The diploma thesis is focused on identification and partial quantification of tax reliefs of personal income tax in 2011. This diploma thesis is divided into 4 sections. The first one contains view of existing literature and research in the field of tax reliefs. The second one is theoretical and it is dedicated to the broad theory of tax reliefs and their operation in the countries OECD. The third one is theoretical-analytical and is focused on the view of definition among the particular countries and subsequent identification of tax reliefs in Australia and Canada. The main section of the diploma thesis is fourth part. This analytical part contains the identification and quantification of some provisions of tax reliefs of personal income tax in the Czech Republic.

O objetivo deste estudo é investigar se no caso de contratos de swap com finalidade de proteção, o conceito de renda é preenchido para que haja tributação de renda na fonte; para tanto, foram discutidos temas como: hipótese de incidência, base imponível, renda, derivativos e essência e forma na tributação. Os pontos centrais para a discussão do problema são: (i) relação entre hipótese de incidência e base imponível e (ii) essência e forma na tributação. No que tange à hipótese de incidência, a base imponível não alcança o fenômeno renda adequadamente, já que não tributa um efetivo acréscimo patrimonial. Quanto à discussão sobre essência e forma na tributação, conclui-se que a consideração da realidade econômica, na tributação de contratos de swap com finalidade de proteção, faz com que a tributação respeite mais o princípio da igualdade, distanciando-se da segurança jurídica. No entanto, implica maior dependência em relação aos tribunais e ao poder judiciário. Dessa forma, o risco a ser considerado é o de que caberá ao poder judiciário a interpretação tendo em vista critérios econômicos, em outras palavras, a essência da operação. O imposto de renda na fonte em contratos de swap com finalidade de proteção pode ser tido como indevido, ou, até mesmo, como abusivo; parte da doutrina defende que, nesse caso, o Estado deixa de considerar os ditames constitucionais, pois o objeto tributado trata, apenas, de uma suposta renda. / This study aims to investigate whether, in case of hedging swap, the income concept for source deduction is complied with. Therefore, the following themes were discussed: tax hypothesis, taxable base, income and substance and form in taxation. The central issues to discuss the problem are: (i) relation between tax hypothesis and taxable base and (ii) substance and form in taxation. Regarding the tax hypothesis, the taxable base does not adequately reach the income phenomenon, as it does not tax an actual equity growth. As for the discussion on substance and form in taxation, it is concluded that, when taking into account the economic reality in the taxation of hedging swap, taxation respects the equity principle more, taking distance from legal security. It does imply greater dependence on courts and the legal power though. Thus, the risk that needs to be considered is that the legal power will be responsible for interpretation, in view of economic criteria, that is, the substance of the operation. Withholding tax in hedging swap can be considered undue or even abusive. Part of literature defends, in that case, that the State ignores constitutional principles, as the tax object is merely supposed income.

A presente tese analisará a interação entre as regras de tributação da renda e os acordos de comércio internacional no âmbito da OMC especificamente o GATT, o Acordo TRIMS, o ASMC e o GATS. A análise demonstrará que estes acordos, em sua conformação atual, vedam as subvenções tributárias veiculadas por meio de normas de tributação da renda capazes de concretizar determinadas políticas protecionistas. Ademais, arguirá que a identificação destas normas pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC segue os ditames da teoria tributária aplicável à identificação das subvenções tributárias e padece dos mesmos problemas desta teoria. / This thesis will analyze the interaction between income tax measures and the WTO agreements particularly the GATT, TRIMS, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and GATS agreements. The analysis will show that these agreements prohibit income tax measures that can be viewed as tax expenditures aimed at implementing certain protectionist policies. We will argue that the Dispute Settlement Bodys approach to such measures follows the traditional tax expenditures theory and is subject to its shortcomings.

Em decorrência das regras de preço de transferência adotadas no Brasil, os produtos ou mercadorias importados de empresas do mesmo grupo econômico ou que possuem controle comum, faz-se necessário um método de controle para que essas operações sejam lucrativas ou ao menos deem o retorno almejado para as empresas. Esse trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar o que é o preço de transferência no Brasil, quais são os métodos a serem utilizados, a confecção de um controle dessas operações e a comparação da margem de contribuição de um produto que tenha ajuste de preço de transferência. O desenvolvimento do trabalho foi elaborado através de publicações, livros e as leis pertinentes ao assunto. A correta interpretação e utilização dessas regras são importantes para que as empresas estejam em conformidade com o fisco brasileiro e mensurem o custo correto da operação. / As a result of transfer pricing rules adopted in Brazil, products or goods imported from companies in the same group or have common control, it is necessary a method to control such operations are profitable or at least give the desired return for businesses. This paper aims to demonstrate that the transfer price is in Brazil, which are the methods to be used, making the control of these operations and the comparison of the contribution margin of a product that has set the transfer price. The development work was done through publications, books and laws relevant to the subject. The correct use and interpretation of these rules are important for companies to comply with the Brazilian tax authorities and measure the correct cost of the operation.

A presente tese analisará a interação entre as regras de tributação da renda e os acordos de comércio internacional no âmbito da OMC especificamente o GATT, o Acordo TRIMS, o ASMC e o GATS. A análise demonstrará que estes acordos, em sua conformação atual, vedam as subvenções tributárias veiculadas por meio de normas de tributação da renda capazes de concretizar determinadas políticas protecionistas. Ademais, arguirá que a identificação destas normas pelo Órgão de Solução de Controvérsias da OMC segue os ditames da teoria tributária aplicável à identificação das subvenções tributárias e padece dos mesmos problemas desta teoria. / This thesis will analyze the interaction between income tax measures and the WTO agreements particularly the GATT, TRIMS, Subsidies and Countervailing Measures and GATS agreements. The analysis will show that these agreements prohibit income tax measures that can be viewed as tax expenditures aimed at implementing certain protectionist policies. We will argue that the Dispute Settlement Bodys approach to such measures follows the traditional tax expenditures theory and is subject to its shortcomings.

La presente investigación tiene como objetivo realizar un análisis de los precios de transferencia y determinar el impacto tributario y financiero de las empresas vinculadas del sector textil, ubicado en el distrito de Ate, año 2017. Los aspectos tributarios y financieros se evalúan mediante análisis de consistencia estadística y pruebas de hipótesis cuyos resultados se observan en las conclusiones. El trabajo de investigación consta de cinco capítulos que son: Capítulo I Marco Teórico, se realiza una investigación a través de diversas fuentes, desarrollándose los conceptos de precios de transferencia, antecedentes, definiciones, lineamientos de la OCDE y legislación peruana. Capitulo II Plan de investigación, se estable el problema principal y los específicos de la tesis, las hipótesis y los objetivos de la investigación. Capitulo III Metodología, se define la población, la muestra para la investigación cualitativa y cuantitativa, la recolección y el procesamiento de los datos. Capitulo IV Desarrollo, se exponen los resultados obtenidos en la investigación a través de la entrevista de profundidad, las encuestas realizadas y el desarrollo del caso práctico. Capítulo V Análisis de Resultados de los instrumentos y caso práctico. Concluyendo con la validación de la hipótesis general y específica en base a los resultados obtenidos en las tablas cruzadas y el CHI cuadrado. Se utiliza el coeficiente del alfa de Cronbach para validar el grado de confiabilidad de las encuestas obteniendo como resultado la categoría de “Excelente”. / The objective of this research is to analyze the transfer prices and determine the tax and financial impact of related companies in the textile sector, located in the district of Ate, 2017. Tax and financial aspects are evaluated through consistency analysis statistics and hypothesis tests whose results are observed in the conclusions. The research work consists of five chapters that are: Chapter I Theoretical Framework, an investigation is carried out through diverse sources, developing the concepts of transfer prices, antecedents, definitions, OECD guidelines and Peruvian legislation. Chapter II Research plan, the main problem and the specific ones of the thesis, the hypothesis and the objectives of the research are established. Chapter III Methodology, the population is defined, the sample for qualitative and quantitative research, the collection and processing of the data. Chapter IV Development, the results obtained in the investigation are exposed through the depth interview, the surveys carried out and the development of the practical case. Chapter V Analysis of the results of the instruments and practical case. Concluding with the validation of the general and specific hypothesis based on the results obtained in the crossed tables and the square CHI. The coefficient of Cronbach's alpha is used to validate the degree of reliability of the surveys, obtaining as a result the category of "Excellent". / Tesis

The theme of the diploma thesis is "Progressive tax burden on households on income from individuals". The aim of this work is to examine the progressive burden on households of personal income tax, using model households. The purpose is also to determine which taxpayers and in which households have the greatest tax burden. The study is conducted using an average tax rate. The analysis is performed in years 2016, 2017 and 2018 on four taxpayers (which are different by the amount of gross wage), which are in five different types of households (according to their composition, taxpayers apply different types of discounts or tax advantages). The results of the thesis show that the higher the gross wage, the higher the average tax rate (the higher the tax burn on the taxpayer), which is also more balanced than the poorer taxpayers. There is a minimal difference between rates year-on-year. Personal income tax is progressive.

This study explores the impact of complexity upon unintentional non-compliance behaviour for personal taxpayers in Australia. This area of research did not appear to have been previously studied in an Australian context and in this respect, the study represents an original contribution. While studies have been conducted both in Australia and overseas, they have generally been directed at other types of compliance behaviour and tend to be inconclusive in their findings. According to the compliance literature, there appeared to be little consensus of opinion on the factors that determined behaviour and appropriate research methods. It emerged that more narrowly-defined studies with stronger research methods offered potential for furthering knowledge in this field. Thus the study focused on one behavioural outcome and one type of taxpayer, using a multi-paradigm research method. Unintentional non-compliance, as an outcome, was selected as it appeared to hold promise for improvements in overall compliance to be readily made, provided its causes were understood. Complexity was considered to be the most likely cause of unintentional non-compliance, and those who prepared their own income tax return, the group likely to be most affected. The study used both a quantitative and qualitative component from which a number of convergent results emerged. These included that the major cause of complexity was the ambiguity of tax laws and the volume of explanatory material required. Further, personal taxpayers were committed to compliance even though they regarded the system as less than fair. Together, complexity and commitment to compliance caused taxpayers to experience unnecessary compliance costs. Where taxpayers completed their own return, complexity resulted in a high level of errors that generally resulted in an overstatement of tax liability. In addition, some taxpayers chose to be over-compliant as a means of dealing with complexity and commitment. It was concluded that complexity compromised the integrity of the Australian income tax system by imposing an unfair burden on personal taxpayers in respect of both tax paid and compliance costs incurred. However, there appeared to be little, if any, financial incentive for the tax authority to address the causes of complexity for personal taxpayers.

This thesis analyses the Australian approach to taxation of goodwill and related intangibles. It asks the questions: 'Is the current Australian approach to taxation of goodwill coherent?'; and 'Could a different approach minimise any distortions?' The thesis identifies the increasing importance of goodwill and other intangible property in a modern information-based economy. It identifies benchmarks for a 'good' tax system ??? such as efficiency, simplicity, and equity. It emphasises the criteria of simplicity and efficiency but includes other criteria and specifically considers the issue of alignment of accounting and legal concepts. It concludes that the current misalignment makes it difficult for the tax system to deal with goodwill coherently. The thesis criticises the treatment of goodwill under various Australian taxes, including stamp duty; Goods and Services Tax; taxation of capital gains; and income tax. It specifically considers the treatment of intangible sources of goodwill and their relationship with goodwill itself. The discussion of income tax pays particular attention to the role of goodwill and other intangibles in international transfer pricing. The thesis draws conclusions about the treatment of goodwill in Australia and whether the Australian approach meets the benchmarks established at the outset. The thesis demonstrates that the current Australian approach leads, inter alia, to tax avoidance. The current approach also offends a number of other criteria of a 'good' system. The thesis considers the UK tax treatment of intangibles held by resident companies and considers this model for Australia. It also considers the abandoned 'Tax Value Method' previously proposed for Australia. From this and other material, it suggests possible new directions and an alternative approach to taxing goodwill in Australia. These include a consistent and coherent definition of goodwill for tax that is compatible with law and accounting. The thesis also urges the development of a consistent approach to taxing goodwill at both the state and federal levels; and suggests greater reliance on the existence of goodwill as a means to establish jurisdiction to impose tax in international tax situations.

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