本研究的主要目的，在探討桃園縣國民小學教師知識管理、教學資訊素養與教學效能之關係。研究採問卷調查法進行，以98學年度桃園縣國民小學教師為研究對象，各校依班級數多寡，選取6至20位教師進行問卷調查，總計發出問卷601份，回收問卷556份，可用問卷547份，問卷回收率92.5%。所得資料輸入電腦，以SPSS for Windows 17.0版統計套裝軟體進行分析。採用平均數、標準差、獨立樣本t檢定、單因子變異數分析、Pearson積差相關分析、多元逐步迴歸分析等統計法加以處理，獲致如下之結論： 壹、桃園縣國民小學教師知識管理、教學資訊素養與教學效能現況皆達中上程度。 貳、桃園縣國民小學教師知識管理整體受性別、職務及最高學歷影響而有所差異；教師教學資訊素養整體受性別、年齡、職務、最高學歷及IC3資訊認證影響而有所差異；教師教學效能整體受職務及最高學歷影響而有所差異。 參、桃園縣國小教師知識管理、教學資訊素養與教學效能三者間具有顯著正相關。 肆、桃園縣國小教師知識管理各層面對教學效能的預測力，以「知識的內化與應用」為最佳預測變項。 伍、桃園縣國小教師教學資訊素養各層面對教學效能的預測力，以「應用資訊科技輔助教學活動」為最佳預測變項。 依據本研究之結論，提出以下列之建議： 陸、對國小教師之建議 一、重視自身專業知能，終身學習自我提昇 二、成立教師專業社群，建立分享對話文化 三、實施資訊融入教學，強化學生學習動機 四、建立個人知識平台，累積豐富教學資源 伍、參與專業發展評鑑，增進教師教學效能 柒、對學校及教育行政機關之建議 一、培養教師資訊能力，配套資訊檢測效能 二、擴大資訊認證範圍，提昇實質教學效能 三、補助教師資訊設備，鼓勵知識數位化管理 四、辦理知識管理研習，提昇知識管理知能 五、建立職務輪調機制，參與學校行政工作 / The purpose of this research is to explore the relationship among teachers’ knowledge management, teaching information literacy and the teaching effectiveness of the elementary schools in Taoyuan County. The research was conducted through questionnaire survey. The participants were the teachers in Taoyuan elementary schools in academic year 2010. 6 to 20 teachers were selected from each school based on the class number of the schools. 601 questionnaires were issued, and a total of 556 questionnaires were collected from all the target schools, with the rate of retrieval, 92.5%. 547 copies were valid samples. The research data acquired was processed by SPSS for Windows 17.0 version and analyzed with average mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. Based on the results, the following conclusions were reached: 1. The current level of teachers’ knowledge management, teaching information literacy and the teaching effectiveness conducted by the teachers elementary schools scores “Upper-high” in performance. 2. The difference in knowledge management among conducted teachers arises from sex, position and education background. The teaching efficacy conducted by teachers differs , subject to sex, age, position, education background and IC3 certification. The teaching effectiveness conducted by teachers has difference., subject to position and education background. 3. There are significant positive correlations among teachers’ knowledge management, teaching information literacy and the teaching effectiveness. 4. “Knowledge internalization and application” plays the strongest variable to enhance the prediction of teachers’ knowledge management on teaching effectiveness. 5. “Information and technology application on teaching activity” is the best variable to strengthen the predictions of teachers’ teaching information literacy on teaching effectiveness. 6. Suggestions for teachers: (1)Value self professional knowledge. Lifelong learning contributes self improvement. (2)Establish teachers’ professional communities. Create sharing cultures for mutual dialogues. (3)Integrate information technology into teaching. Strengthen pupils’ learning motivation. (4)Set up personal knowledge platform. Accumulate fruitful teaching resources. (5)Participate in the assessment of professional development. Enhance teaching effectiveness. 7. Recommendations on school and education administration institutes (1)Cultivate teachers’ information capabilities packaging with certificate verifying system. (2)Enlarge the range of information technology certification to enhance factual teaching effectiveness. (3)Subsidize teachers’ information technology equipment. Encourage digitalized management in knowledge. (4)Hold seminars for knowledge management to improve efficiency and effectiveness. (5)Devise job rotational mechanism to take part in school administrative tasks.

Today there is an increasing clinical demand and expectation of patients for biomaterials, which underscores the importance of discovering the correlations between biomaterials and biological systems, especially blood. When an artificial material makes contact with blood, the first event is a rapid adsorption of plasma protein on the material surface, on top of which the innate immune system is triggered, with potentially detrimental consequences. The work presented in this thesis, reported in four papers, was designed to investigate complications associated with (a) biomaterial-induced immune systems, including activation mechanisms and crosstalk between cascades on the biomaterial surface, and with (b) clinical investigations. In Paper I and Paper II, a series of studies led to the development of a direct prediction of the subsequent biological events based on the pattern of initially bound proteins. A reciprocal relationship was demonstrated between activation of the contact system and the complement system when they were induced on artificial material surfaces. Based on these studies, a robust and simple method for biocompatibility testing was proposed and validated, yielding high specificity and sensitivity when compared to today’s gold standard. Paper III investigated biomaterial-induced activation of complement and leukocytes in dialysis treatment-related conditions. The results suggested that citrate is more biocompatible than the conventionally used acetate. This reduction in activation could be further enhanced with higher citrate concentrations, suggesting that dialysis fluid containing citrate is a promising alternative to acetate dialysis fluid. Paper IV investigated complement initiation mechanisms with clinical implications. An experimental system was set up to revisit the initiation of the complement alternative pathway, and correlations were found between chaotropic or nucleophilic agents and iC3 generation under physiologically relevant conditions. A clinical study of hepatic encephalopathy patients indicated a direct correlation between elevated plasma ammonia and iC3 formation, as well as with complement activation in vivo.  Taken together, these studies have provided a model for a robust biomaterial test and have investigated biomaterial-induced complications in the fluid phase in clinically related conditions; furthermore, the basic mechanisms of complement activation have been dissected in relation to disease symptoms. Keywords: Complement system, contact system, blood, biomaterials, biocompatibility, in vitro screening, iC3, dialysis

High strength nickel-base superalloys have been used in turbine blades for many years because of their superior performance at high temperatures. In such environments superalloys have limited oxidation and corrosion resistance and to solve this problem, protective coatings are deposited on the surface. The positive effect of coatings is based on protecting the surface zone in contact with hot gas atmosphere with a thermodynamically stable oxide layer that acts as a diffusion barrier. During service life, mechanical properties of metallic coatings can be changed due to the significant interdiffusion between substrate and coating. There are also other degradation mechanisms that affect nickel-base superalloys such as low cycle fatigue, thermo-mechanical fatigue and creep. The focus of this work is on a study of low cycle fatigue and out-of-phase thermo-mechanical fatigue behaviour of three uncoated and coated nickel-base superalloys. Polycrystalline IN792 and two single crystals CMSX-4 and SCB were coated with four different coatings; an overlay coating AMDRY997 (NiCoCrAlYTa), a platinum aluminide modified diffusion coating RT22 and two innovative coatings with a NiW interdiffusion barrier in the interface called IC1 and IC3. A low cycle fatigue and thermo-mechanical fatigue device was designed and set-up to simulate service loading of turbine blades and vanes. The low cycle fatigue tests were run at 500oC and 900oC while the thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were run between 250oC and 900oC.To simulate long service life, some coated specimens were exposed at 1050oC for 2000 h before the tests. The main conclusions are that the presence of the coatings is, in most cases, detrimental to LCF lives of the superalloys at 500oC while the coatings do improve the LCF lives of the superalloys at 900oC. Under TMF loading conditions, the coatings have negative effect on the lifetime of IN792. On single crystals, they are found to improve TMF life of the superalloys, especially at lower strains. The tests also indicate that long-term aging influences the fatigue and fracture behaviour of coated superalloys by oxidation and diffusion mechanisms when compared to non-aged specimens. The aged specimens exhibit longer life in some cases and shorter life during other test conditions. Fatigue cracks were in most cases initiated at the surface of the coatings, growing transgranularly perpendicular to the load axis.