Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1931. / Typescript. With this are bound: The intravenous use of the barbituric acid hypnotics in surgery / Richard H. Fitch, Ralph M. Waters, and Arthur L. Tatum. Reprinted from American journal of surgery, new series, vol. IX, no. 1 (July 1930), p. 110-114 -- An experimental study of tolerance to barbiturates / by Richard H. Fitch. Reprinted from Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, vol. XXXIX, no. 3 (July 1930) -- Picrotoxin as an antidote in acute poisoning by the shorter acting barbiturates / by A.H. Maloney, R.H. Fitch and A.L. Tatum. Reprinted from Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, vol. XLI, no. 4 (Apr. 1931), p. 465-482. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Umeå Universitet, 1985. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Umeå Universitet, 1985. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Ampelopsis grossedentata is a wildly used herb in South China as sleep aid beverage for many years. Yet the active ingredients and mechanisms of this herb were unknown. In the present study, extract from Ampelopsis grossedentata which we named ECBRC-AG, and one of its active ingredient myricetin were proved having significant hypnotic/sedative effects in multiple animal models. ECBRC-AG shortened sleep latency, increase NREM sleep and decrease locomotor activity when treated before the onset of light period in rats. ECBRC-AG could decrease active awake and increase REM sleep in the late part of light period. ECBRC-AG also decreased the caffeine induced hyperactivity in rats. Among the three suspected active ingredients from ECBRC-AG, myricetin showed similar active profile with ECBRC-AG. Myricetin increased NREM and REM sleep, decreased sleep latency, decreased locomotor activity and also active awake. All the above evidences have implicated that myricetin is the most important active ingredient of ECBRC-AG ECBRC-AG and myricetin did not show any obvious side effects on rats. / Based on these findings, we propose that myricetin facilitates GABA function on PVN neurons through a T-type calcium channel and CaM-KII mechanism. The hypnotic/sedative effects of ECBRC-AG and myricetin are mediated by PVN. ECBRC-AG treatment decreased corticosterone levels in rats, which also indicated that PVN/HPA axis was the target of these herbal derivates. PVN has broad interactions with GABAergic, hypocretinergic, cytokine and NPY system and all these systems are proved to be deeply involved in sleep regulation. / In conclusion, the present study has identified that myricetin is the most important active ingredient of the herbal extract ECBRC-AG. We confirmed the hypnotic/sedative effects of ECBRC-AG and myricetin on rats, and also revealed the different action profiles of these herbal derivates compared with zolpidem. T-type calcium channels and the HPA axis were shown to be involved in the mechanisms of ECBRC-AG and myricetin, indicating that they may be the new targets for insomnia treatment with these herbal derivates. / Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and affects about one third of the general population. Insomnia is always combined with physical and mental illness, as either a consequence or a contributing factor. Insomnia produces sleepiness, impairment in psychomotor performance, absenteeism, frequent accidents, memory impairment and a high risk of depression. Pharmacologic therapies are the most important interventions for insomnia. However, the currently available hypnotics are associated with residual effects and risks of abuse and dependence. More efficient and safe hypnotics are needed. / The DNA array and RT-PCR studies revealed that GABA, hypocretin, cytokine and NPY systems were involved in the mechanisms of ECBRC-AG and myricetin. In calcium imaging study, we found that myricetin induced a transient Ca 2+ influx in the primary culture of rat hypothalamus neurons. This Ca2+ influx could be blocked by T-type channel blocker mibefradil. RT-PCR study also showed that ECBRC-AG and myricetin treatment changed the mRNA expression level of T-type calcium channel al G subunit in rat hypothalamus. The present results are consistent with our previous study showing that myricetin enhanced GABA function in the neurons of rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and that blocking CaM-KII pathway eliminated this effect. / Zhang, Xiaohu. / "March 2008." / Adviser: Chan Hsiao Chang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1516. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Michigan, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references.

Abstract The elderly use drugs more commonly than younger persons. Many studies about drug use have concentrated on institutionalized elders. Knowledge of drug use by the oldest old, aged 85 years or over, is scant. Psychotropics are among the drugs most commonly used by the elderly. Psychotropics have many adverse effects, such as balance impairment, sedation, reduced cognition, depression, and extrapyramidal symptoms. We do not know the extent of sedative drug use, including psychotropics and drugs prescribed for somatic disorders that have sedative properties. Withdrawal of unnecessary drugs appears to be beneficial and to improve the functional capacities of the elderly. The aim of this study was to describe the changes in prescription drug use, polypharmacy, and psychotropic use among home-dwelling elderly Finns in the 1990s by using two cross-sectional community surveys. The specific aim was to classify all drugs used in Finland into four groups based on their sedative properties. Drug use, polypharmacy, and, to some extent, psychotropic use increased within a decade. The oldest old used prescription drugs most commonly. Polypharmacy was independently associated with higher age, and in 1998-99, with at least 3 chronic diseases, poor self-perceived health, and the use of home nursing services. Most psychotropic users were on regular medication. The use of hypnotics and antidepressants increased most. Persons with polypharmacy used significantly more commonly psychotropics compared to other people. Over 84-year-olds used psychotropics more commonly than younger persons. Sedative use was common, as 40 % of drug users used them. Sedative use was significantly more common among persons with polypharmacy than others. According to logistic regression models, the use of many sedatives was independently associated with age 80 years or over, female gender, chronic morbidity, smoking, poor self-perceived health/life satisfaction, and the use of home nursing. Both polypharmacy and abundant sedative use were associated with impaired physical functional abilities. Prescribers need to be aware of the increasing polypharmacy and abundant sedative use. Regular assessment of indications is needed to avoid overuse of drugs. Geriatric knowledge is needed to support health centers and specialized units in this demanding task.

Background: Trauma is a major cause of death and disability. Adverse events, such as prolonged prehospital time, hypoxia, hypotension and/or hyperventilation have been reported to correlate to poor outcome. Adequate cortisol levels are essential for survival after major trauma. In hypotensive critically ill patients, lack of sufficient amount of cortisol can be suspected, and a concept of critical illness related corticosteroid insufficiency has been proposed. Corticosteroid therapy has many adverse effects in critically ill patients and should only be given if life-saving. Correct measurement of serum cortisol levels is important but difficult in critically ill patients with capillary leakage. Estimation of the free and biologically active cortisol is preferable. In serum less than 10% of cortisol is free and biologically active and not possible to measure with routine laboratory methods. Salivary cortisol can be used as a surrogate for free cortisol, but salivary production is reduced in critically ill patients. Liver resection could reduce cortisol levels due to substrate deficiency. Aims: 1. Evaluate the occurrence of early adverse events in patients with traumatic brain injury and relate them to outcome. 2. Assess cortisol levels over time after trauma and correlate to severity of trauma, sedative/analgesic drugs and cardiovascular function. 3. Evaluate if saliva stimulation could be performed without interfering with salivary cortisol levels. 4. Assess cortisol levels over time after liver resection in comparison to other major surgery. Results: There was no significant correlation between prehospital time ³60 minutes, hypoxia (saturation <95%), hypotension (systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg), or hyperventilation (ETCO2 <4.5 kPa) and a poor outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale 1-3) in patients with traumatic brain injury. Cortisol levels decreased significantly over time after trauma, but there was no correlation between low (<200 nmol/L) serum cortisol levels and severity of trauma. Infusion of sedative/analgesic drugs was the strongest predictor for a low (<200 nmol/L) serum cortisol. The odds ratio for low serum cortisol levels (<200 nmol/L) was 8.0 for patients receiving continuous infusion of sedative/analgesic drugs. There was no significant difference between unstimulated and stimulated salivary cortisol levels (p=0.06) in healthy volunteers. Liver resection was not associated with significantly lower cortisol levels compared to other major surgery. Conclusion: There was no significant correlation between early adverse events and outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury. Cortisol levels decreased significantly over time in trauma patients. Low cortisol levels (<200 nmol/L) were significantly correlated to continuous infusion of sedative/analgesic drugs. Saliva stimulation could be performed without interfering with salivary cortisol levels. Liver resection was not associated with low cortisol levels compared to other major surgery.

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