bacia hidrográfica, meio ambiente, e suas relações com a hidrogeoquímica das águas fluviais por meio da análise espacial dos diferentes temas bióticos, abióticos e antrópicos individualizados em um conceito atual e oficial de recorte espacial para a gestão territorial, as Ottobacias, no caso presente Ottobacias de nível 4. O marco ordenador dos temas ambientais, ou seja, a ferramenta utilizada na integração de temas e processos relacionados foi a Equação Universal de Perdas de Solo – EUPS, calculada através de diversos procedimentos presentes no que atualmente é convencionado como Geotecnologia. O resultado obtido foi uma inovadora criação e distribuição geográfica dos clusters de Ottobacias evidenciando uma situação de degradação ambiental na ecorregião, especialmente nos setores nordeste, noroeste e sul provocado em grande parte pela destruição da cobertura vegetal original. De acordo com os dados coletados em campo essa situação reflete na hidrogeoquímica e na fauna aquática. O resultado desta dissertação fornece um subsídio consistente a ser utilizado na gestão dos recursos hídricos, essencialmente no tocante a qualidade e gestão de bacias hidrográficas na Amazônia / This dissertation was made by the research’s ambit Delineamento da Ecorregião Aquática Xingu-Tapajós – “AquaRios”, developed at the Centro de Tecnologia Mineral - CETEM. The aquatic ecoregion in focus is fully located in Legal Amazon, being an interfluve between the Tapajós and Xingu rivers, both tributaries of the right Amazon River’s side. This paper brings into the Environmental Geochemistry the discussion about aquatic ecoregion, watershed, environment, and its relations with the freshwater’s hydrogeochemistry by a spatial analysis of the different biotic, abiotic and anthropogenic themes individualized in a modern and official concept with a spatial look to territorial management, the Ottobacias, in this case level 4 Ottobacias. The originator mark of environmental issues, it means, the tool used in the themes’ integration and related processes was Universal Equation of Soil Loss calculated by several procedures present in what is currently agreed as Geotechnology. The result was an innovative creation and geographic distribution of Ottobacias clusters showing the situation of environmental degradation in ecoregion, especially in the northeast, northwest and south areas, caused mostly by the destruction of the original coverage vegetation. According to the collected data it reflects directly in the hydrogeochemistry and aquatic fauna. The result of this dissertation provides a consistent subsidy that is to be used in the water resources management, essentially with regard to the quality and Amazon’s watershed management

Magister Scientiae - MSc (Environ & Water Science) / Groundwater in arid and semi-arid areas like the Karoo region of South Africa is an important source of domestic, agricultural and industrial source of fresh water. As a scarce resource, it requires extensive quality control and protection through innovative methods and efficient strategies. The town of Beaufort West and its vicinity use groundwater as a major source of municipal and private water supply. Forty nine groundwater samples were collected from spatially referenced boreholes located in and around the town of Beaufort West and were analyzed for EC, pH, TDS,TH, SAR, TA, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, NO3- and SO42- according to SANS 241 standards and tested for ionic balance. The groundwater of the study area was characterized using WHO and South African drinking water quality standards as well as TDS and Salinity hazard classifications. These comparisons and classifications characterized the groundwater of the study area as hard to very hard, with low to medium salinity hazard. These results are in accordance with the dominance of the ions Ca2+, Na+, HCO3 - and Cl- in the groundwater samples. Linear relationships between the hydrochemical variables were analysed through correlation and multiple regression analysis to relate the groundwater quality to the underlying hydrogeochemical processes. These linear relationships explained the contribution of the measured variables towards the salinity, hardness and anthropogenic contamination of the groundwater. The groundwater of the study area was also assessed using conventional trilinear diagrams and scatter plots to interpret the water quality and determine the major ion chemistry. The conventional methods highlighted the sources of the hydrochemical variables through analysis and interpretation of rock-water interaction and evaporations processes. To supplement these conventional methods and reveal hidden hydrogeochemical phenomenon, multivariate statistical analyses were employed. Factor analysis reduced the hydrochemical variables into three factors (Hardness, Alkalinity and Landuse) that characterize the groundwater quality in relation to the source of its hydrochemistry. Furthermore, combination of Cluster (CA) and Discriminant analyses (DA) were used to classify the groundwater in to different hydrochemical facies and determine the dominant hydrochemical variables that characterize these facies. The classification results were also compared with the trilinear diagrammatic interpretations to highlight the advantages of these multivariate statistical methods. The CA and DA classifications resulted in to six different hydrochemical facies that are characterized by NO3 -, Na+ and pH. These three hydrochemical variables explain 93.9% of the differences between the water types and highlight the influence of natural hydrogeochemical and anthropogenic processes on the groundwater quality. All the univariate, bivariate, multivariate statistical and conventional hydrogeochemical analyses results were analyzed spatially using ArcGIS 10.0. The spatial analysis employed the Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) interpolation method to predict spatial distribution of unmeasured areas and reclassification of the interpolation results for classification purposes. The results of the different analyses methods employed in the thesis illustrate that the groundwater in the study area is generally hard but permissible in the absence of better alternative water source and useful for irrigation.

La plaine du Souss est délimitée au nord par le Haut-Atlas, au sud par l’Anti-Atlas et à l’estpar le massif cristallin de Siroua. Les principales formations géologiques sont des marnocalcaireset conglomérats assez perméables, les calcaires du Turonien qui leur sont sousjacentset le lit fossile de l’oued Souss composé d’alluvions sablo-graveleuses trèsperméables.La nappe du Souss est la plus importante du sud du Maroc, elle est très exploitée par unsecteur agricole exportateur, la surexploitation de la nappe s’est traduite par une baissecontinue des niveaux. Depuis 1970, les prélèvements dépassent de loin les ressourcesrenouvelables de la nappe (déficit : 185 Mm3 en 1976, 358 Mm3 en 1998, 228 Mm3 en 2003).Le barrage d’Aoulouz est principalement destiné à la recharge artificielle de la nappe par deslâchers d’eaux stockées pendant les périodes pluvieuses. En zone semi-aride, une estimationprécise de la recharge est souvent délicate, la variabilité spatio-temporelle de la recharge étantgénéralement forte et les processus variés.Ce travail a permis de mieux caractériser l’impact de la recharge sur la nappe et d’évaluer letemps de séjour et le renouvellement des eaux souterraines.L’évolution de la piézométrie à la suite des lâchers d’eau à partir du barrage Aoulouz montredes remontées locales du niveau piézométrique sur la haute plaine, environ 85% des eauxlâchées à partir du barrage d’Aoulouz s’infiltrent 80 km entre Aoulouz et Taroudant.Toutefois, le niveau général de la nappe continue de baisser.Le faciès géochimique est principalement bicarbonaté calcique (dissolution des carbonates), etpar endroits sulfaté calcique (évaporites au pied du Haut-Atlas). Les eaux de surface ont unfaciès bicarbonaté calcique et magnésien acquis lors de leur circulation sur des calcaires et desdolomies.[...] / The Souss valley is bounded to the North by the High Atlas, to the South by the Anti-Atlasand to the East by the Siroua crystalline massif. The main geological formations arecalcareous marls of the Plio-Quaternary, the Turonian limestones that underlie them, and thefossil bed of River Souss formed by sands, sandstones and gravels from high permeabilityalluvium.The Souss aquifer is the most significant aquifer in southern Morocco, highly exploited by anagricultural exporting activity. Groundwater overexploitation induced a decreases ofpiezometric heads. Since 1970, water demand far exceeds renewable groundwater resources(balance defecit: 185 Mm3 in 1976, 358 Mm3 in 1998, and 228 Mm3 in 2003).The mean role of the Aoulouz dam is the artificial recharge of the Souss plain by release ofwater stored during rainy periods in the plain.In semi-arid areas, estimating recharge is often difficult, the spatial and temporal variabilitiesof recharge are generally high, and processes are varied.This work has enabled to characterize the impact of artificial recharge and to estimate therenewal of water in the aquifer.Water releases from Aoulouz dam has permitted an increase of the piezometric level on thehigh plain, about 85% of the water released are unfiltered in the first 80 Km between Aoulouzand Taroudant cities. However, the general water level decline goes on.The geochemical facies is mainly calcium bicarbonate type (dissolution of limestone), andlocally calcium sulphate type (evaporites of the High Atlas). Surface waters are a calcium andmagnesium bicarbonate types, acquired during their flow through limestones and dolomitesoutcrops.[...]

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-09-20T16:23:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AmandaCristineSantosdaCosta (1).pdf: 3976192 bytes, checksum: 2af7ce18076b8c783880d3ac0c5acba5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T16:23:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_AmandaCristineSantosdaCosta (1).pdf: 3976192 bytes, checksum: 2af7ce18076b8c783880d3ac0c5acba5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / importante sistema de drenagem da Região Serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro. É caracterizada por clima tropical de altitude úmido com pluviosidade média anual de 2300 mm e temperatura média anual de 19ºC. A geologia local é definida por granitos e gnaisses representativos da região sudeste brasileiro com domínio de quatro principais unidades litoestratigráficas: suíte Serra dos Órgãos (53%), complexo Rio Negro (14%), suíte Cordeiro (13%) e suíte Nova Friburgo (7%). A área é predominantemente florestada, porém há interferência antropogênica como atividades de agricultura, pastagem e ocupação urbana. Amostras de água foram coletadas em Fevereiro e Agosto de 2013 em 21 pontos selecionados de forma a contemplar as variações litológicas e de formas de uso do solo. Uma alíquota foi filtrada e acidificada para posterior análise de cátions e para a análise de ânions as amostras foram filtradas e congeladas. Os elementos Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SiO2 foram analisados por ICP-OES, o elemento Al3+ por ICP-MS e PO4 3-, Cl- e SO4 2- por cromatografia iônica. Dados secundários foram levantados complementando as análises realizadas (litogeoquímica, concentração de compostos fosfatados e nitrogenados, parâmetros físico-químicos e composição da chuva). Uma análise estatística de agrupamentos separou as sub-bacias de acordo com as formas de uso do solo, mostrando forte influência sobre a qualidade das águas. Para a análise dos processos intempéricos foi selecionada uma sub-bacia de cabeceira situada em uma unidade de conservação cuja floresta encontra-se em seu clímax de maturidade, livre de influência antrópica direta. Foram reunidas informações de mineralogia essencial da subbacia, índices de saturação (PHREEQC), composição química da chuva e fluxo de elementos maiores para definir as principais reações de intemperismo atuantes e quantificar o processo de intemperismo. O plagioclásio foi identificado como principal mineral intemperizado, sendo consumido em uma taxa de 649 mol ha-1 ano-1 formando os minerais caulinita e gibbsita, e contribuindo com a liberação de no mínimo 818 e no máximo 1491 mol ha-1 ano-1 de silício no rio (valor medido). Para explicar todo este fluxo de silício medido, o solo deveria ser composto por 14% de caulinita e 86% de gibbsita em percentual relativo às duas fases minerais. Com relação à qualidade das águas superficiais foi proposta a razão Na:Si como uma alternativa simples e eficiente de avaliação da influência antrópica sob as condições de toda a bacia. Razões acima de 0,6 indicariam um ambiente afetado por atividade antrópica. Verificou-se uma boa correlação do proxy sugerido com outros compostos indicadores de poluição, com razão Na:Si mínima de 0,4 e máxima de 0,6 para pontos de cabeceira. Baixas razões de Na:Si, porém com concentrações mais elevadas de compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados foram associadas a áreas agrícolas. Para áreas onde é observada a influência de atividade antrópica urbana (esgotos domésticos), a razão apresentou valores elevados com máximo de 5,1. / The Piabanha basin is part of the Paraíba do Sul River system. It is an important drainage in the Rio de Janeiro mountainous region. It is characterized by humid altitude tropical climate with 2300mm of annual rainfall and 19ºC of average annual temperature. The local geology is defined by granites and gneisses representative of the Brazilian southeast region with the dominance of four main lithostratigraphic units: Serra dos Órgão suite (53%), Rio Negro complex (14%), Cordeiro suite (13%) and Nova Friburgo suite (7%). The area is mainly forested, however there are anthropogenic interference such as agricultural activities, pasture and urban area. Water samples were collected in February and August 2013 at 21 selected points. They were chosen to cover lithological variations and land use patterns. One aliquot was filtered and acidified for further cation analysis. Another sample aliquot was filtered and frozen to anion analysis. The elements Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, SiO2 . were analyzed by ICPOES the element Al3+ by ICP-MS and PO4 3-, Cl- and SO4 2- by ionic chromatography. Data from literature were collected (litogeochemistry, phosphate and nitrogen compounds concentration, physico-chemical parameters and rain composition). The statistical cluster analysis classified the sub-basins according to land use patterns, due to the strong influence on water quality. To the weathering processes analysis, a headwater sub-basin was selected. It is located in a conservation unit with a climax forest, free of direct anthropogenic influence. Information on this sub-basin’s essential mineralogy, saturation indexes, rain chemical composing and major elements flow were gathered so the main weathering reactions were defined in order to quantify the weathering process. The plagioclase was identified as the main weathered mineral, being consumed at a rate of 649 mol ha-1 year-1 forming the minerals kaolinite and gibbsite and contributing to the liberation of 818 at least and 1491 mols maximum ha-1 year-1 of silicon on the river (measured value). In order to explain all this measured silicon flow, the soil should be composed by 14% of kaolinite and 86% of gibbsite in percentage relative of the two mineral phases. Regarding the water quality, the Na:Si ratio was proposed as a simple and efficient way to evaluate the anthropogenic influence. Ratios above 0,6 would indicate an environment affected by anthropogenic influence. There was a good correlation of the suggested proxy with other pollutants indicator compounds, with a ratio of Na: Si minimum of 0,4 and maximum of 0,6 for headwater points. Low ratio values of Na:Si related with high concentration of N and P compounds are associated with agricultural areas because of the use of fertilizers. Areas with high urban anthropic activity showed the highest ratio values with a maximum value of 5,1.

Submitted by Biblioteca de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica BGQ (bgq@ndc.uff.br) on 2017-10-05T18:24:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovana Vignoli.pdf: 5851191 bytes, checksum: 42b1c55a5895de392a8243bfa74f8643 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-05T18:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Giovana Vignoli.pdf: 5851191 bytes, checksum: 42b1c55a5895de392a8243bfa74f8643 (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Universidade Federal Fluminense. Instituto de Química. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geoquímica, Niterói, RJ / Estudos hidrogeoquímicos baseado nas variações sazonais da composição química dos rios podem investigar a origem e os processos que controlam a química das águas numa bacia de drenagem. A bacia hidrográfica do rio São João possui grande importância para a região dos Lagos, a mais importante região turística do Rio de Janeiro, abastecendo cerca de 700 mil habitantes. A fim de estudar sobre a qualidade da água e o comportamento das espécies dissolvidas nas águas desta bacia, foi realizado um estudo ao longo de 14 meses utilizando-se da estatística (descritiva, bivariada e multivariada) para discernir mudanças hidrogeoquímicas entre o período de estiagem e de chuvas. O índice de qualidade das águas mostrou que a água é boa no geral, porém, coliformes fecais e turbidez apresentaram valores de “q” muito abaixo da média, tornando preocupante o destino da sua utilização. O pH não mostrou grandes variações, excetuando-se dentro da represa de Juturnaíba, que atingiu 8,9 no período de estiagem. Os resultados mostraram que no período de estiagem, a concentração média de Al, Fe e Ba foram mais representativos. Já no período chuvoso, há uma diluição natural dos íons, enquanto que os alguns traços estão sendo liberados mecanicamente na destruição de matrizes geológicas devido e a força das enxurradas, aumentando suas concentrações. Os metais traços se mostram ligados à geologia regional, apresentando associações geoquímicas calcófilas (In, Tl, Cd e Bi) e associações representativas de rochas máficas (Fe, Cr e V). / Hydrogeochemical studies based on seasonal fluctuations in the chemical composition of rivers can investigate the origin and processes that control the chemistry of water in a drainage basin. The watershed of the São João river has great importance for the Região dos Lagos, the most important tourist region of Rio de Janeiro, supplying about 700 thousand inhabitants. In order to study on the water quality and behavior of the dissolved species in the waters of the basin, a study was conducted over 14 months using statistics (Descriptive, bivariate and multivariate) to discern hydrogeochemical changes between the drought and rainfall. The water quality index showed that water is good overall, but showed fecal coliform and turbidity values of "q" well below average, making the troubling fate of its use. The pH did not show significant variations, except for within the Juturnaíba dam, which reached 8,9 in the dry season. The results showed that in the dry season, the average concentration of Al, Fe and Ba were more representative. Already in the rainy season, there is a natural dilution of the ions, while some features are being released mechanically in the destruction of geological matrices and strength because of runoff, increasing their concentrations. The trace metals are shown connected to the regional geology, presenting calcophiles geochemical associations (In, Tl, Cd and Bi) and associations representing mafic rocks (Fe, Cr, and V).