Drawing upon media agenda-setting theory and previous studies in organizational impression management, this paper empirically investigates the influence of tax avoidance news on corporate tax reporting. This study is based on the pronounced discontinuity in the amount of news articles related to tax avoidance in the United Kingdom over two periods (2010-2011 and 2012-2013). A difference-in-differences design is employed in order to enable a comparison of the media effects on those firms that have been reported in tax avoidance news versus those without media attention. Using a sample of annual reports of UK FTSE 100 companies across the period 2010 to 2013, I test the impact of tax avoidance news on quality and quantity of tax disclosure. The results suggest that the recent increase in media attention on tax avoidance does not stimulate firms to improve the quality and the quantity of tax disclosure in their corporate reporting. Rather, firms can be discouraged from discussing the most relevant tax items in their reporting, as shown in the case of financial firms which were the subject of the largest amount of tax avoidance news. (author's abstract) / Series: WU International Taxation Research Paper Series

Employees' benefits from the income taxes point of view Employee benefit can be defined as a certain advantage given to the employee by his employer on top of his salary. It is a voluntary fulfillment of the employer to which he is not obliged according to any law. Benefits represent significant motivator for current employees as well as attraction for new applicants. Benefits can be provided either in monetary or non-monetary form. The form of the benefit is usually crucial for the determination of its tax treatment on both employer's and employee's side. On the employee's side it has to be determined whether the benefit is taxable or tax exempt. On the employer's side it has to be determined whether the relating costs are tax deductible or not. The Income Taxes Act states explicitly that certain non-monetary benefits are tax non- deductible (e.g. gifts, expenses in the form of possibility to use cultural, leisure, medical, educational or sports facilities). In other cases the tax deductibility may be limited (e.g. contributions to alimentation provided by third parties including meal vouchers). On the other hand, non-monetary form is often one of the conditions for tax exemption for the employee (e.g. education, alimentation, soft drinks or possibility to use sports or medical facilities). The exemption...

The main goal of my thesis was to present a compact view on current adjustment of the taxation of income of natural persons resulting from business and other forms of self- employment with the emphasis on the description of tax records, lump-sump expenses and lump-sump tax. I tried to apply articular structural elements of the taxation of income of natural persons resulting from business and other forms of self-employment and to present its interpretation. Regarding the complexity of the act I consider to be useful to present some practical examples which would enable better understanding of the institutes described and I also tried not to forget the judgments relating the interpretation. Lump-sump tax which I tried to analyzed, is not very spread in the Czech Republic even though it should contribute to simplification of the setting of the Income Tax for tax-payers running their business on a mall scale. The reason for this state is, in my opinion, the impossibility to apply tax refund, impossibility to apply tax loss and one of the reason can also be uncertainty of economic result because if tax-payers reach lower income and higher expenses than those ones which were counted while setting lump-sum tax, their tax liability doesn't change. In connection with the change of the Act of Accounting, on the 1st...

Comparison of the development of income taxes in the Czech Republic and Slovakia after 1992 I have chosen the subject of my thesis, a comparison of a development of the income tax in the Czech Republic and in Slovakia after 1992, mainly for vocational reasons. As a tax adviser I have been confronted with a need to be familiar not only with the Czech tax law but also with the Slovak one as a result of an extension of the business of some of my clients to the territory of Slovakia. Besides I consider a comparison of the laws of two countries that were parts of a common state before mere 20 years and had thus also a common legal order as useful also for the study of the Czech law. With regard to the language proximity of the both states it is easily possible to confront the Czech law regulations with the Slovak ones and to extend one's knowledge also during the study of these regulations. The thesis consist of four parts. In the first part the development of the law taxes of the both states is described briefly from the partition of the federation until the present time. The second part is the main section of the thesis. It contains a detailed comparison of selected individual enactments of the tax laws of the both states and an identification of important differences between the law regulations in both...

Taxation of Personal Income (a comparison of the legislation in the Czech republic and selected countries of EU) The topic of taxation of personal income has been chosen by the author of this diploma thesis. The original purpose was to describe and analyze the legislation in two states, Czech Republic and Slovak Republic, which had existed as a common state more than 70 years in the 20th century. Therefore it could be interesting to follow up, what had happened during the last 20 years after the disintegration of the common state. This thesis is divided into five parts (including an introduction and a conclusion), which are generally subdivided into the chapters and subchapters. The thesis was written in accordance with the law applicable on the 1st October 2013. In the first part of the thesis, the author deals with the Czech laws regulating an income tax of individuals. She defines and briefly explains an essential terminology related to that part of legislation including some proposed amendments of the Acts. As a main source the Law on Income Taxes, no. 586/1992 was used. It is important to highlight also the chapter number 4 which is focused not only on the Czech territory, but which analyses the problem with an international double taxation of worldwide incomes of a natural persons, including...

57 9. Summary In my thesis I analyze the legislation on personal income taxes applicable in the Czech Republic, in the Slovak Republic and in a few selected member states of the European Union, with its main purpose to highlight the specificity of the legislation and to state reasons why it is most unlikely to achieve the full harmonization of personal income tax within the European Union. The thesis is divided into an introduction, four main chapters and a conclusion. The Introduction is focused on the reasons of my choice of the topic and I point out the importance of the issue. In Chapter Two, firstly, I analyze the concept of taxation in general, then other individual terms related to the income tax and the specific legislation according to the Act no. 586/1992 Coll., on Income Tax, another tax related legislation, and other specifics of the Czech income tax legislation. Similarly has been continued in Chapter Three, which briefly describes the evolution and the applicable legislation of personal income tax in the Slovak Republic. Chapter Four deals with the harmonization process within the European Union, the methods of elimination of the international double taxation, legislation applicable on this issue in the Czech Republic and mainly it analyzes the personal income tax legislation applicable in a...

M.Com. (Taxation) / One of the canons of context requires that a liability will be in 1986:para 4.47). taxation is certainty. "Certainty taxpayer be reasonably certain of what any given set of circumstances" (Margo in this his tax Report, It is submitted that, at present, there is not the desired certainty regarding the treatment of unrealised foreign exchange differences. This is proven by the internal memorandum circularised by the Commissioner of Inland Revenue, advising local Receivers of Revenue to put on hold all income tax returns with unrealised foreign exchange losses and all objections to the disallowance of these losses until such time that it has, in consultation with professional bodies, been able to establish an acceptable solution to the problem (Commissioner for Inland Revenue, n.d.). No finality has been reached to date and uncertainty therefore still prevails on either side of the fence, resulting in losses to both parties. As a result of the Commissioner's instruction not to assess income tax returns with foreign exchange differences, Revenue suffers significant losses from a cash flow point of view. This is because a taxpayer is entitled to base his first and second provisional tax payment for a particular tax year on his "basic amount", this being his taxable income or assessed loss for the last tax year for which he has been assessed. For many affected taxpayers, this is their 1984 tax year in respect of which they reported a considerably lower taxable income than for their last year of assessment. This means that their first two provisional tax payments in respect of a particular tax year can be extremely low in comparison to their taxable income for their last year of assessment. There are also quite a few taxpayers who had an assessed loss for their 1984 tax year who are therefore not required to make a payment at all. It follows, therefore, that Revenue could improve its cash flow position by not allowing assessments to fall too far in arrears. Conversely, disallowance response to pay tax on purposes. taxpayers lose where they have objected to the of their foreign exchange losses and are still awaiting a their objections as, in the meantime, they will have to the basis that the losses are not deductible for tax The direct effect of the disallowance of unrealised foreign exchange losses would be that the after tax cost of borrowings from abroad would be unacceptably high, thus creating a bias towards local borrowing. In a country in dire need of foreign capital, this situation is obviously totally undesirable.

A discussão acerca do impacto dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor ainda é pouco explorada na teoria de finanças. No entanto, a necessidade de investigação do tema é crescente, já que se trata de importante variável na composição do valor das empresas. O problema de estudo investiga se a estrutura dos tributos sobre a renda, determinada pela legislação específica de um país, pode ser responsável por um ganho de valor das empresas desse país se comparado a outro país com diferente legislação. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o impacto dos tributos sobre a renda no valor das empresas em diferentes países. Em um primeiro momento é analisada, por meio da técnica bibliográfica e documental, a legislação dos tributos sobre a renda das empresas dos países selecionados (Brasil, EUA, Espanha e Japão), a fim de demonstrar e comparar as formas de apuração desses tributos. Após essa evidenciação, são realizadas análises estatísticas, por meio de testes de diferença entre médias das alíquotas efetivas e das bases de tributos sobre a renda nas empresas de capital aberto dos países analisados, buscando comparar os resultados obtidos com as formas de tributação sobre a renda apresentadas. Para comprovação e análise final do trabalho foi elaborada uma simulação hipotética visando demonstrar os efeitos dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor das empresas. Os resultados apurados revelam diferenças significativas entre a alíquota efetiva dos países e a alíquota marginal definida pela legislação, além de demonstrarem que o LAIR é estatisticamente diferente do Lucro Tributável. / There have been few in-depth studies of the impact of income tax on the generation of value in the theory of finances. However, there is a growing need to investigate the issue, since taxation is a major variable affecting the value composition of companies. This study asks whether the income tax structure stipulated by the specific legislation of a certain country may account for gains in the value of companies in this country compared to other countries with different legislation. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of income tax on the value of the companies in different countries. It initially uses bibliographical and documentary techniques to analyze income tax legislation affecting companies in the selected countries (Brazil, the USA, Spain and Japan), in order to demonstrate and compare different ways of reflecting these taxes in accounting terms. Having shown this, it proceeds to perform statistical analysis of average actual tax rates and taxable income parameters for publicly traded companies in the countries analyzed, and compares the results obtained with forms of income taxation. In conclusion, and as the final analysis of the study, a practical simulation is devised to show the effects of income tax on value of companies. The findings point to significant differences between actual rates in these countries and marginal rates as defined by legislation, and further show that Pre-Tax Income is statistically different from Taxable Income.

No description available.

A discussão acerca do impacto dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor ainda é pouco explorada na teoria de finanças. No entanto, a necessidade de investigação do tema é crescente, já que se trata de importante variável na composição do valor das empresas. O problema de estudo investiga se a estrutura dos tributos sobre a renda, determinada pela legislação específica de um país, pode ser responsável por um ganho de valor das empresas desse país se comparado a outro país com diferente legislação. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o impacto dos tributos sobre a renda no valor das empresas em diferentes países. Em um primeiro momento é analisada, por meio da técnica bibliográfica e documental, a legislação dos tributos sobre a renda das empresas dos países selecionados (Brasil, EUA, Espanha e Japão), a fim de demonstrar e comparar as formas de apuração desses tributos. Após essa evidenciação, são realizadas análises estatísticas, por meio de testes de diferença entre médias das alíquotas efetivas e das bases de tributos sobre a renda nas empresas de capital aberto dos países analisados, buscando comparar os resultados obtidos com as formas de tributação sobre a renda apresentadas. Para comprovação e análise final do trabalho foi elaborada uma simulação hipotética visando demonstrar os efeitos dos tributos sobre a renda na geração de valor das empresas. Os resultados apurados revelam diferenças significativas entre a alíquota efetiva dos países e a alíquota marginal definida pela legislação, além de demonstrarem que o LAIR é estatisticamente diferente do Lucro Tributável. / There have been few in-depth studies of the impact of income tax on the generation of value in the theory of finances. However, there is a growing need to investigate the issue, since taxation is a major variable affecting the value composition of companies. This study asks whether the income tax structure stipulated by the specific legislation of a certain country may account for gains in the value of companies in this country compared to other countries with different legislation. The aim of this study is to determine the impact of income tax on the value of the companies in different countries. It initially uses bibliographical and documentary techniques to analyze income tax legislation affecting companies in the selected countries (Brazil, the USA, Spain and Japan), in order to demonstrate and compare different ways of reflecting these taxes in accounting terms. Having shown this, it proceeds to perform statistical analysis of average actual tax rates and taxable income parameters for publicly traded companies in the countries analyzed, and compares the results obtained with forms of income taxation. In conclusion, and as the final analysis of the study, a practical simulation is devised to show the effects of income tax on value of companies. The findings point to significant differences between actual rates in these countries and marginal rates as defined by legislation, and further show that Pre-Tax Income is statistically different from Taxable Income.