The aim of my diploma paper is a compendious and general description of the final accounting, taxation and their correlation. First part is focused on basic components of accounting, legal regulation in the Czech Republic and definition of the final financial statements, principles and procedures connected with the final accounts. Second part deals with the tax system in the Czech Republic, especially with corporate income tax. I define the basic regulations of the tax base adjustment of income tax. The tax expenses are specified in detail in an extensive chapter. The other parts of my diploma paper are non-tax expenses, the characteristics of amounts that reduce the tax base and the applicable tax deductions. The last part is practical part where I use all rules mentioned in previous parts. This chapter is focused on real calculation of the corporate income tax and final accounting.

The graduation thesis deals with the topic employee benefits in the Czech Republic. It focuses more closely on the most frequent ones (meal allowances, using a company car for private purposes, life and pension insurance, education of the employees, beverages and refreshment provided to the employees or gifts). Furthermore it analyses a current trend in providing employee benefits with regard to the financial crisis, it outlines a mathematical solution of the employee benefits and a view of relevant legal enactment.

Various tax impacts of advertising are analysed in the thesis. Advertising is perceived as an instrument serving the purposes of searching customers and supporting sales, and it may subsist in many particular forms. The tax deductibility of adverisement costs for the determination of income tax base are analysed, and consequently the tax implications of various advertising forms are introduced from both of the income tax and VAT view. From the tax point of view, the differentiation between the advertising and entertainment is important. Cost-free provision of promotional items forms a special exception. Furthermore, the gifts are diversified from the sponzoring and also the tax impact on the side of the recipient is mentioned. A special attention is paid to tax impacts of advertising through the means of promotional samples and tasting, price reductions and fidelity schemes. Also the legislation limitation of the marketing competitions are analysed. The respective theme is also influenced by the EU-harmonisation of advertising and tax areas, from which the possible progress in this field may be deducted.

This thesis deals with analysis of the differences between men and women in the labour market and their impact on personal income tax. Analysis of labour market is made from two perspectives. First is the comparsion of the situation of Czech Republic throughout the European Union. In the second part I also compare these conditions between years 2000 and 2008. Analysis of tax revenue is made from data available in the United Kingdom, its results is evaluation of the factors which have impact on the total tax revenue. In the end, all of the findings are applied to major shortcomings of the Czech Republic system. The proposed solutions are mainly in the part-time employment, affordable and quality childcare and dependents, and a system of providing parental leave and parental allowances.

The dissertation is devoted to the questions of personal income tax. Because of the fundamental role of the personal income tax in the public finance area, it is very difficult to know variables that have an effect on its revenues in various countries and times. The attention is targeted on OECD countries. The paper begins with some thesis about tax functions of personal income tax in public finance and also with its importance in the tax mix in the nearly last forty years. Following part of the dissertation includes identification and a description of these variables that may have and effect on tax revenues regarding if these may have an effect on the personal income tax revenues. The variables were categorized into three groups -- economic, demographic and politico-sociologic. The main part of the paper is panel regression analysis with the fixed effects that is aimed at searching of various variables that have significant effect on the personal income tax revenues. In this part there are some regression models with the regression function linear in parameters or regression function nonlinear in parameters. The results of analysis are compared to each other and also to other author's results. Interpretation and summary of the results of analysis are also introduced.

Este trabajo de investigación tiene como título “Impacto de la informalidad del sector comercial del Damero A en el Emporio de Gamarra en la recaudación tributaria peruana respecto al impuesto a la renta de 2017”. Esta investigación pretende identificar cuál es el impacto de la informalidad en la recaudación tributaria respecto a impuesto a la renta en Gamarra. La informalidad es uno de los muchos factores que causa la disminución tributaria por ello se eligió el emporio Gamarra. El Emporio Gamarra es conocido por su alto grado de comercialización y por su nivel de informalidad. En cuanto a recaudación tributaria, esta se divide en lo que son impuestos, contribuciones y tasas. Entre todos los impuestos los más recaudados por Sunat son: el Impuesto a la renta (IR) y el Impuesto General a la ventas (IGV). Sin embargo, en el 2017 el IR tendió a disminuir. La metodología de este trabajo es mixta, puesto que se han realizado análisis cuantitativos y cualitativos. Para la investigación cualitativa se utilizó la recolección y análisis de datos, por ello se realizaron entrevistas a expertos tributarios de las auditoras y estudio de abogados más importantes del país. Asimismo, se entrevistaron a expertos del sector, específicamente,a representantes del Gremio “La coordinadora de Empresarios de Gamarra” uno de los más importantes del emporio. Con ello se pudo obtener una visión más completa y clara de cómo se manejan los negocios, informalidad y recaudación.Para la investigación cualitativa se realizaron encuestas a empresas del sector comercial del Damero A de Gamarra. / This research work have as tittle “Impact of the informal sector of the commercial sector of Damero A in the Emporium of Gamarra in the Peruvian tax collection with respect to the income tax of 2017”. This research aims to identify which is the impact of the informality in the tax collection with respect to income tax in Gamarra. The informality is one of the many factors that cause the tax decrease for which the Gamarra emporium was chosen. The Gamarra emporium it’s known for its high grade of commercialization and informality level. Regarding tax collection, this is divided into what are taxes, contributions and fees. Between taxes, the most collected for Sunat are the income tax(IR/IT) and the General tax for sells(IGV/GTS). However, in 2017 the IR tended to decrease. The methodology of this work is mixed, the quantitative and qualitative analysis has been carried out. For the qualitative investigation it was used the collection and analysis of data, for that reason we made the interview to tax experts from the audit and study of lawyers most important of the country. Likewise, they interview to the expert of the sector, specifically, the representants of the guild “The business coordinator of Gamarra” one of the most important of the emporium. With this, it was possible to obtain a vision more complex and clear of how do they manage the business there doing them also questions about the informality and collection. For the investigation qualitative we made interviews to companies of the commercial sector of the Damero A of Gamarra. / Tesis

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) Johannesburg, 2015 / Small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs) play a key role in the development of the economy and are a significant contributor to employment. In South Africa (SA), SMMEs employ more than 68.2% of the work force in the private sector. To achieve the objective of economic growth, job creation as well as income redistribution, the government is actively promoting SMMEs. The SMMEs increase the average employment rate in SA by pulling into production unemployed low skilled labour, whose skills level is not sufficient to qualify for employment in larger firms. How do the South African tax compliance burden and tax incentives for SMMEs measure up in comparison to the tax compliance burden and tax incentives for SMMEs in the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States of America (USA)? The research reviews the tax compliance burden and tax incentives of SMMEs in SA in comparison to the tax compliance burden and tax incentives of the UK and the USA. The research was conducted through an extensive review of the literature. The literature review has indicated that tax compliance is one of the main burdens acting as a deterrent to the formalization of SMMEs for tax purposes. The review of the literature also indicated that National Treasury is trying very hard to ease the burden of tax compliance on SMMEs. Key words: Income tax, SMMEs, tax compliance costs, tax incentives, turnover tax, value-added tax, venture capital.

Under 2000-talets början har inkomstojämlikhet ökat i världen. Det är omdebatterat vilka faktorer som ligger bakom och vilka medel som ska hantera problematiken. Uppsatsen undersöker ett av de vanligaste verktygen för att stävja inkomstojämlikhet, nämligen inkomstskatt. Syftet är att mäta vilken effekt inkomstskatt har på inkomstojämlikhet. För att uppfylla syftet tillämpas en instrumentvariabel regressionsanalys för att studera om inkomstskatt kan förklara inkomstojämlikhet i svenska kommuner under tidsperioden 2003–2017. Studien utmärker sig från tidigare studier inom området då en instrumentvariabel regressionsanalys använts för att exkludera att inkomstojämlikhet kan påverka nivå av inkomstskatt i en region. Statistiskt signifikanta resultat påvisar att inkomstskatt har negativ effekt på inkomstojämlikhet. Där en 1 procentenhets ökning i inkomstskatt leder till 2,08 procents minskning i inkomstojämlikhet. / During the beginning of the 21st century, income inequality has risen in most countries. What has caused this and how it should be solved is well debated. This paper intends to research one of the most well-known instruments to decrease income inequality, income tax. Our aim is to measure what effect income tax has on income inequality. To reach this aim we have applied an instrument variable regression analysis on income tax and income inequality, with Swedish municipalities during the timespan 2003-2017 as our selection group. This study distinguishes itself from previous studies in the area since we have used an instrument variable analysis to exclude the fact that income inequality can affect the level of income tax in a region. We have found significant results that income tax have a negative effect on income inequality and have concluded that a 1 percent increase in income tax will decrease income inequality with 2,08 percent.

A natureza de hedge (proteção) das operações financeiras realizadas em bolsas de valores, mercadorias e futuros e assemelhadas pelas companhias brasileiras é requisito legal para o aproveitamento do benefício da dedutibilidade integral das perdas auferidas e prêmios pagos no cálculo do imposto sobre a renda no Brasil. Entretanto, entraves na comprovação documental destas operações perante a Secretaria da Receita Federal do Brasil (RFB) têm resultado em autuações fiscais e aplicações de multas tributárias milionárias, colocando em cheque os instrumentos de gestão de risco utilizados pelas empresas justamente com o intuito de evitar resultados indesejáveis ou imprevistos. Neste contexto, com fundamento nas prescrições da teoria da agência e com base em estudos empíricos em contabilidade e tributação que discutiram as causas e os efeitos da assimetria de informação, o presente estudo teve por objetivo identificar fatores que afetam a assimetria informacional entre contribuintes e Fisco federal, especificamente no que se refere ao controle, contabilização e comprovação da natureza de hedge de operações financeiras praticadas e o consequente tratamento concedido às perdas no cálculo do Imposto de Renda da Pessoa Jurídica (IRPJ). Por meio da realização de estudo de caso em empresa comercial exportadora autuada em R$ 16.438.314,10 (valor equivalente a 41,08% de seu Patrimônio Líquido em 2004) pelo Fisco federal em 2008, no intuito de glosar as perdas excedentes aos ganhos auferidos com instrumentos derivativos e contratos de swap nos anos-calendários de 2003 e 2004, verificou-se que mesmo diante da existência comprovada de exposição ao risco ex ante de variação de preços de commodities agrícolas (açúcar e etanol) e de cotação de moeda estrangeira, a ausência na legislação brasileira de critérios gerenciais e contábeis claros para a elaboração de controles internos obrigatórios ou de formulários padronizados para a apresentação das informações relativas às operações com instrumentos financeiros em geral (com finalidade de hedge ou não) - os quais não foram integralmente supridos pelas normas contábeis relativas ao hedge accouting vigentes a partir de 2008 -, resultou no agravamento das perdas auferidas pela cobrança adicional do IRPJ. Ademais, por meio de pesquisa documental e análise de conteúdo de decisões administrativas da RFB relativas ao tema \"comprovação de hedge\", foram identificados como fatores decisivos para a redução ou eliminação da assimetria informacional por parte dos contribuintes a correta vinculação das operações financeiras às atividades operacionais da companhia, a modalidade dos instrumentos financeiros selecionados e a estratégia de hedge adotada e, principalmente, a assertividade dos documentos apresentados à fiscalização federal para este fim. Estes resultados corroboram que os mesmos fatores identificados no estudo de caso podem ser atribuídos às demais companhias brasileiras autuadas pela RFB sob o mesmo fundamento - sucesso ou não na comprovação da natureza de hedge das operações financeiras praticadas em determinado período. / The hedge purpose in the financial operations on stock and commodities exchange and similar carried out by companies is legal condition to benefit the full deductibility of accounted losses and paid prizes in the income tax assessment in Brazil. However, obstacles in the documental prove of these operations before Brazilian Federal Revenue Office (RFB) are resulting in tax deficiency notices and millionaire fines\' application, jeopardizing the risk management instruments applied by companies exactly to avoid unexpected and unwanted results. In this sense, based on the agency theory prescriptions and on empirical studies on accounting and tax which discussed the informational asymmetry causes and effects, this paper aimed to identify factors which affect the information asymmetry between taxpayers and federal tax authorities, specifically with regards to controlling, recording and proving financial operations with hedge purposes, and consequently their tax treatment in the Corporate Income Tax (IRPJ) assessment. By means of a case study with a Brazilian trading company which was notified to collect R$ 16,438,314.10 (value equal to 41.08% of its equity in 2004) by Brazilian tax authorities in 2008, in order to disallow the deductibility of losses excessive to gains assessed on derivatives and swap operations on the calendar-years 2003 and 2004, it was verified that even before the proved existence of ex ante exposure to risk of soft commodities (sugar and ethanol) prices and foreign currency variations, Brazilian legislation´s lack with regards to clear both managerial and accounting criteria in elaborating obligatory internal controls or standard sheets to present information related to operations with general financial instruments (with hedge purposes or not) - which was not sufficiently supplied by the accounting Standards related to hedge accounting in force since 2008 -, results in a marginal loss related to the IRPJ additional cost. Moreover, by means of a broad documental research and content analysis of administrative case law issued by RFB and related to hedge prove, it was verified as critical factors to information asymmetry reduction or elimination the adequate compliance of financial operations to company\'s operational activity, the financial instruments applied and hedge strategy selected and mainly the documentation repertory presented to Brazilian tax authorities. This results corroborate that the same factors raised on the case study can be projected to other Brazilian companies also notified by RFB under the same basis - success or not on the prove of hedge purposes of financial operations carried out in determined period.

Esta tese é motivada pelo recente processo de convergência contábil ao International Financial Reporting Standard - IFRS que, dentre outras inovações, adota fair value como base para mensuração, o que afeta a determinação do lucro contábil das entidades e, consequentemente, a distribuição de resultados. Nesse contexto, uma importante questão deve ser respondida: o fair value possui disponibilidade econômica? O trabalho discute o fair value como um elemento contábil responsável por mensurar e reconhecer as expectativas em relação a ativos e passivos, ou seja, antecipar o potencial de conversão em caixa (i.e., no caso de ativo). Para que seja possível determinar se o fair value possui disponibilidade econômica, o trabalho propõe um conceito. A disponibilidade econômica é o potencial que determinada expectativa possui de conversão em caixa, tendo em vista a presença reduzida de assimetria informacional entre as partes supostamente envolvidas na negociação, considerando a existência de ambiente de liquidez seguro e transparência na precificação. Nesse contexto, tendo em vista a existência de diferentes modalidades de fair value de acordo com os preceitos do IFRS, o estudo determina que os principais fatores para que se possa concluir sobre a disponibilidade econômica do fair value são: (a) expectativa de efeitos futuros, (b) presença reduzida de assimetria informacional, (c) ambiente de liquidez confiável e (d) transparência na precificação. O estudo conclui que há modalidades de fair value que possuem disponibilidade econômica, tal como o fair value atrelado a ativos financeiros com alta liquidez no mercado e com reduzida assimetria informacional para determinação de seu preço, mensurados com informações de Nível 1. O padrão IFRS permite que a disponibilidade econômica esteja mais nítida nos elementos contábeis. Devido ao fato de que a existência de mecanismos eficientes de negociação de ativos e passivos é o fator determinante mais dependente de externalidades, a afirmação mais ampla de que o fair value possui disponibilidade econômica possui relação com o contexto econômico, político e até mesmo o social. Muito embora possa se concluir sobre a disponibilidade econômica do fair value, a conclusão sobre sua tributação tangencia aspectos relativos à segurança jurídica e à capacidade contributiva. / This thesis is inspired by the Brazilian accounting convergence to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), which among other inovations adopts fair value as a basis for accounting measurement, which affects the determination of the accounting profit of entities and, consequently, the distribution of results. In this context, there is an important question to be addressed: Is fair value available economically? This work considers fair value as an accounting element responsible for measuring and recognizing market expectations, that is, foreseeing the potential of conversion into cash (i.e. in the case of an asset). In order to determine if fair value is economically available, this paper proposes a concept of economic availability. Economic availability is the potential that a certain expectation has of conversion into cash, given the reduced presence of informational asymmetry between the parties supposedly involved in the transaction, considering the existence of a secure liquidity environment and safe trading conditions. In this context, considering the existence of different modalities of fair value according to the precepts of IFRS, this study ascertains that the main determining factors necessary to draw conclusions on the economic availability of fair value are: (a) expectation of future events, (b) reduced presence of informational asymmetry, (c) a reliable liquidity environment and (d) transparency in pricing. Thus the conclusion is that there are fair value modalities that have economic availability, such as fair value linked to financial assets as high liquidity in the market and with reduced informational asymmetry in determining their price, mensured based on Level 1 of information. The IFRS standard allows economic availability to be more sharply defined in accounting elements. Due to the existence of efficient mechanisms to negotiate assets and liabilities is factor that most depends on externalities, the broader assertion that fair value has economic availability depends on the economic, political and even social context. Although conclusions may be drawn on the economic availability of fair value, judgments on its taxation concern aspects related to legal certainty and the ability to pay.