No description available.

No description available.

The NAD glycohydrolase (NADase) from Bungarus fasciatus venom was purified over 1000-fold to electrophoretic homogeneity through a 3-step procedure which included affinity chromatography on Cibacron Blue agarose. The enzyme exhibited a broad pH profile with the optimum range between 7-8. Studies on the substrate specificity of B. fasciatus venom NADase demonstrated that alterations in the purine ring were less pronounced then alterations in the pyridinium moiety of NAD. Product inhibition studies indicated nicotinamide to be a noncompetitive inhibitor with a K_i = 1.4 mM and ADP-ribose to be a competitive inhibitor with a K_i =0.4 mM. The purified enzyme was inactivated by both 2,4-pentane-dione and Woodward's Reagent K suggesting the involvement of a lysine and carboxyl group in the catalytic process. In contrast to other known NADases, the snake venom enzyme did not self-inactivate. The purified B. fasciatus venom NADase catalyzed a transglycosidation reaction (ADP-ribose transfer) with a number of acceptor molecules. The functioning of a variety of substituted pyridine bases as acceptor molecules was demonstrated through the formation of the corresponding NAD analogs. The enzyme also catalyzed the transfer of ADP-ribose to aliphatic alcohols (methanol to hexanol, inclusive) and a positive chainlength effect was observed in the functioning of these acceptors. Kinetic studies of transglycosidation reactions were consistent with the partitioning of an enzyme-ADP-ribose intermediate between water and nucleophilic acceptors as has been proposed in earlier studies of mammalian NADases. The partitioning of this intermediate between water and pyridine bases can be correlated with the basicity of the ring nitrogen of the pyridine derivative. The K_i of pyridine bases in the hydrolytic reaction did not equate to the K_m of these bases in the pyridine base exchange reaction suggesting two forms of the NADase with varying affinity for the pyridine bases. This implys the pyridine base exchange reaction to be more complicated than originally proposed. / Ph. D.

La vaccination demeure à ce jour le moyen le plus efficace dans la prévention et le contrôle de maladies infectieuses. Les nanoparticules du PapMV ont été efficacement utilisées comme plateforme vaccinale permettant l’augmentation de l’immunogénicité d’antigènes. Bien que ces nanoparticules aient démontré un grand potentiel, la fusion d’antigène directement dans l’ORF de la protéine de capside (CP) peut nuire à sa capacité d’autoassemblage en nanoparticules. Nous avons développé une nouvelle méthode de modification du PapMV basé sur l’utilisation de la transpeptidase bactérienne sortase A (SrtA) permettant la conjugaison d’antigènes directement sur les nanoparticules post-assemblage. La SrtA a permis la conjugaison de longs antigènes (M2e et T20) sans affecter l’intégrité structurale et immunologique des nanoparticules. Ces nanoparticules ont induit de fortes réponses humorales spécifiques aux antigènes et ont induit une protection complète contre une infection à l’influenza chez les souris vaccinées avec PapMV-SrtA-M2e. La plateforme PapMV-SrtA permet l’ingénierie facile et rapide de nouveaux vaccins. / Vaccination remains to date the most effective intervention in the prevention and control of infectious diseases. PapMV nanoparticles have shown to be an efficient vaccine platform to increase antigens immunogenicity. While they have shown great potential, the insertion of antigens in the open reading frame (ORF) of the coat protein (CP) can affect its capacity to assemble into nanoparticles. We developed a new method to modify PapMV nanoparticles based on the use of bacterial transpeptidase sortase A (SrtA) to attach antigens directly onto assembled nanoparticles. SrtA attached long antigenic peptides (M2e and T20) onto PapMV nanoparticles without affecting their structural of immunological integrity. These nanoparticles induced strong antigen specific antibodies and fully protected PapMV-SrtA-M2e vaccinated mice against an influenza challenge. The use of the PapMV-SrtA platform will enable the faster and easier development of new vaccines.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

La paroi végétale est une structure complexe composée principalement de polysaccharides (cellulose, hémicellulose et pectine), de lignine et de protéines. Elle est impliquée dans de nombreuses fonctions essentielles à la vie de la cellule végétale. De plus, les constituants de cette paroi, que sont les polysaccharides et la lignine, représentent la plus grande source de carbone renouvelable de la planète. Ceci en fait des cibles de choix notamment pour la production d'énergies « vertes ». Toutefois, l'utilisation des polysaccharides tels que les hémicelluloses constituant la paroi végétale reste, à l'heure actuelle, limitée du fait de la difficulté à les dégrader. Ces dernières années, un effort important a été mis en œuvre pour identifier et caractériser de nouvelles enzymes, telles que les glycosides hydrolases, permettant de dégrader efficacement la biomasse végétale. Dans le but de découvrir de nouvelles enzymes impliquées dans la dégradation de la biomasse végétale, des chercheurs de l'équipe « Catalyse et Ingénierie Moléculaire Enzymatiques » du LISBP ont décidé d'explorer le métagénome d'organismes connus pour dégrader la biomasse végétale. Deux espèces animales ont fait l'objet d'analyses : tout d'abord les termites qui sont considérés comme les champions de la dégradation de la biomasse végétales et souvent comparés à des bioréacteurs, et le ver de terre. Des banques métagénomiques de trois espèces différentes de termites ainsi qu'une banque métagénomique de ver de terre ont ainsi été créées. Dans ces travaux de thèse deux des banques métagénomiques de termites, celle de Nasutitermes corniger et celle de Termes hispaniolae, ont fait l'objet d'une étude afin de comparer le potentiel hémicellulolytique de ces deux espèces. Après sélection de nombreux clones positifs sur substrats chromogéniques de chacune des deux banques, séquençage puis annotation taxonomique et fonctionnelle, un grand nombre d'enzymes et principalement des glycosides hydrolases, a pu être identifié. Les résultats montrent que le métagénome de Nasutitermes corniger présente majoritairement des enzymes à activité endoglycosidase alors que le métagenome de Termes hispaniolae possède plutôt des enzymes à activité exoglycosidase. Toutes les activités trouvées dans chacune des espèces de termite sont en bonne corrélation avec l'alimentation du termite. De plus, nous avons observé que le microbiote intestinal des deux termites ne possèdent pas les mêmes embranchements bactériens majoritaires et nous avons pu voir que le microbiote de Termes hispaniolae est plus diversifié ce qui corrèle aussi avec l'alimentation des deux termites. D'autre part, dans la banque métagénomique du ver de terre, l'annotation fonctionnelle a révélé une enzyme intéressante. Il s'agit d'une enzyme annotée par B. Henrissat (responsable de la base de données CAZy) comme étant une glycoside hydrolase putative mais n'appartenant à aucune des 135 familles de glycosides hydrolases existantes. Cette enzyme putative, appelée GH* présente des similitudes avec les GH de la famille 5 sans pour autant appartenir à cette famille du fait notamment de l'absence du résidu catalytique nucléophile conservé. Une étude structurale et fonctionnelle de GH* a donc été menée. Les expériences ont permis de prouver que GH* est une endo-xylanase ayant une préférence pour les arabinoxylanes et les xylooligosaccharides de degré de polymérisation d'au moins 5 ou 6. La structure tridimensionnelle de GH* à 1,6Å de résolution a été obtenue par cristallographie des rayons X par remplacement moléculaire à l'aide d'une GH5. Cette structure a permis de confirmer l'identité du résidu acide/base identifié par alignement de séquences et d'émettre une hypothèse sur l'identité du résidu nucléophile. Enfin des mutants de GH* pour ces deux résidus ont été obtenus et ont confirmé leur implication dans l'activité de l'enzyme. / Plant cell wall is a complex structure surrounding plant cells mainly composed by polysaccharides (cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin), lignin and proteins. The plant wall maintains and imposes the size and shape of cells. It is also important for exchanges between cells and extra cellular medium. The polysaccharides of this cell wall are the largest renewable carbon source on the earth, which makes them good targets to produce green energies. Because plant cell wall is difficult to degrade, its use for biofuels for is still limited. However, some organisms are able to efficiently degrade this biomass. Exploring the diversity of the living word to discover new effective biocatalysts has grown considerably last years, because of the emergence of metagenomics. In this context and to discover new enzymes involved in the degradation of plant biomass, the team « Catalyse et Ingénierie Moléculaire Enzymatiques » of LISBP decided to explore metagenome of organisms known to degrade plant biomass. Two animal families were chosen for metagenomics analysis, the termite and earthworm. Metagenomics banks of three different species of termite and one metagenomics bank of an earthworm were created. In this thesis project, two of the three metagenomics banks of termites, the one from Nasutitermes corniger and the other one from Termes hispaniolae, were studied to compare the hemicellulolytic potential of these two species. After selection of many positive clones on chromogenic substrates of both banks, sequencing, taxonomic and functional annotations, a large number of enzymes and mainly glycoside hydrolases, could be identified. The results obtained shown that the trends observed during functional screens were maintained. Indeed, it appears that Nasutitermes corniger has a majority of endoglycosidases while Termes hispaniolae has mainly exoglycosidases. Thereby, families of enzymes highlighted allowed correlating their hydrolytic activities with the diet of these species. Furthermore, we observed that the intestinal microbiota of each termite is different. Indeed, both termites do not have the same majority bacterial phyla and the microbiota of Termes hispaniolae is more diverse than the one of Nasutitermes corniger. On the other hand, functional annotation of the metagenomics bank of the earthworm revealed an enzyme annotated as a glycoside hydrolase no belonging to any of the 135 glycoside hydrolase existing families. This enzyme, named GH*, seems to be close to GH5 but does not shown the nucleophilic catalyst residue perfectly conserved in this glycoside hydrolase family. A functional and structural study of GH* was then done. We have shown that GH* is an endo-xylanase which prefers arabinoxylans and xylooligosaccharides having a polymerization degree greater than 5. In addition, we determined the crystal structure of GH* at 1.6Å resolution. This 3D structure has confirmed the presence of the acid/base residue identified by sequence alignment and allowed us to hypothesize about the identity of the nucleophilic residue. Finally, mutants of GH* for these two residues were obtained and confirmed their involvement in the activity of the enzyme. We were able to progress in the understanding of structure/function relationships of this protein.

Parkash Amarender. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-172). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Table of contents --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.xi / 撮要 --- p.xiv / List of Abbreviations --- p.xvi / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Figures --- p.xix / Chapter CHAPTER 1. --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- General Properties of RIPs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Structure --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.1 --- Type I and Type II RIPs --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1.2 --- Small RIPs --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Distribution --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Physicochemical properties --- p.15 / Chapter 1.3 --- Enzymatic activities of RIPs --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- N-glycosidase activity --- p.17 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Polynucleotide:adenosine glycosidase activity --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Ribonuclease (RNase) activity --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Deoxyribonucleolytic (DNase) activity --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.5 --- Multiple depurination --- p.26 / Chapter 1.3.6 --- Inhibition of protein synthesis --- p.27 / Chapter 1.4 --- Biological activities of RIPs --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Interaction of ribosome-inactivating proteins with cells --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1.1 --- Internalization of type 1 ribosome-inactivating proteins --- p.29 / Chapter 1.4.1.2 --- Internalization of type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effects on laboratory animals --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Immunosuppressive activity --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Abortifacient activity --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Antiviral activity --- p.35 / Chapter 1.5 --- Physiological roles of RIPs --- p.37 / Chapter 1.6 --- Applications of RIPs --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.1 --- Possible uses in experimental and clinical medicine --- p.39 / Chapter 1.6.1.1 --- Anti-tumor therapy --- p.40 / Chapter 1.6.1.2 --- Immune disorders --- p.42 / Chapter 1.6.1.3 --- Neuroscience research --- p.43 / Chapter 1.6.2 --- Applications in agriculture --- p.44 / Chapter 1.7 --- Arginine/Glutamate Rich Polypeptides (AGRPs) --- p.46 / Chapter 1.8 --- Objectives of the present study --- p.48 / Chapter 1.8.1 --- Rationale of the study --- p.48 / Chapter 1.8.2 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Materials and methods / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.52 / Chapter 2.2 --- Materials and methods --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Materials --- p.54 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Preparation of crude extract --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Purification of proteins --- p.55 / Chapter 2.2.4 --- Molecular weight determination with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.61 / Chapter 2.2.5 --- Protein determination --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.6 --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.64 / Chapter 2.2.7 --- Preparation of rabbit reticulocyte lysate --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.8 --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.65 / Chapter 2.2.9 --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.66 / Chapter 2.2.10 --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.70 / Chapter 2.2.11 --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.71 / Chapter 2.2.12 --- Assay for dehydrogenase activity --- p.71 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Purification and characterization of proteins from their respective sources. / Chapter 3.1. --- Purification and Characterization of Hispidin from Hairy melon (Benincasa hispida var. chieh-qua) / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Introduction --- p.73 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Results --- p.76 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- Purification --- p.78 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.84 / Chapter 3.1.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.85 / Chapter 3.1.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis-inhibiting activity --- p.86 / Chapter 3.1.2.5. --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.87 / Chapter 3.1.2.6. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.2.7. --- Assay for dihydrodiol dehydrogenase activity --- p.88 / Chapter 3.1.2.8. --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.89 / Chapter 3.1.2.9. --- "Assessment of purity, yield and activity" --- p.91 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Discussion --- p.92 / Chapter 3.2. --- Purification and Characterization of Momorchin from Dried Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia) Seeds / Chapter 3.2.1. --- Introduction --- p.95 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Results --- p.99 / Chapter 3.2.2.1. --- Purification --- p.100 / Chapter 3.2.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.103 / Chapter 3.2.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.104 / Chapter 3.2.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.105 / Chapter 3.2.2.6. --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.106 / Chapter 3.2.2.7. --- "Assessment of purity, yield and activity" --- p.107 / Chapter 3.2.3. --- Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Purification and Characterization of Luffacylin from Sponge Gourd (Luffa cylindrica) / Chapter 3.3.1. --- Introduction --- p.110 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Results --- p.113 / Chapter 3.3.2.1. --- Purification --- p.115 / Chapter 3.3.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.119 / Chapter 3.3.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequencing --- p.120 / Chapter 3.3.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.121 / Chapter 3.3.2.6. --- Assay for N-glycosidase activity --- p.122 / Chapter 3.3.2.7. --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.123 / Chapter 3.3.2.8. --- "Assessment of purity, activity and yield" --- p.124 / Chapter 3.3.3. --- Discussion --- p.125 / Chapter 3.4. --- Purification and Characterization of α and β Benincasin from fresh Winter Melon {Benincasa hispida var. dong-gua) Seeds / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Introduction --- p.127 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Results --- p.129 / Chapter 3.4.2.1. --- Purification --- p.130 / Chapter 3.4.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.135 / Chapter 3.4.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.136 / Chapter 3.4.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.137 / Chapter 3.4.2.6. --- Assay for antifungal activity --- p.138 / Chapter 3.4.2.7. --- "Assessment of purity, activity and yield" --- p.140 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Discussion --- p.141 / Chapter 3.5. --- Purification and characterization of Moschins from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Seeds / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Introduction --- p.143 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Results --- p.145 / Chapter 3.5.2.1. --- Purification --- p.146 / Chapter 3.5.2.2. --- Molecular weight determination --- p.149 / Chapter 3.5.2.3. --- N-terminal amino acid sequence --- p.150 / Chapter 3.5.2.4. --- Assay for cell-free protein synthesis- inhibiting activity --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.2.5. --- Assay for ribonuclease activity --- p.151 / Chapter 3.5.2.6. --- "Assessment of purity, activity and yield" --- p.152 / Chapter 3.5.3. --- Discussion --- p.153 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- General Discussion and Conclusion --- p.154 / References --- p.158

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2004. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Les jasmonates jouent des rôles essentiels en réponse aux stress environnementaux et dans le développement des plantes. Jasmonoyl-isoleucine (JA-Ile), la forme hormonale active, est sous un contrôle métabolique strict. Nos études biochimiques, génétiques et métaboliques ont montré que l’inactivation de JA-Ile est contrôlée par 2 voies, l’une oxydative par les cytochromes P450 CYP94 et l’autre hydrolytique par les amido-hydrolases IAR3 et ILL6. Ces enzymes définissent une grille métabolique vers de nombreux jasmonates. Ces conversions constituent un mécanisme général contrôlant le turnover de JA-Ile et les réponses induites, opèrant après blessure, infection par le champignon Botrytis cinerea ou le développement floral. En outre, les CYP94s oxydent le conjugué Jasmonoyl-Phenylalanine (JA-Phe) accumulé dans les feuilles blessées. Les CYP94s catalysent la carboxylation de JA-Ile et de JA-Phe via un intermédiaire aldéhyde, le JA-Ile-aldéhyde étant accumulé in vivo. Ces travaux élucident un nouveau catabolisme hormonal de plantes et son impact sur un réseau métabolique dynamique et complexe par l’action concertée de deux familles d’enzymes. / Jasmonates are plant molecules playing essential roles in response to environmental stresses and in plant development. Jasmonoyl-Isoleucine (JA-Ile) is an active hormonal form of jasmonates so it is crucial for the plant to control its levels. Biochemical, genetic and metabolic studies showed that JA-Ile inactivation after wounding is controlled by two pathways, based on oxidations by cytochromes P450 of the CYP94 family and on cleavage by the amido-hydrolases IAR3 and ILL6. These enzymes also define a pathway for tuberonic acid (12OH-JA) production from JA. CYP94-catalyzed oxidations seem to be a general mechanism to control JA-Ile hormone turnover, jasmonate signaling and responses as it also occurs upon infection by the fungus Botrytis cinerea and in floral development. CYP94s oxidize also the Jasmonoyl-Phenylalanine (JA-Phe) conjugate accumulated in wounded leaves. CYP94s mediated JA-Ile and JA-Phe carboxylation includes an aldehyde intermediate, that of JA-Ile being accumulated in vivo.This work highlights the dynamic metabolism of jasmonate derivatives in a complex branched network involving the concerted action of two enzyme families.