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Maintenance, repair, and replacement of transmission mains and distribution system piping is expected to cost approximately $75 billion over the next two decades to ensure that public water systems are capable of providing the United States with safe drinking water. However, there is a significant gap between the funds available and the projected costs of infrastructure replacement or rehabilitation. Infrastructure Management Systems (IMS) have been developed to assist utilities and decision-makers in determining how to allocate resources for infrastructure. This project utilizes theTampa Water Department (TWD) as a case study to develop a tool for prioritizing infrastructure replacement. TWD is responsible for managing over 2,240 miles of pipeline. Building booms in the 1920s and 1950s have inadvertently resulted in a significant need to replace or rehabilitate pipelines due to the aging of the overall water supply infrastructure. To address this problem, TWD is taking the first steps in applying IMS to transmission anddistribution pipelines. Currently, approximately 500 miles of water mains have been slated for replacement or rehabilitation. The TWD has a GIS that has been used to map and integrate information on main breaks, service line breaks, customer complaints and modeled water age. Information on fire hydrant spacing and line flushing dates are also integrated into the GIS. Following development of the GIS based infrastructure replacement prioritization system, approximately 3,000 pipe segments were identified and queries were performed to help develop cost to benefit analyses. The results were used to develop a prioritized list of potential capital projects and incorporate the time value of money and event forecasting. The GIS was also used to develop indicators of the overall infrastructure condition. From this analysis it was possible to develop an approach to categorize projects and identify the resources needed to address high priority problems associated with undersized mains, unlined cast iron mains, asbestos cement mains, and hydraulic looping projects. As water infrastructure rehabilitation and replacement needs increase in the future, the need for adaptable methods to prioritize capital spending will also increase.This study has demonstrated the ability to prioritize long-term and short-term infrastructure projects using a GIS platform in conjunction with databases and spreadsheets.

The Libraries of Malmö are in the process of integrating new technology for logistics and distribution of materials to their library system. This study proceeds from a global discussion about technologies and their usage in libraries, including automation processes and the application of algorithm technology. To study the social implications of the algorithm system IMMS at the public libraries of Malmö, interviews are conducted with representatives of different organizational perspectives of the library, as well as qualitative analysis of documents regarding the implementation. An actor-network theory (ANT) approach is used in the analysis of these materials, to map out the network where the process is taking place, as well as the relationships and actions of the actants involved. Through this analysis certain conclusions are made: a successful transition is made where the network is reconfigured by the integration of the IMMS-technology, even though not all actants are in agreement of the condition of this process. Some fears regarding the role of librarians, due to centralization of tasks and responsibilities, are identified, as well as dissidence in the form of dissatisfaction with the process. Some cases of mutiny in relation to the system changes are reported, opening for further research of resistance in implementation processes of new technology in libraries. In conclusion, a complicated process is now undergoing where useful new technology is implemented in the library, but also raising questions of the work and professional role of librarians today.

The management of equipment based on Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) has been widely applied with great success in several industries such as military, commodity production, civil airliners, nuclear power plant and the petroleum industry since the reprint of RCM-II written by John Moubray in 1997.The application of RCM not only increases the reliability of the equipment and the assets of a company but also promotes the overall equipment effectiveness (OEE), which includes the excellent ok yield to order and the better productivity of the equipment. As a methodology, RCM differs from the traditional equipment maintenance in the aspect of emphasis of maintaining the ¡§function¡¨ of the equipment instead of the equipment itself. Therefore, the need of equipment maintenance results from the speed and the severity of function loss, which determines the strategy and interval of equipment maintenance. This is the major difference between RCM and time based maintenance (TBM). This article discusses the critical success factors that drive the application of RCM in steel plant. The result reveals that the application of RCM could promote the reliability of equipment, cut the cost of maintenance and increase compatibility of the steel plant. In order to facilitates the implementation of RCM in the steel mill, the basic skills of the management includes the construction of vision¡Bconsensus¡Bthe set up of regulation and the cultivation of innovating culture. so as to build an effective managing teamwork features in strong execution. As for the equipment management both the standardization and the strict deviation of equipment function(6£m) are vital to sustain the excellent equipment reliability. The Integration of Maintenance Management System(IMMS) consists of three components, CMMS(Computerized Maintenance Management System) and RTMS(Real Time Monitoring System) link by RCM. RCM acts as a bridge for the information flow of maintenance management in the IMMS and promotes the effectiveness of maintenance management.