No description available.

As metabolic substrates, ketone bodies provide an alternative to glucose in order to pro- long survival during starvation. A low carbohydrate, high fat diet can be used to promote ketogenesis without fasting, but long-term compliance can be difficult. Dietary ketone bod- ies may be an alternative method to induce ketosis, so the aim of the work in this Thesis was to investigate the metabolism of exogenous ketones. In the first experimental Chap- ter, the effects of ketone ester and salt drinks on blood β-hydroxybutyrate (βHB), glucose, lipids, electrolytes and pH were determined in healthy humans at rest. Blood D-βHB levels were higher following ketone ester drinks, but it was found that total βHB levels with ke- tone salts were similar, as over 50% of βHB delivered in the salt was the L-isoform, which was only slowly removed from the blood. Circulating glucose and lipid concentrations fell following both ketone drinks. Blood pH fell following ketone ester consumption, but rose following ketone salt drinks, whilst both compounds raised blood sodium and chloride, and lowered potassium. Work in the second Chapter investigated the repeatability of ketone es- ter metabolism with food, successive drinks or continuous nasogastric (NG) infusion. Peak D-βHB levels were repeatable between- and within- subjects at rest but were lower after a meal, although blood acetoacetate, breath acetone and urine βHB were unaffected by feed- ing. βHB kinetic parameters were not altered by existing hyperketonemia from successive ketone ester drinks and total βHB uptake was identical when isovolumetric amounts of ketone ester were continuously infused through a NG tube. The third Chapter explored side-effects of ketone drinks: ketone ester drinks decreased appetite compared to isocaloric dextrose; which may have been linked to effects of βHB on enteroendocrine cells. Fur- thermore, both ester and salt drinks were found to be unpalatable, and to cause a few, mild gastro-intestinal effects that increased with intake. As exogenous ketones could be a per- formance enhancing supplement in sport, the fourth Chapter used a survey to investigate supplement use by endurance athletes. The results demonstrated widespread supplement use, which was highest at the elite level. In the final Chapter, the effect of glycogen lev- els on the oxidation of βHB was determined in isolated perfused rat hearts. Low cardiac glycogen levels decreased βHB oxidation and levels of the intermediates of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, whilst increasing muscle amino acid levels, suggesting that low glycogen may have impaired anaplerosis. In conclusion, this work extends current understanding of the novel physiological ketosis that occurs following exogenous ketone consumption.

This study was designed to determine the effect of inorganic phosphate in the growth media of A. vinelandii on the synthesis and accumulation of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) and cellular morphology. Burk's media with no added phosphate and ten times normal phosphate resulted in altered cells, lower levels of protein, and decreased cell populations. PHB accumulation was much higher in the cultures with no added phosphate; however, the polymer granules differed in appearance from those of normal cells and had a decreased rate of utilization. The amount of PHB deposited in cells grown in media containing ten times the normal phosphate level was lower than that found in regular media.

This diploma thesis studied the ability of Cupriavidus malaysiensis, Delftia acidovorans and Azohydromonas lata to produce poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-4-hydroxybutyrate), [P(3HB-co-4HB)], by using -butyrolactone and 1,4-butanediol as carbon substrates. The objective of this work was the production and characterisation of isolated polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA). The theoretical part deals with the basic description and classification of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Next, the biosyntheses of the most investigated PHAs were described. The practical section of the work discusses and presents the output of the cultivation of five bacterial strains selected for the production of [P(3HB-co-4HB)], namely, Cupriavidus malaysiensis (DSM 19379), Delftia acidovorans (DSM 39), Delftia acidovorans (CCM 2410), Delftia acidovorans (CCM 283) and Azohydromonas lata (CCM 4448). The effect of the modified cultivation conditions for each of the used bacteria on the PHA production yields was discussed. The produced biomass after the cultivation was characterised spectrophotometrically, gravimetrically and by gas chromatography. Polymers were isolated from the biomass by the extraction in chloroform. The isolated polymers were characterised from the viewpoint of chemical composition, molecular weight and thermal properties by using Attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy, Size exclusion chromatography, Differential scanning calorimetry and Thermogravimetric analysis.

Visando o crescente interesse em pesquisa de novos materiais que utilizam polímeros biodegradáveis, este presente trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese de novos copolímeros através da reação de transesterificação no estado fundido entre poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB), um polímero biodegradável, com poli(etileno glicol) (PEG). Sabe-se que um dos grandes problemas no uso do PHB é a sua elevada cristalinidade e instabilidade térmica, pois possui temperatura de fusão entre 170 e 180°C e apresenta degradação térmica a 190°C. A reação de transesterificação é uma alternativa para fazer a modificação química deste polímero, o que também viabiliza a formação de copolímeros anfifílicos triblocos. O objetivo final foi utilizar este novo material para o preparo de nanopartículas poliméricas a partir do método de difusão do solvente. Tais partículas são utilizadas para microencapsulamento de fármacos. Os copolímeros foram sintetizados e caracterizados por ensaio de solubilidade, espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN), calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC), espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), análise por difração de Raios-X (WAXS), microscopia ótica de luz polarizada (MOLP) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A indicação de formação de copolímero anfifílico pode ser observada nos ensaios de solubilidade, pois o copolímero mostrou-se parcialmente solúvel em uma série de solventes em que o PHB original é insolúvel. A modificação química pode ser observada com as técnicas de RMN e FTIR, cujos espectros apresentaram absorções referentes ao grupo carbonila da ligação éster. As técnicas de DSC, WAXS e MOLP mostraram uma ligeira redução na cristalinidade do material, além da temperatura de fusão reduzir-se de 171ºC para 154°C. Com o GPC observou-se uma redução da massa molar, o que facilita a formação das nanopartículas poliméricas. As nanopartículas apresentaram tamanhos com diâmetros ao redor de 250nm, quando observadas por MEV. / Aimed at the growing interest in research on new materials using biodegradable polymers, the present work was aimed at the synthesis of new copolymers through transesterification reaction in the molten state of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a biodegradable polymer, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). It is well known that a major problem in the use of PHB is its high crystallinity and thermal instability, as it has melting temperature between 170 and 180° C and shows thermal degradation at 190°C. The transesterification reaction is an alternative to the chemical modification of this polymer, which also enables the formation of amphiphilic triblock copolymers. The mainly goal of this studies was to use this new material for the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles from the solvent diffusion method. Such particles are used for microencapsulation of drugs. The copolymers were synthesized and characterized by solubility test, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Hydrogen (NMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis by X-ray diffraction (WAXS), polarized light optical microscopy (MOLP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The signs of the formation of amphiphilic copolymer can be observed in the trials of solubility, since the copolymer was found to be partially soluble in a variety of solvents in the original PHB is insoluble. The chemical modification can be observed with the techniques of NMR and FTIR spectra which showed absorptions for the carbonyl group of the ester linkage. The techniques of DSC, WAXS and MOLP showed a decrease in crystallinity of the material in 15%, and reduce the melting temperature is 171ºC to 154°C. With the GPC showed a reduction in molar mass, which facilitates the formation of polymeric nanoparticles. The nanoparticles showed sizes with diameters around 250nm observed by SEM.

No description available.

A PHA producing bacterium (strain QN271) was selected from mangrove soil samples collected from Quang Ninh province by using the Nile red dying technique. PHA accumulation in the selected bacterium strain was confirmed by transmission electron microscope. With the exception of maltose or sucrose, the bacterium strain was found to be able to synthesize PHA from various carbon sources (glucose, xylose, fructose, glycerol, and glucose plus propionate). The strain accumulated poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) from glucose, fructose, xylose, and glycerol whereas poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalarate) was produced when a combination of glucose and propionate was included in the culture medium. Fructose was found to be most suitable substrate for PHA synthesis by strain QN271. PHA content of 63.3% and CDW of 6 g/L were obtained after 32 hrs of cultivation in fructose medium. / Chủng vi khuẩn có khả năng sinh tổng hợp PHA đã được phân lập từ đất rừng ngập mặn tỉnh Quảng Ninh nhờ kỹ thuật nhuộm với Nile red. Ảnh quan sát dưới kính hiển vi điện tử dẫn truyền chứng tỏ rằng chủng vi khuẩn này có khả năng tích lũy lượng lớn PHA trong tế bào. Chủng vi khuẩn tuyển chọn có khả năng sinh tổng hợp PHA từ nhiều nguồn các bon khác nhau như glucose, xylose, fructose, glucerol, glucose và propionate nhưng không có khả năng tổng hợp PHA từ maltose hoặc saccharose. Chủng vi khuẩn tuyển chọn tổng hợp poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) từ các nguồn các-bon như glucose, xylose, fructose, hay glycerol, trong khi đó poly (3-hydroxybutyrateco- 3-hydroxyvalarate) sẽ được tổng hợp khi phối hợp sử dụng hai nguồn các-bon (glucose và propionate). Fructose là nguồn các-bon tốt nhất cho chủng QN271 sinh tổng hợp PHA, khi nuôi cấy trong môi trường có fructose chủng vi khuẩn này có thể tạo ra lượng sinh khối là 6 g/L trong đó có chứa 63.3% PHA sau 32 giờ.

Production of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) was done in a cyclone bioreactor using various culture methods; including batch (lab and pilot scale) fed-batch and self-cycling fermentation with and without starvation periods. Alcaligenes eutrophus DSM 545 was used to accumulate about 87% (wt/wt) PHB to a total of 6.2 g L$ sp{-1}$ PHB at the end of a 48 hour batch. Similar pilot scale experiments contained a maximum of 96% (wt/wt) PHB with 4.9 g L$ sp{-1}$ accumulated. Fed-batch culture of A. eutrophus produced 96% (wt/wt) PHB with a final PHB concentration of 22.2 g L$ sp{-1}$ after 54 h. Self-cycling fermentation (SCF) production of PHB resulted in an average of 35% (wt/wt) PHB without starvation periods with production rates reaching 0.24 g L$ rm sp{-1} hr sp{-1}.$ With starvation periods of 4, 6 and 8 h extended on the cycle times, production of PHB decreased except in the 8 hour starvation period which was 59% (wt/wt). However, the rates of production all decreased to below 0.13 g $ rm L sp{-1} h sp{-1}$ as the lengths of the starvation periods were increased.

Orientador: Maria Isabel Felisberti / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-15T06:00:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Taba_EduardodosSantos_D.pdf: 4256071 bytes, checksum: ec0a3acba638d80495c8dfba90548e34 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Blendas do polímero biodegradável poli(hidroxibutirato) foram preparadas com os seguintes copolímeros aleatórios: poli(estireno-co-acrilonitrila)-SAN; poli(estireno-co-metacrilato de 2-hidróxietila)-S-Hema; poli(metacrilato de metila-co-vinil fenol-P(MMA-co-VPh). Os copolímeros SAN foram sintetizados via copolimerização em massa, enquanto os copolímeros S-Hema foram sintetizados pela copolimerização em solução utilizando DMF como solvente. Os copolímeros foram caracterizados por ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN) de H e C, cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e análise dinâmico-mecânica (DMA). As blendas foram preparadas dissolvendo-se os polímeros em um bom solvente e adicionando-se à solução resultante um mau solvente para a coagulação dessas blendas. As análises das blendas por DSC, DMA e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) mostraram que todas elas são imiscíveis. A cinética de cristalização do PHB em blendas P(MMA-co-VPh)/PHB e SAN/PHB foi estudada por DSC. Esses estudos mostraram que a presença do copolímero P(MMA-co-VPh) causa a diminuição da taxa de cristalização do PHB e aumenta a energia de ativação do processo de cristalização do PHB. Para as blendas PHB/SAN, o efeito do copolímero em diminuir a taxa de cristalização do PHB é menor que nas blendas PHB/P(MMAco- VPh). Além disso, o teor de acrilonitrila no copolímero pouco afeta a taxa de cristalização do PHB. Os expoentes de Avrami ¿n¿ determinados para a cristalização do PHB nas blendas P(MMA-co-VPh)/PHB e SAN/PHB são aproximadamente iguais ao expoente ¿n¿ para o PHB puro indicando que o mecanismo de cristalização do PHB não se altera nas blendas. Sendo assim, este trabalho possibilitou o entendimento de aspectos importantes referentes ao comportamento de fases e à cinética de cristalização de blendas contendo PHB associado a copolímeros aleatórios.Os estudos cinéticos podem colaborar para a compreensão do comportamento de cristalização de copolímeros/PHB em equipamentos de processamento. Além disso, esse estudo pode ajudar na escolha do copolímero e de sua composição para um melhor controle da cristalização do PHB nessas blendas / Abstract: Blends of biodegradable poly(hydroxybutyrate) were prepared with the following random copolymers: poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile)-SAN; poly(styrene-co-2-hydroxyethylmethacrilate)-S-Hema; poly(methylmethacrylateco- vinylphenol)-P(MMA-co-VPh).SAN copolymers were synthesized by bulk copolymerization; while S-Hema copolymers were synthesized by solution copolymerization using DMF as solvent. The resulting copolymers were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (RMN) of H and C, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic-mechanical analysis (DMA). Blends were prepared using coprecipitation method where a binary homogeneous soilution was added to a large volume of non solvent. DSC, DMA and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed that all the blends are immiscible in the entire composition range. Despite the immiscible blends, DSC analysis show that the copolymers interferes in the PHB crystallization, being capable of suppress this process in some blends. Crystallization kinetics of the PHB in PHB/P(MMA-co-VPh) and PHB/SAN blends was studied by DSC and the results revealed that the presence of P(MMA-co-VPh) copolymer decreases the PHB crystallization rate and increases the activation energy for the overall crystallization process. In respect to PHB/SAN blends, the influence of the copolymer in decrease the PHB crystallization rate is lower than the observed in PHB/P(MMA-co-VPh) blends. Moreover, the acrylonitrile concentration in the copolymer causes little effect in the PHB crystallization rate. The Avrami exponent ¿n¿ determined for the crystallization process in PHB/P(MMA-co-VPh) and SAN/PHB blends are approximately equal to the ¿n¿ exponent for pure PHB indicating that the crystallization mechanisms for pure PHB do not change in the blends. This work made possible the understanding of important aspects of the phase behavior and crystallization kinetics of random copolymers/PHB blends. The crystallization kinetics studies can collaborate for the understanding of the behavior of crystallization of these blends in processing equipments. Moreover, this study can help in the choice of the copolymer and its composition for better control of the crystallization of PHB in these blends / Doutorado / Físico-Química / Doutor em Ciências

Visando o crescente interesse em pesquisa de novos materiais que utilizam polímeros biodegradáveis, este presente trabalho teve como objetivo a síntese de novos copolímeros através da reação de transesterificação no estado fundido entre poli(3-hidroxibutirato) (PHB), um polímero biodegradável, com poli(etileno glicol) (PEG). Sabe-se que um dos grandes problemas no uso do PHB é a sua elevada cristalinidade e instabilidade térmica, pois possui temperatura de fusão entre 170 e 180°C e apresenta degradação térmica a 190°C. A reação de transesterificação é uma alternativa para fazer a modificação química deste polímero, o que também viabiliza a formação de copolímeros anfifílicos triblocos. O objetivo final foi utilizar este novo material para o preparo de nanopartículas poliméricas a partir do método de difusão do solvente. Tais partículas são utilizadas para microencapsulamento de fármacos. Os copolímeros foram sintetizados e caracterizados por ensaio de solubilidade, espectrometria de ressonância magnética nuclear de hidrogênio (RMN), calorimetria diferencial exploratória (DSC), espectroscopia no infravermelho com transformada de Fourier (FTIR), cromatografia de permeação em gel (GPC), análise por difração de Raios-X (WAXS), microscopia ótica de luz polarizada (MOLP) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A indicação de formação de copolímero anfifílico pode ser observada nos ensaios de solubilidade, pois o copolímero mostrou-se parcialmente solúvel em uma série de solventes em que o PHB original é insolúvel. A modificação química pode ser observada com as técnicas de RMN e FTIR, cujos espectros apresentaram absorções referentes ao grupo carbonila da ligação éster. As técnicas de DSC, WAXS e MOLP mostraram uma ligeira redução na cristalinidade do material, além da temperatura de fusão reduzir-se de 171ºC para 154°C. Com o GPC observou-se uma redução da massa molar, o que facilita a formação das nanopartículas poliméricas. As nanopartículas apresentaram tamanhos com diâmetros ao redor de 250nm, quando observadas por MEV. / Aimed at the growing interest in research on new materials using biodegradable polymers, the present work was aimed at the synthesis of new copolymers through transesterification reaction in the molten state of poly (3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), a biodegradable polymer, poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG). It is well known that a major problem in the use of PHB is its high crystallinity and thermal instability, as it has melting temperature between 170 and 180° C and shows thermal degradation at 190°C. The transesterification reaction is an alternative to the chemical modification of this polymer, which also enables the formation of amphiphilic triblock copolymers. The mainly goal of this studies was to use this new material for the preparation of polymeric nanoparticles from the solvent diffusion method. Such particles are used for microencapsulation of drugs. The copolymers were synthesized and characterized by solubility test, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of Hydrogen (NMR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Infrared Spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FTIR), Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) analysis by X-ray diffraction (WAXS), polarized light optical microscopy (MOLP) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The signs of the formation of amphiphilic copolymer can be observed in the trials of solubility, since the copolymer was found to be partially soluble in a variety of solvents in the original PHB is insoluble. The chemical modification can be observed with the techniques of NMR and FTIR spectra which showed absorptions for the carbonyl group of the ester linkage. The techniques of DSC, WAXS and MOLP showed a decrease in crystallinity of the material in 15%, and reduce the melting temperature is 171ºC to 154°C. With the GPC showed a reduction in molar mass, which facilitates the formation of polymeric nanoparticles. The nanoparticles showed sizes with diameters around 250nm observed by SEM.