Online learning sessions are becoming increasingly common. In this study, we reviewed over 150 studies of online and blended learning, revealing that the factors that affect student preferences for online or in-person learning vary widely and compiled a table of these factors. They can be categorized as either learning preferences or current lifestyle conditions. To better understand these preferences, we implemented an intervention in which college-level engineering students were given the choice to attend either an online or in-person session for a class they normally attended in a different modality. We compared college students' stated preferences with demonstrated attendance for online or in-person instruction. We surveyed approximately 150 undergraduate students from two different courses in engineering who participated in both in-person and online learning experiences. We conducted a pre and post survey, created based on the categories formed from our literature review. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test, Phi correlations, and structural equation modeling in order to determine the most salient combination of preferences that affect students' choice to attend either an online or in-person class. Furthermore, this research specifically sought to understand why students' stated preferences may or may not align with their demonstrated attendance for online or in-person learning. Based on survey results, we used targeted interviews to understand student choices from 13 students whose choices did not match their stated preferences. We found that most students in our context of a typical in-person university prefer in-person instruction, but they also want some online class sessions if it is more convenient for them at the time. Through applying The Reasoned Action Approach and Model, we analyzed students' stated preferences and compared these with their demonstrated actions. The analysis revealed that students' self-prediction via a survey about whether or not they would attend an online class session was statistically significant at predicting their actual attendance, whereas stated preference for some online class sessions were not predictive. This finding suggests that preference-based surveys may not reliably predict students' actions in regards to attending online or in-person class sessions. Instead, we recommend using a survey with an appropriate predictive question, which will allow universities and professors to determine if it will be worth investing the time and resources in to creating online class sessions.

Sunbathing and sunscreen use, as well as related intentions, attitudes, beliefs, and knowledge, were assessed in 90 Southern Appalachian undergraduates. A large majority (75%) reported sunbathing; with more than half reporting sun lamp use. A slight majority (56.7%) reported some use of sunscreen. Subjects reporting an intention to tan spent more time sunbathing, both outside and under a sun lamp. Individuals reporting a sun protection intention had lighter tans and spent less time sunbathing. Sunbathing was predicted by perceptions of sunbathing as relaxing, while sun lamp use was predicted by more positive views of suntans. Sunscreen use was predicted by more positive sun protection attitudes and less negative sunscreen attitudes.

Ajzen's (1988) theory of planned behavior (TOPB) was used to examine psychological determinants of high-risk UV radiation exposure-related behaviors (sunbathing, tanning salon use, and sunscreen use). Undergraduates at a midsized southeastern university were assessed on their psychological and behavioral tendencies toward high-risk UV radiation exposure-related behaviors. The results generally supported the utility of the TOPB as an explanatory model for high-risk behavior. Attitudes were strongly associated with high-risk intentions (e.g., not utilize sunscreen, use salons), whereas subjective norms were less so. Perceived behavioral control was found to moderate the relationship among attitudes, norms, and intentions to sunbathe and tan at a salon. Implications for intervention strategies and future model building in this area are discussed.

This study investigates the effects of challenge and hindrance stressors and exhaustion on frontline hotel employees'turnover intentions and whether hope, as a personal resource, can moderate the deleterious effects of these antecedents on turnover intentions. Data were collected from a sample of 183 full-time frontline employees working in 5-star and 4-star hotels in Northern Cyprus. To ensure the temporal separation of measures, data pertaining to the independent and dependent variables were measured via two questionnaires administered with a time lag of two weeks. Results of the study reveal that hindrance stressors and exhaustion heighten frontline employees' turnover intentions and that hope is a potential antidote to the deleterious impacts of these antecedents on turnover intentions. Thus, managers should consider the candidates' hope levels during employee selection and hiring. Candidates high in hope should he given priority in hiring since such employees can better cope with stress and exhaustion. Management should also consider devising proactive strategies to keep employees high in hope in the organization since such employees can help create a positive work environment, may serve as role models to their colleagues and generate a demonstration effect among current employees with lower levels of hope.

This study investigates the effects of challenge and hindrance stressors and exhaustion on frontline hotel employees'turnover intentions and whether hope, as a personal resource, can moderate the deleterious effects of these antecedents on turnover intentions. Data were collected from a sample of 183 full-time frontline employees working in 5-star and 4-star hotels in Northern Cyprus. To ensure the temporal separation of measures, data pertaining to the independent and dependent variables were measured via two questionnaires administered with a time lag of two weeks. Results of the study reveal that hindrance stressors and exhaustion heighten frontline employees' turnover intentions and that hope is a potential antidote to the deleterious impacts of these antecedents on turnover intentions. Thus, managers should consider the candidates' hope levels during employee selection and hiring. Candidates high in hope should he given priority in hiring since such employees can better cope with stress and exhaustion. Management should also consider devising proactive strategies to keep employees high in hope in the organization since such employees can help create a positive work environment, may serve as role models to their colleagues and generate a demonstration effect among current employees with lower levels of hope.

This study investigates the effect of customer satisfaction with leisure services on tourists' positive word-of-mouth and revisit intentions. The study is carried out within the context of visitors to the SantaPark in Rovaniemi, Finland. In this study, customer satisfaction is measured via a multi-attribute approach. Study results and their implications are discussed.

A conceptual model examining positive affectivity as a moderator of the influence of burnout on extra-role performance and quitting intentions is developed and tested. Data obtained from employees in the hotel industry in Turkey were used to assess the model. As hypothesized, burnout influences extra-role performance deleteriously and exacerbates quitting intentions. The results of the Chow test also reveal that positive affectivity serves as a moderator in reducing the detrimental impact of burnout on extra-role performance and quitting intentions. The findings and their implications are discussed.

Background: Prevention of unplanned pregnancy is a crucial aspect of preventing mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT). However, we have little understanding of how HIV status and antiretroviral therapy (ART) may influence pregnancy planning. There are few data on pregnancy planning in HIV-infected South African women, and no comparative data with HIV-uninfected women. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 2105 pregnant women (1512 HIV-infected; 593 HIV-uninfected) ages 18-44 making their first antenatal clinic visit at a primary-level health care facility in Gugulethu, Cape Town. All women completed structured questionnaires including the London Measure of Unplanned Pregnancy (LMUP), a 6-item scale that categorizes pregnancies into planned, ambivalent and unplanned. Analyses examined LMUP results across 4 groups of participants: HIV-infected established on ART; known HIV-infected but not currently on ART; newly diagnosed HIV-infected; and HIV-uninfected. Results: Overall, the mean age was 29 years (SD: 5.63), 43% of women were married or cohabiting and 20% were nulliparous. The LMUP performed well across all groups (Cronbach's α=0.84). Levels of unplanned pregnancy were higher in HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected women (50% vs. 33%, p<0.001); and highest in women not on ART. Overall, 69% of women reported contraceptive use in the year before pregnancy; this was strongly associated with unplanned pregnancy (p<0.001). Compared to HIV-uninfected women, HIV-infected women had significantly higher odds of unplanned pregnancy, even after adjusting for age, parity and cohabiting status. The odds were greatest among women newly-diagnosed with HIV and previously diagnosed but not on ART (OR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.05-1.94 and OR: 1.56; 95% CI: 1.13-2.15, respectively). Increased parity and age <24 years were also associated with unplanned pregnancy (OR 1.83; 95% CI: 1.24-2.74 and OR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.25- 1.60 respectively). Conclusions: These data indicate high levels of unplanned pregnancy in a high HIV prevalence setting, highlighting missed opportunities for family planning and counselling services for HIVpositive women. Possible explanations for the high level of unplanned pregnancy observed include contraceptive failure and/or misuse thereof. Therefore, women living with HIV require additional support to avoid unplanned, particularly those who are younger and have one or more children.

Many individuals do not seek help for a mental health problem due to stigma and fear of rejection by peers and family. Researchers have highlighted that the age group least likely to seek help is youth. Stigma acts as an important barrier to help-seeking. Evidence indicating how mental health literacy can reduce stigma and encourage help-seeking remains inconclusive. In this study, the health belief model was used to understand how college students perceived an individual's susceptibility to mental illness and the barriers associated with seeking help. A posttest-only randomized controlled trial evaluated the impact of the Is It Just Me? mental health literacy program among college students and assessed whether the program was effective in generating changes in knowledge, lessening stigma, and encouraging help-seeking intentions should students experience a mental health problem. Gender and age data were collected for background information. The results of 2-tailed t tests showed less stigma p = .047, t = -2.02 in the experimental (M= 18.30, SD (2.21) compared to the control condition (M 17.02, SD (3.78)), with no effect on knowledge. With respect to help-seeking intentions, the control condition scored significantly higher than the experimental condition. In conclusion, college students who participated in this short-term mental health literacy program reported less stigma but also less help-seeking. Thus, the program contributed to a greater understanding and acceptance of people living with mental illness. Breaking down stigma and encouraging early intervention for students to seek help if they experience mental health problems can lead to better recovery outcomes and healthier trajectories.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Death anxiety is a concept that has received little empirical attention in the organizational psychology literature. Research has found that trait death anxiety is associated with burnout, and lower work engagement in jobs with high mortality cues. However, most people do not work in jobs where they are constantly reminded of death. The present study sought to examine the effects of trait death anxiety on employees working in low-mortality cue jobs. Using terror management theory as a foundation, I predicted that those higher in trait death anxiety would be more involved in their jobs, resulting in higher levels of organizational citizenship behavior and lower turnover intentions. In addition, I hypothesized that the relationship between trait death anxiety and job involvement will be moderated by need for achievement. This model was tested using a two time-point study, utilizing participants from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Results revealed a positive relationship between death anxiety and job involvement, and a negative relationship between death anxiety and turnover intentions mediated by job involvement. However, no significant relationships were found in regards to organizational citizenship behavior or need for achievement. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed.