The decision of an estate owner to employ a trust as an estate planning instrument normally involves the disposal of all or part of his growth assets to the trust. This is done to ensure that the value of such growth assets is pegged down in his personal estate, whilst any growth in the assets occurs in the trust. The objective is to minimise any estate duty that will be payable after his death. The transfer of such assets and the concomitant negotiation of the settlement of the purchase price are normally agreed to occur on loan account which will be repayable on demand. Subsequent to the disposal of the assets, it is a well established estate planning technique for the estate owner to reduce the loan account by annually waiving R30 000 of such loan in favour of the trust. This results in reducing the debit loan (asset) in the hands of the estate owner and thereby also improving his position from an estate duty point of view. The liability (credit loan) of the trust is thereby annually reduced. Because an individual can donate R30 000 annually free of donations tax, no additional donations tax liability will be incurred when applying this technique. Most estate owners that have applied the abovementioned technique, include in their will a provision whereby they bequeath any outstanding loan from the trust at the date of the testator's death, to the trust as a legatee. On 1 October 2001 South Africa entered into a new tax dispensation with the introduction of capital gains tax (CGT). Comprehensive legislation was included in the Income Tax Act (8th schedule) to regulate this new form of taxation. Paragraph 12(5) of the 8th schedule specifically stipulates that a reduction or waiver of a loan/debt will attract CGT. Therefore the above mentioned techniques of donating a portion, and subsequently bequeathing the outstanding loan amount to a trust suddenly became the target of SARS' close scrutiny from a CGT perspective. Hence, it was no surprise that the first High Court decision on CGT had recently been delivered in this regard. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and scrutinise, not only the decision in the abovementioned court case, but also the various opinions and arguments raised on this topic. The submission is that the findings and conclusions of such an investigation should enable those involved in estate planning and the preparation of wills to be wary of the CGT risks attached to the abovementioned techniques and to avoid the pitfalls. Certain recommendations and conclusions to achieve the same estate planning result, are proposed in this dissertation. Certain suggestions were also made with regards to the wording of provisions to be included in a will in order to bequeath a loan or debt to a trust without the risk of attracting unforeseen CGT. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

The provisions of the Income Tax Act relating to capital cost allowances have had and are having a profound impact on the operations of the individual corporation and the national economy as a whole. [...]

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe analizuojami mokesčių teoriniai pagrindai, mokesčių našta ir jos poveikis verslui. Teoriniu aspektu išsamiau nagrinėjami trys pagrindiniai mokesčiai (PVM, pelno mokestis, akcizai) Lietuvos statistikos departamento duomenimis turintys didžiausią lyginamąjį svorį visų Lietuvos verslo subjektų sumokėtų mokesčių sumoje, aptariama jų tarifų pokyčių galima įtaka veiklos rezultatams. Empirinėje darbo dalyje atlikta 2005-2009 m. Lietuvos verslo subjektų sumokėtų mokesčių dinaminė ir struktūrinė analizė, nagrinėjama mokesčių naštos rodiklio dinamika. Tiriama, kaip daugiausiai 2009 metais kitę mokestinių dydžių tarifai (pelno mokesčio, PVM, kuro akcizas) įtakojo šių mokesčių mokėjimą. Pritaikius daugialypę regresinę analizę analizuojama pelno mokesčio tarifo pokyčių įtaka įmonių materialinėms investicijoms. Nagrinėjama, ar PVM tarifo pokyčiai turėjo įtakos Lietuvos įmonių pardavimo pajamų pokyčiams, aiškinamasi ar dėl mokesčių tarifų pokyčių pakitusi bendra mokesčių našta galėjo lemti išaugusį pradėtų bankroto procesų skaičių Lietuvoje. / In the final bachelor’s work theoretical elements of taxes are analyzed, as well as burden of taxes and its effect to business. Three main taxes (VAT, income tax, excises) which have the largest specific influence among all paid taxes of Lithuania business subjects according to information of Lithuania department of statistics are analyzed in details in theoretical aspect. It is discussed the possible influence of their rate changes. In the empirical part of this work dynamic and structural analysis of Lithuania business subjects paid taxes in 2005-2009 is done, dynamic of rate tax burden is analyzed. It is discussed how the tax rates which had the biggest changes (income tax, VAT) in 2009 influenced payment of these taxes. Adapting multiple regression analysis influence of tax rate changes to material investments of companies is analyzed. Also it is analyzed whether changes of VAT rate had influence on Lithuania companies’ income of market changes or not, it is explored whether altered total tax burden could determine increased number of started bankrupt processes in Lithuania or not.

No description available.

No description available.

No abstract provided. / Thesis (M.Com.)-University of Durban-Westville, 2002.

South Africa's re-integration into the global trading economy and its participation in various trade agreements has resulted in an increase in the number of import and export transactions processed by the South African Revenue Services Customs Division. Importers and Exporters are expanding into new markets and regions, which require them to adhere to the legislative administrative requirements, enforced at the various designated Customs branch offices. To achieve Customs compliance, it is necessary that importers and exporters make the correct declaration to the SARS and make available the appropriate documentary information to support import and export transactions. Also, increasing pressure from other government authority and government agencies makes it a prerequisite that any goods cleared for either import and export is properly declared taking cognisance of all Acts enforced by the SARS Customs Division. This research dissertation is aimed at identifying the key factors that impact the SARS Accreditation Scheme / Program to both legitimate and illegitimate traders, it evaluates the benefits of the Accreditation program and determines what actions that are required by the SARS and traders to improve the levels of client service and Customs enforcement by the SARS Customs Division. Based on the analysis, the discrepancy between the current service expectation of the SARS Accreditation Scheme and service delivery by the SARS Customs Division urgently needs to be reviewed in light of Customs enforcement and Customs trade facilitation practices. / Thesis (MBA)-University of Natal, 2003.

The decision of an estate owner to employ a trust as an estate planning instrument normally involves the disposal of all or part of his growth assets to the trust. This is done to ensure that the value of such growth assets is pegged down in his personal estate, whilst any growth in the assets occurs in the trust. The objective is to minimise any estate duty that will be payable after his death. The transfer of such assets and the concomitant negotiation of the settlement of the purchase price are normally agreed to occur on loan account which will be repayable on demand. Subsequent to the disposal of the assets, it is a well established estate planning technique for the estate owner to reduce the loan account by annually waiving R30 000 of such loan in favour of the trust. This results in reducing the debit loan (asset) in the hands of the estate owner and thereby also improving his position from an estate duty point of view. The liability (credit loan) of the trust is thereby annually reduced. Because an individual can donate R30 000 annually free of donations tax, no additional donations tax liability will be incurred when applying this technique. Most estate owners that have applied the abovementioned technique, include in their will a provision whereby they bequeath any outstanding loan from the trust at the date of the testator's death, to the trust as a legatee. On 1 October 2001 South Africa entered into a new tax dispensation with the introduction of capital gains tax (CGT). Comprehensive legislation was included in the Income Tax Act (8th schedule) to regulate this new form of taxation. Paragraph 12(5) of the 8th schedule specifically stipulates that a reduction or waiver of a loan/debt will attract CGT. Therefore the above mentioned techniques of donating a portion, and subsequently bequeathing the outstanding loan amount to a trust suddenly became the target of SARS' close scrutiny from a CGT perspective. Hence, it was no surprise that the first High Court decision on CGT had recently been delivered in this regard. The purpose of this dissertation is to investigate and scrutinise, not only the decision in the abovementioned court case, but also the various opinions and arguments raised on this topic. The submission is that the findings and conclusions of such an investigation should enable those involved in estate planning and the preparation of wills to be wary of the CGT risks attached to the abovementioned techniques and to avoid the pitfalls. Certain recommendations and conclusions to achieve the same estate planning result, are proposed in this dissertation. Certain suggestions were also made with regards to the wording of provisions to be included in a will in order to bequeath a loan or debt to a trust without the risk of attracting unforeseen CGT. / Thesis (LL.M. (Estate Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

This thesis analyses the Australian approach to taxation of goodwill and related intangibles. It asks the questions: 'Is the current Australian approach to taxation of goodwill coherent?'; and 'Could a different approach minimise any distortions?' The thesis identifies the increasing importance of goodwill and other intangible property in a modern information-based economy. It identifies benchmarks for a 'good' tax system ??? such as efficiency, simplicity, and equity. It emphasises the criteria of simplicity and efficiency but includes other criteria and specifically considers the issue of alignment of accounting and legal concepts. It concludes that the current misalignment makes it difficult for the tax system to deal with goodwill coherently. The thesis criticises the treatment of goodwill under various Australian taxes, including stamp duty; Goods and Services Tax; taxation of capital gains; and income tax. It specifically considers the treatment of intangible sources of goodwill and their relationship with goodwill itself. The discussion of income tax pays particular attention to the role of goodwill and other intangibles in international transfer pricing. The thesis draws conclusions about the treatment of goodwill in Australia and whether the Australian approach meets the benchmarks established at the outset. The thesis demonstrates that the current Australian approach leads, inter alia, to tax avoidance. The current approach also offends a number of other criteria of a 'good' system. The thesis considers the UK tax treatment of intangibles held by resident companies and considers this model for Australia. It also considers the abandoned 'Tax Value Method' previously proposed for Australia. From this and other material, it suggests possible new directions and an alternative approach to taxing goodwill in Australia. These include a consistent and coherent definition of goodwill for tax that is compatible with law and accounting. The thesis also urges the development of a consistent approach to taxing goodwill at both the state and federal levels; and suggests greater reliance on the existence of goodwill as a means to establish jurisdiction to impose tax in international tax situations.

Issued also as thesis, Columbia University. / Includes bibliographical references.