Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1931. / Typescript. With this are bound: The intravenous use of the barbituric acid hypnotics in surgery / Richard H. Fitch, Ralph M. Waters, and Arthur L. Tatum. Reprinted from American journal of surgery, new series, vol. IX, no. 1 (July 1930), p. 110-114 -- An experimental study of tolerance to barbiturates / by Richard H. Fitch. Reprinted from Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, vol. XXXIX, no. 3 (July 1930) -- Picrotoxin as an antidote in acute poisoning by the shorter acting barbiturates / by A.H. Maloney, R.H. Fitch and A.L. Tatum. Reprinted from Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, vol. XLI, no. 4 (Apr. 1931), p. 465-482. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (PH. D.)--University of Michigan, 1941. / Two articles, by F.F. Blicke and M.F. Zienty, reprinted from the Journal of the American chemical society, v. 63, 1941.

Abstract Non-benzodiazepine drugs such as zopiclone and zolpidem are alternatives to treatment of insomnia, but are recommended only for short-term treatment. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the prescribing patterns and usage of these drugs. Method: Data was collected from Clicks Rosebank Pharmacy. One hundred (100) patients presenting with prescriptions for either zolpidem or zopiclone were followed over a period of seven months and data was collected regarding: demographic characteristics of patients; drug and dose distribution; ICD10 codes; prescriber characteristics; period of use; and whether use was continuous or as needed (uninterrupted or interrupted). All data was collected from the Unisolv computer system. Over a period of one year, total prescriptions received for all drugs were compared to the total number of zopiclone/zolpidem prescriptions received to gauge whether there was any seasonal variation in hypnotic use. Results: In each age group, excluding 20 years and below, the number of females was greater than males. The mean age of all patients between the ages of 21 and 80 years was 53.1 years. Out of 100 patients, 85 (85%), used either zolpidem 10mg or zopiclone 7.5mg, which are the standard doses. The most common ICD 10 code observed was G47.0, Disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep [insomnias], occurring in 52 (52%) of 100 prescriptions. Of the 100 initial prescriptions, 68 (68%) were prescribed by General Practitioners, while 32 (32%) were prescribed by Specialists. Thirty of the 100 patients (30%) used one of the drugs for the full seven months; twenty two patients (22%) used one of the drugs for a period of one month or less; and the remaining 48 patients (48%) used a hypnotic for a total of two to six months. The number of patients who used a hypnotic in an interrupted manner, with each period of use of one month or less duration, was 34 (34%). The number of patients who used a hypnotic for at least one uninterrupted period of more than 1 month s duration was 66 (66%). Over a period of 12 months, prescriptions for either zolpidem or zopiclone represented 3.17% of total prescriptions. There was no significant seasonal fluctuation in hypnotic use. Conclusion: The majority of patients used one of the two hypnotics in an uninterrupted manner, and over a long term as well. Despite numerous cautions in the literature, these medications are still being prescribed and used in a manner contrary to existing guidelines.

Thesis (D. Psych.)--Victoria University (Melbourne, Vic.), 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of triazolam, a short-acting benzodiazepine, on nocturnal arousals, body movements, and quality of sleep in healthy, postmenopausal females. A double-blind control by constancy cross-over design was employed. Twelve subjects were randomly assigned to the sequence paradigm placebo, drug, placebo, drug or to the sequence paradigm drug, placebo, drug, placebo. Each subject slept for six nights in a sleep laboratory that was specifically designed to decrease the artificiality of the laboratory setting. EEG, EOG, and EMG measurements were recorded on a polysomnograph. Body movements were recorded on videotape and measured by radar and ultrasound instruments. Sleep quality was measured using both Likert and visual analogue scales. In examining arousal activity during sleep period time, the findings demonstrated a significant decrease in wakes after sleep onset (WASO), sleep stage one episodes, and sleep stage shifts when triazolam was compared to a placebo reference. There was no significant effect on K-complex activity associated with movement. In examining body movements during the sleep period time, the findings demonstrated a significant decrease in major body movements when triazolam was compared to a placebo reference. Minor body movements were increased, but not at significant levels. In examining the subject's perceived quality of sleep, their satisfaction with sleep was significantly increased on nights following triazolam administration when compared with nights following placebo administration.

Thesis (doctoral)--Umeå Universitet, 1985. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (doctoral)--Umeå Universitet, 1985. / Added t.p. with thesis statement inserted. Includes bibliographical references.

The work presented in this dissertation focuses on the association between sleep medication use, poor sleep, and falls in community-dwelling adults 65 years or older. Sleep complaints and the consumption of medications to aid sleep are common in older adults. Psychotropic medications, such as sedative hypnotics, are associated with risk of falls in older adults. However, very few studies have assessed the impact of poor sleep and sleep medication use on the risk of falls in community-dwelling older adults. In the first project, a cross-sectional analysis of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) 2010 data was conducted to determine the prevalence of sleep problems, sleep medication use and falls; and to evaluate the association between sleep problems, sleep medication use, and falls in community-dwelling older adults. A multiple logistic model adjusted for covariates was used. In the sample of community-dwelling older adults, 35.8% had reported a fall and 40.8% had reported sleep problems in the past two years. Sleep medication use was reported by 20.9% of the older adults. Older adults who had sleep problems and took sleep medications had a significantly higher risk of falls compared with older adults who did not have sleep problems and did not take sleep medications. The other two groups, older adults who had sleep problems and did not take sleep medications, and those who did not have sleep problems and took sleep medications also had a significantly greater risk for falls. The second project was a prospective cohort study of independently-living older adults from senior congregate housing. The effect of combined poor sleep quality and sleep medication use on risk of falls was assessed using logistic regression modeling. In this study of 113 community-dwelling older adults, 46.9% had at least one fall, and 62.8% had poor sleep quality. Sleep medication use was reported by 44.2% of the older adults. Older adults with poor sleep quality and sleep medication use had a significantly increased risk of falls compared with older adults with good sleep quality and no sleep medication use. Older adults with good sleep quality and sleep medication use, and those with poor sleep quality and no sleep medication use did not have a significantly greater risk for falls. In conclusion, poor sleep added to sleep medication use significantly increased the risk of falls in community-dwelling older adults. The research undertaken in this dissertation was the first to evaluate the associations between poor sleep, use of sleep medications, and falls in community-dwelling older adults.

Ampelopsis grossedentata is a wildly used herb in South China as sleep aid beverage for many years. Yet the active ingredients and mechanisms of this herb were unknown. In the present study, extract from Ampelopsis grossedentata which we named ECBRC-AG, and one of its active ingredient myricetin were proved having significant hypnotic/sedative effects in multiple animal models. ECBRC-AG shortened sleep latency, increase NREM sleep and decrease locomotor activity when treated before the onset of light period in rats. ECBRC-AG could decrease active awake and increase REM sleep in the late part of light period. ECBRC-AG also decreased the caffeine induced hyperactivity in rats. Among the three suspected active ingredients from ECBRC-AG, myricetin showed similar active profile with ECBRC-AG. Myricetin increased NREM and REM sleep, decreased sleep latency, decreased locomotor activity and also active awake. All the above evidences have implicated that myricetin is the most important active ingredient of ECBRC-AG ECBRC-AG and myricetin did not show any obvious side effects on rats. / Based on these findings, we propose that myricetin facilitates GABA function on PVN neurons through a T-type calcium channel and CaM-KII mechanism. The hypnotic/sedative effects of ECBRC-AG and myricetin are mediated by PVN. ECBRC-AG treatment decreased corticosterone levels in rats, which also indicated that PVN/HPA axis was the target of these herbal derivates. PVN has broad interactions with GABAergic, hypocretinergic, cytokine and NPY system and all these systems are proved to be deeply involved in sleep regulation. / In conclusion, the present study has identified that myricetin is the most important active ingredient of the herbal extract ECBRC-AG. We confirmed the hypnotic/sedative effects of ECBRC-AG and myricetin on rats, and also revealed the different action profiles of these herbal derivates compared with zolpidem. T-type calcium channels and the HPA axis were shown to be involved in the mechanisms of ECBRC-AG and myricetin, indicating that they may be the new targets for insomnia treatment with these herbal derivates. / Insomnia is the most common sleep disorder and affects about one third of the general population. Insomnia is always combined with physical and mental illness, as either a consequence or a contributing factor. Insomnia produces sleepiness, impairment in psychomotor performance, absenteeism, frequent accidents, memory impairment and a high risk of depression. Pharmacologic therapies are the most important interventions for insomnia. However, the currently available hypnotics are associated with residual effects and risks of abuse and dependence. More efficient and safe hypnotics are needed. / The DNA array and RT-PCR studies revealed that GABA, hypocretin, cytokine and NPY systems were involved in the mechanisms of ECBRC-AG and myricetin. In calcium imaging study, we found that myricetin induced a transient Ca 2+ influx in the primary culture of rat hypothalamus neurons. This Ca2+ influx could be blocked by T-type channel blocker mibefradil. RT-PCR study also showed that ECBRC-AG and myricetin treatment changed the mRNA expression level of T-type calcium channel al G subunit in rat hypothalamus. The present results are consistent with our previous study showing that myricetin enhanced GABA function in the neurons of rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and that blocking CaM-KII pathway eliminated this effect. / Zhang, Xiaohu. / "March 2008." / Adviser: Chan Hsiao Chang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-03, Section: B, page: 1516. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-174). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.