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Esta tesis doctoral presenta los resultados obtenidos del estudio epidemiológico observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal, con componente de seguimiento prospectivo y multicéntrico sobre la gastroenteritis aguda (GEA) debida a rotavirus realizado en 3 hospitales de la provincia de Valencia representativos de los tres niveles de atención hospitalaria (H. La Fe, H. Dr. Peset, H. Lluís Alcanyís).Además de estudiar la prevalencia de la GEA por rotavirus y la incidencia de GEA nosocomial por rotavirus junto a sus características demográficas, clínicas, genotípicas y económicas también se realizó la determinación de otros virus productores de GEA como adenovirus, astrovirus y calicivirus.La población de estudio incluyó aquellos niños con edades comprendidas entre 1-23 meses ingresados en las unidades de lactantes de los centros participantes durante el periodo de estudio (Octubre-06 a Marzo-07). Se realizó el seguimiento de la población desde el ingreso hasta las 72 horas posteriores al alta y se recogieron los datos pertinentes de todos los pacientes con síntomas de gastroenteritis aguda (GEA= al menos 1 deposición líquidas o 2 semilíquidas en un periodo de 24h), así como una muestra de heces para la determinación en laboratorio centralizado (sección de virus productores de gastroenteritis del Centro Nacional de Microbiología del Instituto de Salud Carlos III) de los diferentes genotipos G y P de rotavirus mediante RT-PCR y de otros virus productores de GEA.Con los resultados incluidos en esta tesis se dispone de más datos para dar respuesta a cuántos casos de rotavirus y otros virus productores de GEA se dan en nuestro entorno, qué genotipos circulan, cuándo se producen, con qué gravedad, cuántos originamos por la hospitalización y cuánto coste económico supone entre otras preguntas importantes y necesarias a la hora de valorar un problema para poder con posterioridad resolverlo. / This doctoral thesis presents the results obtained in an epidemiological descriptive observational and multicenter study in 3 hospitals (H. La Fe, H. Dr. Peset, H. Lluís Alcanyís), with prospective follow-up on acute gastroenteritis (AGE) due to rotavirus. The centres are representative of the three levels of hospital care in the province of Valencia ( Spain).This study estimates the prevalence of rotavirus AGE and the incidence of rotavirus nosocomial AGE, the demographic and clinical characteristics, the circulating genotipes and the economic impact of the disease. At the same time, other viruses which produce AGE, such as Adenovirus, Astrovirus and Calicivirus, are identified.The study population included those children aged between 1-23 months hospitalized in the breast-fed babies units in the participant centres during the study period (October-06 to March-07). The follow-up of the population was performed from the first day of hospitalization until 72 hours after discharge, and the pertinent information was gathered for all the patients with symptoms of acute gastroenteritis (AGE = at least 1 deposition liquid or 2 in a 24h period), as well as a feces sample for the determination of the different genotypes G and P of rotavirus by RT-PCR and other viruses in a centralized laboratory (National Center of Microbiology of the Institute of Health Carlos III).With the results included in this thesis, there is more information to assess how many cases of rotavirus and other viruses producers of AGE are in our environment, what genotypes circulate, when they emerge, with what severity, how many originated in the hospital and how much economic impact is felt. These and other important and necessary questions are addressed in order to contribute to the assessment and resolution of this problem.

Municipal Real Estate Companies runs by a political boarder who makes decisions in large investments. In some cases the municipal counter have to take the decisions about big and expensive investments. A successful investment needs to be built on solid ground. Media has lately focused on energy topics as a part of the environmental discussion and the real estate companies tries to use the new technology that the market has provided. Energy investments in new buildings are not longer a small part of the energy saving program. Long-term investment demands needs large knowledge and awareness about the energy topics that have recently grown in the municipal real estate companies. These topics need to be put on the agenda as soon as possible in building projects. Investments in real estate’s are complex because the payback time is hard to foresee. The calculation in future costs are hard to predict and parts like inflation influences the investments in real estates. The awareness in the calculations in a municipal real estate company is important because the insecurity affects the outcome negatively. The calculated coasts are likely to be more exact further in a project because the expenses are more specified and there by more real. The authors meaning with this essay is to investigate how municipal real estate companies handles the process of taking decisions and when energy topics are brought up on the agenda. Focus has been on the financial part of calculating coasts and income that aren’t real and there by hard to anticipate. Information has been collected by personal interviews and in some case complemented by email. The author’s general opinion in the essay is that the municipal real estate companies’ approach in the process of taking decisions is likely to be at the same manner. On the other hand the way of creating calculations divide the companies’ way of structure the basis to make good decisions by.

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Desde una perspectiva interaccional y semiodiscursiva, abordamos la interrupción del habla en tertulias televisivas españolas y francesas de tipo informativo, divulgativo y lúdico. A partir de las nociones de sobreposición y de abrupción, proponemos una nueva definición de la interrupción estableciendo sus variantes. En primer lugar, analizamos la micro-estructura lingüística de la intervención interrumpida, así como el comportamiento autosincrónico de tipo kinésico y paralingüístico-respiratorio del locutor interrumpido y la intersincronía gestual entre los locutores implicados. En segundo lugar, estudiamos el comportamiento discursivo-interruptivo de los locutores: la función de la intervención interruptora, su grado de (des)cortesía, así como las configuraciones interruptivas. Por último, realizamos un análisis comparativo-cuantitativo en función de las dos lenguas-culturas y de los tres subtipos de tertulia. Con un objetivo comunicacional, observamos que los intercambios franceses son más conflictivos, mientras que los intercambios españoles, más cooperativos: una arena versus un anfiteatro. / From an interactional and semiodiscursive perspective, we approach speech interruption in Spanish and French debate-style television programs of three kinds: informative, divulgative and playful. From the notions of superposition and abruption, we suggest a new definition of interruption, establishing its variations. First of all, we analyse the linguistic microstructure of the interrupted intervention and the autosynchrony of the kinesic and paralinguistic-respiratory behaviour of the interrupted speaker, as well as the intersynchrony between the speakers involved. Secondly, we study the discursiveinterruptive behaviour of speakers: the function of the interrupter intervention, its degree of (un)politeness, as well as the interruptive configurations. Finally, we make a comparative and quantitative analysis, based on the two language-cultures and on the three subtypes of debate-style interactions. With a communicational aim, we found that French exchanges are more conflictive, whereas Spanish exchanges are more cooperative: an arena versus an amphitheatre.

A current model for the early identification of students with academic struggles that is recognized by the Saskatchewan Ministry of Education is that of Response to Intervention (RTI). While the Ministry espouses the use of RTI, it does not mandate its application, nor identify which principles of the model are considered most effective. I conducted a qualitative, instrumental case study involving one rural school identified by the school division as effectively applying the principles of RTI. Using a semi-structured interviewing technique, and working with three participants, I identified which of the RTI principles the school believes to be effective, how the school implemented these principles, and the factors and conditions that contributed to their implementation. Along with interviews, documents collected from the school and school division that pertain to the application of RTI principles were analyzed. Finally, a narrative description of the research was completed. In total, ten themes were identified and further differentiated into four categories. The categories and corresponding themes are: 1) Attributes of the model that are considered critical: tiered intervention, assessment practices and division based supports. 2) Implementation strategies used: professional development, access to resources, and support provided when needed. 3) District and school factors that contribute to effectiveness of model: student and staff engagement and staff teaching philosophy. 4) Extraneous factors that contribute to the effective implementation: staffing and time. The implications of these findings are that effective implementation and maintenance of RTI principles requires careful planning, communication and a team approach. The principles of the model must be a priority for all staff involved in whatever capacity they contribute.

The present piece of research is concerned with 12 Northern stories written by the American writer Jack London. Its goal is to apply discourse analysis as a framework to the study of narrative texts in order to find out the discursive strategies that are specific for these stories. These twelve short stories about the Klondike and the gold rush were considered to be representative in relation to the nature of this research. In the analysis of the twelve stories chosen for the corpus, the theoretical framework used is based on different linguistic trends and theories currently developing in France, Great Britain, Russia, Spain and the United States. They concern discourse linguistics, narratology and poetics. The present research has four main steps: (1) describing the peculiar characteristics of the plots; (2) showing how London creates his very special narrative world; (3) revealing the polyphonic character of these stories by distinguishing different voices through the one of the narrator and the voices of the characters; this aspect of the analysis allows us to see how these voices sound, in order to configure a world of representations; (4) studying how the writer creates certain particular effects by the use of rhetorical sets. The analysis of the linguistic features of the stories provides essential information concerning the discursive strategies and the general configuration of the twelve stories in the corpus. The conclusions demonstrate the main features of the analysed narrative texts, such as their heterogeneity in their different narrative levels; its polyphony at the enunciative level; its expressive laconism at the stylistic level; and, especially, at the level of interpretation, the proposal of an ethics of action. / En este trabajo de investigación exploramos doce cuentos del escritor americano Jack London. Nuestro objetivo es la aplicación del marco teórico del análisis del discurso a estos textos narrativos para poner de manifiesto sus estrategias discursivas. Hemos escogido estos doce cuentos sobre Klondike y la “quimera del oro” por ser especialmente adecuados al tipo de investigación que nos hemos propuesto realizar. Para analizar este corpus hemos recurrido a fundamentos teóricos procedentes de diversas corrientes lingüísticas desarrolladas en España, Estados Unidos, Francia, Gran Bretaña y Rusia. Pertenecen a los ámbitos de la lingüística del discurso, la narratología y la poética. En el análisis hemos desarrollado las siguientes etapas principales: 1) la descripción de las características peculiares de la organización textual de los cuentos; 2) la puesta de manifiesto de la creación de un mundo especial; 3) el desvelamiento del carácter polifónico de estos cuentos mediante la distinción de las diversas voces que se expresan a través del narrador y de los personajes; este aspecto del análisis muestra cómo dichas voces configuran un mundo de representaciones; 4) el estudio de los medios retóricos que permiten al escritor crear efectos particulares en la construcción de ese mundo. El análisis de los rasgos lingüísticos de esos doce cuentos del corpus proporciona decisiva información sobre sus estrategias discursivas y su configuración general. En las conclusiones mostramos los principales rasgos de los textos narrativos analizados, a saber su heterogeneidad en los diferentes planos narrativos; su polifonía en el plano enunciativo; su expresivo laconismo en el plano estilístico; y, muy especialmente, en el plano de la interpretación, su propuesta de una ética de la acción.

El hombre convierte el medio natural en un medio rural, modificándolo mediante desmontes, abancalamientos, etc. que, con el transcurso del tiempo, configuran un sistema estable sostenido por las labores de mantenimiento de la comunidad rural. El abandono de la agricultura significa el quebranto de esta estabilidad que fue introducida de forma artificial de manera que estos espacios se ven sometidos a nuevos procesos de transformación que pueden sintetizarse en: la recolonización espontánea de la vegetación o el desencadenamiento de procesos erosivos.Este estudio tiene como objetivo establecer los criterios que condicionan el abandono de las tierras de cultivo en las Montañas de Prades (Tarragona) así como determinar los patrones seguidos en su transformación posterior. Para ello se realizó trabajo de campo, se generó un SIG y se utilizaron técnicas estadísticas de muestreo y clasificación. Esto ha permitido comparar cronológicamente las áreas de cultivo (1956-1986), delimitar y cuantificar las áreas abandonas y, mediante el análisis de diferentes factores (litología, altitud, pendiente.), establecer las característica de las mismas.

En esta tesis doctoral exploramos el fenómeno de la apropiación de la escritura académica como proceso de inclusión en una nueva comunidad discursiva y cultural. A partir de las teorías de carácter sociocognitivo como la alfabetización académica (movimientos escribir a través del currículo y escribir en las disciplinas) y las literacidades académicas, nos proponemos como objetivo general describir y analizar el grado de conciencia, las concepciones, las actitudes y los valores sobre el proceso de escritura académica y la revisión entre iguales, en una secuencia de aprendizaje sobre composición escrita en un programa de formación docente. En concreto, nos planteamos comprender etnográficamente cómo los encuentros y desencuentros con la escritura académica y la revisión entre iguales de tres estudiantes universitarios tienen su origen en su historia de vida letrada y en sus experiencias previas de aprendizaje escolar y extraescolar previas. En este proceso la historia de vida también nos ayuda a reconstruir la identidad docente de los sujetos como escritores de textos académicos. / This doctoral dissertation explores the appropriation of academic writing as a process of integration of a new cultural and discourse community. For that purpose, we rely on the socio-cognitive approach to writing, as the foundation for the movements in Writing Across the Curriculum/Writing Into Disciplines (WAC/WID), and on academic literacies studies. Thus, our general objective is to describe and analyze the degree of awareness, the preconceptions, attitudes and values about the academic writing process, as well as about peer review, during a learning sequence on composition writing at a teacher education program. During this process, the students’ life story also helped us to reconstruct the creation of the future teachers’ identity as readers and writers of academic texts

This master thesis investigates the phenomenon of career counseling in groups. The aim of the study is to increase knowledge of the other group members' influence on the individual's career choice. The empirical research base was collected using Q - method. Twenty-one high school students sorted 45 statements based on whether they agreed, disagreed or neutrally endorsed the content. The statements were related to two main areas: relationships in the group, and the influence of the others in the group. Through a factor analysis of the data two factors were identified. These are presented as Factor 1: "We are independent and confident students who don`t need career-related advice. It's still fine with recognition from the others, and confirmation that what we have chosen is right ", and Factor 2:" We use the relationships in the group to learn more about ourselves. Support from others reinforces our belief in ourselves, and helps us find out what we are good at." The two factors are discussed on the basis of relevant theory. The study shows that all students from both factors would like to use their full potential as human beings, and therefore it was appropriate to discuss the students' desire for self-realization. Students in both factors also value social support from other group members. The two factors use of the relationships in the group stands apart. This is a subject of exploration, as well as the two factors divergent views on career choice as a process. / Denne studien har undersøkt fenomenet karriereveiledning i grupper, med formål om økt kunnskap om de andre gruppemedlemmenes påvirkning på den enkeltes karrierevalg. Det empiriske forskningsgrunnlaget er samlet inn ved bruk av Q – metode. 21 elever i den videregående skolen har sortert 45 utsagn ut ifra om de er enige, uenige eller stiller seg nøytrale til innholdet. Utsagnene omhandler to hovedområder: Relasjoner i gruppen, ogpåvirkning fra de andre i gruppen. Gjennom en faktoranalyse av datamaterialet kom to faktorer til syne. Disse er presentert som Faktor 1: ”Vi er selvstendige og selvsikre elever som ikke trenger karriererelaterte råd. Det er likevel fint med anerkjennelse, og bekreftelse på at det vi har valgt er riktig”, og Faktor 2: ”Vi benytter oss av relasjonene i gruppen for å lære mer om oss selv. Støtte fra andre styrker troen på oss selv, og hjelper oss til å finne ut hva vi er flinke til”. De to faktorene har blitt drøftet ut ifra relevant teori. Det viser seg at begge faktorer ønsker å benytte sitt fulle potensial som mennesker, og diskusjon knyttet til elevenes ønske om selvrealisering har dermed vært aktuelt. Videre viser resultatene at begge faktorer verdsetter sosial støtte fra gruppemedlemmene. Faktorenes bruk av relasjonene i gruppa skiller seg fra hverandre. Detteer gjenstand for utforskning, i likhet med faktorenes ulike syn på karrierevalg som prosess.