The primary objective of this dissertation was to identify and estimate the relative importance of factors used by the Tax Court in deciding hobby loss cases. This was accomplished in two steps. The first step was to review the Treasury Regulations, cases and literature pertaining to hobby losses to determine the relevant factors used by the Court in deciding this issue. The second step involved using probit analysis to identify which of these factors actually influenced the Court in deciding hobby loss cases and to determine the relative importance of the factors. A secondary purpose was to to explore the probit model's ability to predict decisions likely to be appealed. The probit model was based on the analysis of 219 post-1954 Tax Court cases involving determination of whether activities were or were not engaged in for profit. By application of log-likelihood techniques, it was determined that the model developed was stable over time and across lines of "business," the implication being that cases decided both before and after the passage of Section 183 and involving all types of activity should have precedential value in conflicts between taxpayers and the Internal Revenue Service. Five factors were found to be significant predictors: manner of operation, level of expertise, time expended, history of income and loss, and presence of elements of personal pleasure. It is important to note that the two factors not susceptible to tax planning--success in other activities and financial status of the taxpayer--were insignificant discriminators between business and hobby outcomes. The implication is that with careful tax planning, one can organize and operate a given activity so that it is likely to receive favorable tax treatment. The probit model proved to be unable to predict decisions likely to be appealed. The probability that a particular case would be classified by the Court as a business did not appear to be a significant predictor of whether a taxpayer would appeal an adverse decision.

Damit bei Wegfall einer Person deren Rechts- und Pflichtenstellung weder untergeht noch herrenlos wird, ordnet das zivilrechtliche Gesamtrechtsnachfolgeprinzip den Übergang des Vermögens vom Rechtsvorgänger auf den Gesamtrechtsnachfolger an. In den verwaltungsrechtlichen Gesetzen fehlen derartige allgemeine Regelungen. Dabei ist auch im Hinblick auf verwaltungsrechtliche, insbesondere einkommensteuerrechtliche Positionen darüber zu entscheiden, ob diese mit dem Rechtsvorgänger untergehen oder noch dessen Vermögen beeinflussen oder unmittelbar dem Gesamtrechtsnachfolger zuzurechnen sind. Gerade ein und derselbe einkommensteuerrelevante Umstand kann bei Rechtsvorgänger und Gesamtrechtsnachfolger zu ganz unterschiedlichen Folgen führen. Im ersten, allgemeinen Teil der Arbeit wird ein System erarbeitet, mit dessen Hilfe über das Schicksal verwaltungs- einschließlich steuerrechtlicher Positionen bei Gesamtrechtsnachfolge entschieden werden kann. Im zweiten, einkommensteuerrechtlichen Teil folgt die Probe aufs Exempel: Fallgruppenweise wird untersucht, wie sich der Erbfall als der Urtyp der Gesamtrechtsnachfolge auf die Einkommensteuer des Rechtsvorgängers und des Gesamtrechtsnachfolgers auswirkt. Behandelt werden die „fertigen“ Ansprüche aus dem Einkommensteuerschuldverhältnis bei ledigem und verheiratetem Erblasser sowie die Einkünfte einschließlich der Verluste des Erblassers. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die sog. unfertigen Rechtslagen gelegt, insbesondere die sog. nachträglichen Einkünfte bei gespaltener Tatbestandsverwirklichung, die sog. stillen Reserven bei Wirtschaftsgütern des Betriebsvermögens, die Wertsteigerungen im Privatvermögen einschließlich Anschaffungsvorgang und vom Rechtsvorgänger ausgelöster Fristen, schließlich auch die einkommensteuerrechtlichen Wahlrechte.

Damit bei Wegfall einer Person deren Rechts- und Pflichtenstellung weder untergeht noch herrenlos wird, ordnet das zivilrechtliche Gesamtrechtsnachfolgeprinzip den Übergang des Vermögens vom Rechtsvorgänger auf den Gesamtrechtsnachfolger an. In den verwaltungsrechtlichen Gesetzen fehlen derartige allgemeine Regelungen. Dabei ist auch im Hinblick auf verwaltungsrechtliche, insbesondere einkommensteuerrechtliche Positionen darüber zu entscheiden, ob diese mit dem Rechtsvorgänger untergehen oder noch dessen Vermögen beeinflussen oder unmittelbar dem Gesamtrechtsnachfolger zuzurechnen sind. Gerade ein und derselbe einkommensteuerrelevante Umstand kann bei Rechtsvorgänger und Gesamtrechtsnachfolger zu ganz unterschiedlichen Folgen führen. Im ersten, allgemeinen Teil der Arbeit wird ein System erarbeitet, mit dessen Hilfe über das Schicksal verwaltungs- einschließlich steuerrechtlicher Positionen bei Gesamtrechtsnachfolge entschieden werden kann. Im zweiten, einkommensteuerrechtlichen Teil folgt die Probe aufs Exempel: Fallgruppenweise wird untersucht, wie sich der Erbfall als der Urtyp der Gesamtrechtsnachfolge auf die Einkommensteuer des Rechtsvorgängers und des Gesamtrechtsnachfolgers auswirkt. Behandelt werden die „fertigen“ Ansprüche aus dem Einkommensteuerschuldverhältnis bei ledigem und verheiratetem Erblasser sowie die Einkünfte einschließlich der Verluste des Erblassers. Ein besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die sog. unfertigen Rechtslagen gelegt, insbesondere die sog. nachträglichen Einkünfte bei gespaltener Tatbestandsverwirklichung, die sog. stillen Reserven bei Wirtschaftsgütern des Betriebsvermögens, die Wertsteigerungen im Privatvermögen einschließlich Anschaffungsvorgang und vom Rechtsvorgänger ausgelöster Fristen, schließlich auch die einkommensteuerrechtlichen Wahlrechte.

Analysis of the decision-making of the Supreme Administrative Court in the matters of corporate income tax The aim of this thesis is a comprehensive analysis of the decision-making of the Supreme Administrative Court in the matters of corporate income tax. This tax is applied to every legal entity and its correct calculation has a significant impact on the future of such entities. Because the tax legislation in the Czech Republic is quite complicated, there are often mistakes in its interpretation. If these mistakes are not corrected during the proceedings before an administrative body, there is no other option than to turn to an administrative court. The Supreme Administrative Court is the last instance to which one can apply within the administrative justice system. It is therefore important that the Supreme Administrative Court ruled predictably, and without any unnecessary delay. The thesis consists of an introduction, three chapters, conclusion, appendices and bibliography. In the introduction, the author briefly introduces the reader to the issue of the decision-making of the Supreme Administrative Court in the matters of corporate income tax and outlines the reasons why she chose the topic and the goals that should be achieved in this thesis. The first chapter deals with a general introduction to the...

1 RESUMÉ Corporate Income Tax The aim of this diploma thesis on "Corporate Income Tax" is to outline the current legal background of the corporate income tax and asses and evaluate the most substantial changes regarding the Act no. 586/1992 Coll., Income Tax Act, as amended that have become effective as of January 1, 2014. The changes discussed in this thesis include especially, but are not limited to, the changes adopted in connection with the recodification of Czech Civil Law. This thesis consists of Preamble, Chapters 1 through 4 and Conclusion. Chapter 1 "Tax and the Czech Tax System" addresses taxes and the tax system within the meaning of a general theory of tax law. This Chapter provides a general introduction to the concept of taxes, description of the purposes of taxes and the tax system and tax framework of the Czech Republic. Chapter 2 "Corporate Income Tax" provides analysis of the corporate income tax in accordance with the Income Tax Act. It focuses in particular on the key structural elements of the corporate income tax. i.e. subject and object of the tax, tax assessment base, tax rate and the taxation period. This Chapter aims not only to outline the current corporate income tax legislation, but also to point out the most substantial changes effective as of the beginning of the year of 2014...

Legal regulation of taxation of income from leases The aim of this study was to explore the legal issues of taxation of rental income, mainly from the perspective of income tax and value added tax. The paper points out the various specifics and problematic provisions relating to the application of these taxes on rental income. In the work are utilized descriptive and analytical methods that best suit the focus of this work. The work is divided into four chapters, which deal with various aspects of taxation. The first one deals with the general theoretical introduction to the taxation, the short historical excursion is included. The second chapter deals with the taxation of income from lease income taxes. It shows the different possibilities of this tax in case of individuals and are not omitted legal persons with which the legislative regulation clearer. In the third chapter, you can find a legal assessment of the rental income from the perspective of value added tax. This issue is particularly important for business persons, whether individual or legal, as it directly affects them. In the final part of the paper is the comparison of the Slovak and Czech legislation above mentioned taxes. Slovak Republic was selected because in the past, joint development of both countries. Throughout the experiment...

Due to economic globalization, which is reflected, among others, in the development of international economic relations, it is very common that the companies are doing business in countries all over the world. Even if this phenomena is considered as positive in terms of national economies development, the risk of conflict of national laws and emergence of international double taxation is increasing with the expansion of cross-border investments. In connection with this a number of legal issues arise. In this thesis I decided to focus on the international context of the taxation of companies and their members with regard to the matter of international double taxation. To analyze this issue, the thesis is divided into seven chapters. Firstly, I clarify a general outline of the procedure of taxation of capital companies and their members and then explain the possible negative effects of international taxation of incomes. Chapter one present the reader with the issue of income taxes in the tax system of the Czech Republic, then deals with the concept, their position in tax system and shows how taxes can be divided. This chapter offers a view of the current legislation regarding income taxes, both substantive and procedural legislation as well. Chapter two covers the aspects of taxation of income of...

M.Com. (Taxation) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Com. (Economics) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Comm. / Since the April 1994 elections the issue of economic empowerment and growth have had a high priority on the agenda of the Government of National Unity of South Africa. Small and medium enterprises (SME's) represent an important vehicle to address the challenges of job creation, economic growth and equity in our country. Throughout the world one finds that SME's are playing a critical role in absorbing labour, penetrating new markets and generally expanding economies in creative and innovative ways. Research indicates that there are more than 800 000 small and medium enterprises in South Africa, absorbing about a quarter of the approximately 15 million people which comprises the formal labour force. According to the White Paper on National Strategy for the Development and Promotion of Small Business in South Africa (1995:10), this does not include about 3,5 million people who are involved in some or other type of survivalist enterprise activity force. While the importance of large industrial, mining and other enterprises for the growth of the economy cannot be denied, there is ample evidence that the labour absorptive capacity of the small business sector is high, with the average capital cost per job created in this sector, usually being lower than in big businesses. In addition the small business sector's role in technical and other innovations is vital for the many challenges facing the South African economy. Notwithstanding the importance of small enterprises in the South African economy, they are still faced with a wide range of constraints and problems that are common to small enterprises. There can be no doubt that compared to big businesses in South Africa and small businesses in other countries, these problems have not been sufficiently addressed. The constraints relate, amongst others, to the legal and regulatory environment confronting SME's, the access to markets, finance, the acquisition of skills and management expertise and in some cases, the tax burden. This study will be aimed at addressing the problems that small enterprises experience with the South African Tax System. The dissertation is based on various Acts as effective during April 1997. Various factors were identified in the Interim Report of the Commission of Inquiry into certain aspects of the Tax Structure of South Africa, (Katz, November 1994:150) under the chairmanship of Prof. M.M. Katz. These factors include, amongst others, the following: Small and medium-sized enterprises have a greater dependence on the working proprietor as a source of funds, since they do not have access to public securities markets for the issue of equity or long term loan capital. The taxation of the income of the working proprietor therefore directly depletes their principal source of equity capital, requiring the entrepreneur to make greater use of short term debt finance. This in turn increases their risk exposure; Whereas savings which flow via financial institutions (for example, through pension and life insurance contributions) to the corporate sector enjoys tax relief, no equivalent relief is available to working proprietors who invest in their own businesses; There is considerable evidence that the compliance burden of taxation falls disproportionately on smaller enterprises, who do not have expertise in the completion of tax returns or in other aspects of tax compliance, and either make use of expensive professional assistance or rely on the proprietor's own efforts. The compliance burden is aggravated by frequent changes in the tax system, complicated structures and rules, and the lack of taxpayer education opportunities. The problem of the compliance burden on smaller enterprises has probably become more severe in recent years as a consequence of the introduction of Value Added Tax and the fact Jiat the present Standard Income Tax on Employees personal income tax requires more detailed personnel records than the former Final Deduction System which it replaced; The general bias in tax systems towards favouring capital investment and penalising employment through investment relief and social security contributions tends to favour large firms, which have easier access to sources of capital, and discriminates against smaller firms which tend to be more labour intensive.