Thesis (Ph. D.)--York University, 2000. Graduate Programme in Philosophy. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 632-683). Also available on the Internet. MODE OF ACCESS via web browser by entering the following URL: http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/yorku/fullcit?pNQ59159.

M.Tech. Business Administration. Business School / The Tshwane University of Technology (TUT) is established in terms of the Higher Education Act, 1997 (Act No. 101 of 1997). The institution offers higher education learning and makes use of study material and other sources that are in most instances copyrighted, for example text books, journals etc. Questions that are often asked by lecturing staff are: Who is the copyright owner of the study material? How much of a textbook may be duplicated? How many copies of the works may be made? May I duplicate study material for students etc.? These questions are often difficult to answer because of the complexity of the Copyright Act, the fact that the Act was promulgated in 1978 and the limited availability of case law which interprets the provisions of the Copyright Act.

published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

Denna uppsats söker utröna gällande svensk rätt avseende möjligheten att nyttja upphovsrättsskyddat material utan upphovsmannens samtycke, så kallade upphovsrättsinskränkningar. Denna typ av bestämmelser har sin grund i artikel 9(2) Bernkonventionen och har sedermera utvecklats genom diverse andra internationella överenskommelser. Mest intressant är hur dessa upphovsrättsinskränkningar förhåller sig till modern teknik, främst gällande upphovsrättsskyddat material på Internet. I svensk rätt har ett antal upphovsrättsinskränkningar vållat problem för upphovsmän, däribland undantaget om privat bruk som medger att bruk av upphovsrättsskyddade verk i privatlivet inte alltid utgör ett intrång i upphovsrätten. Denna inskränkning i upphovsrätten har förelegat särskilt olämplig att upprätthålla då uppkomsten av Internet har inneburit en allt för långtgående möjlighet att framställa exemplar av upphovsrättsskyddade verk för privat bruk. Med implementeringen av diverse internationella överenskommelser i svensk rätt har undantaget om privat bruk utvecklats för att bättre bevara upphovmännens intressen. Uppsatsen visar vilka förutsättningar som måste vara uppfyllda för att undantaget om privat bruk skulle kunna hävdas. Vidare visas att bestämmelsen om kopiering för privat bruk numera kräver en laglig förlaga för att kunna komma i fråga, något som gör nedladdning av olovligt material från Internet olagligt. Datorprogram, som inte omfattas av undantaget om privat bruk, kan dock under vissa förutsättningar ändå kopieras för privat bruk då lagen undantar en sådan handling från straffsanktion.

<p> Archaeologists increasingly recognize the need for public outreach and education, which many archaeological organizations include in principles and guidelines. First, this thesis summarizes my experience with a multicomponent internship, with Archaeology Southwest, the Learning Center of the American Southwest, and the National Park Service. During my internship I focused on providing the public with access to information about archaeological materials through the internet. Finally, this thesis explores the opportunity of providing deeper understandings, while considering potential implications, when working with the digital medium. During my time with Archaeology Southwest I produced three dimensional digital representations, virtual artifacts, of archaeological ceramic vessels. I designed the virtual artifacts for use by Archaeology Southwest's Virtual Southwest website and the Learning Center of the American Southwest (LCAS) Virtual Museum website. I contributed to the digital repositories of the websites, and subsequently reviewed and analyzed my experience to determine the best use of the virtual artifacts. During my time with the National Park Service (NPS) I helped develop lesson plans and activities of the Sinagua archaeological culture of Wupatki and Walnut Canyon National Monuments, designed primarily for third through fifth grade students visiting the monuments during school trips. Digital media provides the opportunity to preserve archaeological resources while educating the public to provide a deeper understanding of the past. I created 28 three dimensional reconstructions, virtual artifacts, of existing archaeological ceramic vessels provided by the Museum of Northern Arizona and Northern Arizona University. I designed the virtual artifacts for multiple online programs and for the lesson plans that I created for the National Park Service. I critically analyze the use of the products of my internship within the open-source movement, detail the current state of intellectual property rights for indigenous communities, and provide recommendations for my internship organizations. This information provides archaeologists with a reflexive analysis of the current use of intangible digital resources and serves as a guide for future projects.</p>

<p> The definition of plagiarism that is used in university handbooks is a simple one, and policies along with tiers of disciplinary strategies are used by faculty members in higher education to deter students from committing a plagiarism infraction based on this simple definition. However, plagiarism still occurs on college campuses, and this may be a result of gray areas with regard to different aspects of plagiarism that are not contained in the definition. Because of these misunderstandings, students may commit accidental plagiarism or disagree about what constitutes plagiarism. This qualitative study attempted to discover what aspects of plagiarism are confusing for college students. The data collection method involved personal open-ended interviews with 15 college students of different ages, genders, years in college, and areas of study. The 9 different themes that were brought to the surface as a result of the interviews included findings in the reasons that students justify plagiarism, the levels of acceptability among students, the amount of prior education in plagiarism that students have when they enter college, and specific gray areas such as paraphrasing and common knowledge that the participants discussed as confusing. These findings could be used by faculty and administration in institutions of higher education to aid in formatting new policies and learning activities to help students learn about plagiarism from their own perspective and understand the concepts involved in a better way so that less unintentional plagiarism takes place.</p>

Historically, there have been two moral theories which have dominated the analysis of 'intellectual property': Natural law theory and Utilitarianism. The former argues that authors have an inalienable right to control the products of their minds while the latter argues that the moral status of a law establishing 'intellectual property' is inextricably tied to the attempt to maximize societal well-being. In this thesis I argue that few justifiable natural rights to the products of our minds can be found and, subsequently, the justification of such rights must stem from the latter theory. I argue that Utilitarianism places many strong limitations on the extensiveness of the powers granted to 'intellectual property' right-holders by a moral law. Finally, I argue that independent of a given societal state-of-affairs, we have two moral obligations: to follow the trend set by moral authors, and to lend them our support.

<p> This Dissertation investigates the relationship between patent quality and company performance for a sample from the US Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry. The methodology devised comprehensively examines patent worth (patent&rsquo;s references), patent protection (claims and family patents) and patent quality (references, claims and family patents) to determine their implications on firm leverage (SE, TA), profits (ROE, ROA), and market value (B/M, MCap). The selected sample comprises 1,536 companies, and 285,000 patents from 1999 to 2009. The results show that total revenue just responds to changes in R&D; intensity, and patenting intensity. A 10 percent increase in patent value results in a corresponding increase rate on the market capitalization index for the full sample and a 14 percent increase for the chemicals and allied products group (SIC 28). Increases (10%) in patent protection and quality present average increases of 15 percent on market capitalization for the full sample and 8 percent for the chemicals and allied products group (SIC 28). The medical devices group (SIC 38) results suggest that Mcap increases 10 percent by the same increase in patent value index. Patent protection and quality increases (10%) suggest an average 8 percent increase in Mcap. Results suggest that profits, leverage and market indices respond differently to 10 percent increases in patent value, patent protections and patent quality. The aforementioned effects suggest that the qualitative indexes follow company related market activities and business valuations for the chemical and allied products, and medical devices industrial sectors.</p>

No description available.

For 20 years, and more intensively during the last decade, indigenous knowledge has challenged the regime of intellectual property. If this field of law has been, in the past, challenged by new technology, it is now, with the problematic of indigenous medicinal knowledge, put to the test by "old invention". The present thesis examines the status of indigenous medicinal knowledge in international intellectual property law. Thus, we will proceed to the study of the main international conventions and the common regime of intellectual property law in order to determine the treatment accorded to medicinal indigenous knowledge within the actual system. The role that intellectual property could play in the future will also be examined.