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Na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo, em uma área impactada por resíduos de galvanoplastia estudaram-se fenômenos de fixação e mobilidade dos íons Ni, Cu e Cr associados ao solo e águas subterrâneas e superficiais. No solo, próximo à área de descarte do resíduo, detectou-se preocupante enriquecimento em íons metálicos na forma precipitada/adsorvida, disponíveis ao meio ambiente em função das condições ambientais. Baixos valores de CTC e matéria orgânica do solo constituído essencialmente por caulinita, bem como a declividade do terreno, favoreceram a mobilização iônica com fixação no terreno próximo ao Rio Aricanduva. Experimentalmente, através de lixiviações em extrator do tipo sohxlet e em colunas de percolação sob diferentes condições, demonstrou-se que o Ni é intensamente mobilizado, que o cromo praticamente mantem-se fixo e o cobre teve comportamento intermediário. Em trabalhos de campo verificou-se que o comportamento dos íons foi o mesmo, isto é, o cromo, na forma de óxi-hidróxido, se manteve precipitado junto às partículas do solo; o cobre, pouco ou quase nada se alterou, encontrado praticamente fixo (Cu(OH)2, CuO.nH2O) e o níquel apresentou comportamento dividido entre a solução intersticial e como íon adsorvido. Os resíduos galvânicos, embora sejam diferenciados quanto a composição química, em geral, mesmo em condições ambientais e características diversas dos solos, liberam elevadas concentrações de íons de metais pesados para o meio ambiente excedendo os limites estabelecidos pela CETESB. / In a contaminated site by electroplating wastes located in the Metropolitan region of São Paulo, São Paulo State, were studied phenomena of Ni, Cu and Cr ions fixation and mobility, associated with soils and superficial and groundwater water. The soil situated nearby an irregular area of waste disposal, presented high concentrations of heavy metals as adsorbed/precipitated ions, in available state depending on climate conditions. Low values of cationic exchange capacity (CEC), low organic matter content in soils and kaolinite dominant mineralogy, in addition to land slope favored ionic mobilization followed by its fixation in soils near Aricanduva River. Extractions with sohxlet extractor and with percolation columns in different conditions, show that the nickel is intensely mobilized and chromium remained precipitated; copper behavior was mediator. In works in study area the ions behavior was same, Cr as oxi-hydroxide, remained precipitated in soil; Cu is fixed (Cu(OH)2, CuO.nH2O) and Ni was distributed between soil and water. Solid waste produced by electroplating industry activities present high concentrations of heavy metals, regardless the different conditions and characteristics of soils, when inadequately dumped or disposed, heavy metals ions are released to environment, normally exceeding CETESB (environmental protection agency of São Paulo State) limits.

Global energy requirements are heavily dependent on fossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas. With the expectation of fossil fuels being exhausted in the future, novel strategies need to be discovered for alternative energy generation. Biofuels such as acetone, butanol, ethanol, and hydrogen gas are gaining interest as high value energy sources. These fuels can be produced by anaerobic clostridia as metabolic byproducts of fermentation. The capability to produce these biofuels has been widely studied using glucose or other common feedstocks. Biofuels from renewable and industrial waste feedstocks such as algae and cheese whey may have significant implications on the efficiency of biofuel production, where the price associated with feedstocks is considered a major bottleneck in biotechnology processes. Algae and cheese whey are both rich in organic nutrients and can be utilized by clostridia to produce not only biofuels, but also bioacids, which are considered fuel intermediate compounds. Additionally, understanding microbial communities both in the biosphere and within bioreactors can provide knowledge on microbial relationships and novel microbes, and provide knowledge to optimize engineered systems for biofuels and bioremediation strategies. In this study, a comprehensive investigation of the Logan City Wastewater Lagoon System at the microbial level was executed. Microalgae were utilized for the production of acetone, butanol, and ethanol using Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum. High-throughput 454 pyrosequencing technology was utilized to understand the biogas-producing microbial consortium within an algal-fed anaerobic digester inoculated with lagoon sludge. This technology platform was also utilized to study the microbial diversity of a municipal waste remediating community while probing for clostridia capable of producing biofuels. Bioproduct producing clostridia from this system were isolated and employed using cheese whey as feedstock for the production of hydrogen, ethanol, acetic acid, butyric acid, and lactic acid. Integrating fundamental science with engineering strategies was demonstrated using this lagoon system. To optimize and fully understand and manage anaerobic microbial systems, an understanding of their phylogeny and their capabilities are vital for success at the industrial level for the production of high value bioproducts.

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Abstract Constructed wetlands can be treated as a imulated natural treatment system,which use solar adiation as the source of energy. By analogy with some removalmechanisms in natural wetlands, constructed wetlands are able to transform and remove pollutants from the wastewater. Other features provided by the constructed wetland include wildlife support, hydrologic odification, erosion protection, and open space and aesthetics. It has been applied for domestic wastewater purification for decades. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ffectiveness of using constructed wetlands on industrial wastewater treatment. In this study, grit chamber and furnace waste from steel-making were used as the media for plant growth. Two -tank (dimension for each tank: 4L ¡Ñ1W ¡Ñ1H) system was designed and constructed to simulate the constructed wetland. Reed and cattail were planted in the first and second tanks, respectively. In the system, media in the first and second tanks were filled to a height of 0.4 m (furnace waste from steel-making) and 0.1 m (waste grit), respectively. The depth of water was maintained at 0.3 m. The hydraulic retention time was approximately 5 days. The following parameters were analyzed during the operational period: nutrients, chemical oxygen demand (COD), suspended solids (SS), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD). The calculated removal rates (g/m2/day) in the first tank were¡GCOD 5.92¡Ó0.64¡BBOD 3.48¡Ó0.95¡BSS (suspended solids) 3.42¡Ó1.44¡BTKN (total kjedal nitrogen, TKN) 0.94¡Ó0.26¡BTP (total phosphorus) 1.33¡Ó0.2¡CThe removal rates (g/ m2/day) in the second tank were: COD 5.17¡Ó0.62¡BBOD 3.21¡Ó0.92¡B SS 2.92¡Ó1.29¡BTKN 0.59¡Ó0.21¡BTP 0.66¡Ó0.15. Results from this study indicate that the media and plants in both tanks created a biofiltration system for microbial growth and pollutant removal. Sorption and biodegradation were the two major pollutant removal mechanisms in the system. During the operational period, the average removal efficiencies (%) in the first tank were: COD 55~62, BOD 73~90, SS 66~84, TKN 36~66, TP 28~39. The average removal efficiencies (%) in the first tank were: COD 49~54, BOD 73~83, SS 45~69,TKN 15~43, TP 9~24.

District heating has a long standing tradition in Sweden and today it is the most common way of producing and transporting heat. A District heating system (DH system) is divided into three parts: a production facility, distribution network (DH network) and one more heat stations. The heat produced in the facilities is distributed to the customers via a heat transfer medium, usually water (DH water), in piping networks that make up the DH network. The heat is transferred to the customers via the heat exchanger at which point they can use it as heated tap water or for heating purposes. The DH networks are often constructed in steel as it is cheap and a relatively resistant material. However it has the disadvantages of corrosion and expansions when it is exposed high temperatures which lead to damages in the DH network resulting in loss of the DH water, this is an unavoidable occurrence in any DH network. This results in addition of pollutants by leakages into the DH network or with the water that is used to compensate for the losses. The pollutants cause further corrosion, leading to metal contamination, and more damages on the DH network meaning there is a continuous degradation. Therefore various treatments are used to clean and ascertain an acceptable chemical environment in the DH systems. These treatments are effective but not at a level which is required so many chemicals are used to enhance the treatment of the water. Some of these are known to be toxic to humans and water ecosystems. As leakages are abundant and often end up in the WWTPs of the concerned municipality, which often have troubles with disturbances of the biological treatment, it was decided that an assessment of the toxic effects that DH water pose on activated sludge was to be investigated. This was done by testing water from two DH networks, Växjö and Kalmar, on the same activated sludge obtained from Tegelviken WWTP in Kalmar. A respirometric bioassay approach established by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), OECD standard 209; OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals was used with changes made to exposure and measuring time as this decrease the risk of misinterpretation of the results. A dilution series using different concentrations (6.25%, 25% and 100%) of DH water was tested and compered to a blank control samples containing only activated sludge. Assessment of toxicity on total oxidation, oxidation carbon and oxidation of nitrogen was made. To get some idea of what might cause toxic effect samples of the waters was sent to outside laboratories for analyses of metals. The result from the bioassay and metal analysis was used to formulate risk factors associated with a DH water spill and exposure to WWTPs. It was found that both DH waters have a significant inhibition on nitrification in WWTPs. The DH water from Kalmar exhibited similar toxicity dynamics, roughly 20% inhibition, despite large differences in concentration. The DH water from Växjö showed a negative correlation between an increase in concentration of DH water and toxicity, 74% for the lowest concentration and 11% for the highest. The metal analysis concluded that there was no abundance of metal contamination which led to the inference that toxicity is probably caused by the chemicals used for treatment. This poses a great risk for the Baltic Ocean as many WWTPs release their treated water directly into water courses with a short detention time before reaching the sea.