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Speaking to the people is part of politics. But, who are the people? In populistic and nationalistic discourse, the people is constructed against either the elite or the people outside the nation, "the people" is created in opposition to those who are not the people. This thesis examines political manifestos in Sweden during the election years of 2014 and 2018 to investigate how the political parties in the Swedish Parliament construct and speak to the people, whom they exclude from the people and how the discourse changes between the two election years. During the year 2015, Sweden, together with the rest of Europe, had a socalled refugee crisis. An understanding of populism in relation to crises is that it is increasing. This thesis examines, without claiming a causal link, a potential discursive change between the two election years that took place before and after the refugee crisis.

We investigate the effect of migration policy reforms on the number of asylum applications into 22 EU countries. This is done by using the Determinants of International Migration Policy, DEMIG policy index as a proxy for policy reforms in EU countries and the number of asylum applications from UNHCR. We perform OLS regressions with destination country fixed effects with HAC clustered standard errors. We contribute to the existing literature by using the DEMIG policy index which, to our knowledge, has not been used in earlier literature. We also thoroughly investigate the effect of migration policy, including both more restrictive and less restrictive policy. Through the investigation of the destination fixed effects, we find robust empirical evidence that migration policy does have an effect on asylum flows, which suggests, in addition to earlier literature, that migration policy is an important factor to have in consideration. Furthermore, we explore whether the push and pull factors examined in previous literature are consistent with our results. We find that the results vary, but are consistently in line with most of the earlier literature. In addition, we find that when other determinants of migration are included, the effect of migration policy diminishes.

Orientador: Rosana Baeninger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T18:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Magalhaes_LuisFelipeAires_M.pdf: 2309850 bytes, checksum: f4d7f145c71ae61eda19397b0656fada (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O processo migratório internacional é um elemento constituinte do capitalismo em escala global, tendo suas características fortemente condicionadas pelas transformações na divisão internacional do trabalho. O desenvolvimento do capitalismo em nosso continente é marcado pelo fenômeno da dependência, que, por sua incidência sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho da população, engendra historicamente um conjunto de fatores de expulsão desta força de trabalho rumo a outros países. A região sul de Santa Catarina insere-se nesta dinâmica, fundamentalmente através da crise de suas estruturas produtivas ligadas ao Complexo Carbonífero e do processo emigratório rumo aos Estados Unidos. Pretende-se neste trabalho avaliar as relações históricas existentes entre a estrutura produtiva carbonífera, a divisão internacional do trabalho e o processo emigratório desde a região, conferindo especial atenção à utilização da força de trabalho imigrante nos Estados Unidos, enquanto elemento essencial da acumulação de capital atualmente. Para tal, avaliamos a hipótese de que a crise do complexo carbonífero tenha atuado nas últimas décadas como um fator de expulsão da força de trabalho local, e ainda a hipótese de que haja uma superexploração dos trabalhadores imigrantes nos Estados Unidos. A metodologia deste trabalho é composta por uma ampla revisão teórica e bibliográfica, por uma caracterização sócia demográfica da Mesorregião Sul de Santa Catarina e do município de Criciúma através dos dados quantitativos disponíveis, pela construção de um perfil social do emigrante criciumense e uma realização de entrevistas qualitativas com agentes do Estado de Santa Catarina e com familiares de migrantes internacionais da região. Por fim, apresentamos os contornos teóricos e algumas evidências empíricas do estudo das remessas de migrantes, conferindo particular atenção aos conceitos de dependência das remessas e de síndrome emigratória / Abstract: The process of international migration is a constituent of capitalism on a global scale, with its characteristics strongly conditioned by changes in the international division of labor. The development of capitalism in our continent is characterized by the phenomenon of dependency, which, by its impact on the living conditions and working population, historically engenders a set of push factors of this workforce towards other countries. The southern region of Santa Catarina is part of this dynamic, primarily through the crisis of their productive structures related to complex Carboniferous and emigration process into the United States. The aim of this work was to evaluate the historic relationship existing among the structure productive coal, the international division of labor and the emigration process from the region, with special attention to the use of immigrant labor force in the United States as a key element of capital accumulation today. To this end, we evaluated the hypothesis that the complex coal crisis has acted in the past decades as a factor in expulsion from the local workforce, and also the hypothesis that there is a super-exploitation of immigrant workers in the United States. The methodology of this study consists of a comprehensive review and theoretical literature, the socio-demographic region of Southern Santa Catarina and in city of Criciúma through quantitative data, building a social profile of the Criciúma's emigrants and conducting qualitative interviews agents of the State of Santa Catarina and family of international migrants in the region. Finally, we present the outlines theoretical and some empirical evidence from the study of remittances of migrants, with particular attention to the concepts of dependency on remittances and emigration syndrome / Mestrado / Demografia / Mestre em Demografia

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We develop a model to explain two-way migration of high-skilled individuals between countries that are similar in their economic characteristics. High-skilled migration results from the combination of workers whose abilities are private knowledge, and a production technology that gives incentives to firms for hiring workers of similar ability. In the presence of migration cost, high-skilled workers self-select into the group of migrants. The laissez-faire equilibrium features too much migration, explained by a negative migration externality. We also show that for sufficiently low levels of migration cost the optimal level of migration, while smaller than in the laissez-faire equilibrium, is strictly positive. Finally, we extend our model into different directions to capture stylized facts in the data and show that our baseline results also hold in these more complex modelling environments.

This thesis examines the most prolific emigration of any European peoples to the United States in the nineteenth century. From the close of the Napoleonic Wars to the turn of the twentieth century, some 5 million people left the area outlined by Bismarck’s Reich, headed for America.1 As a consequence of this migration, Germans represent the largest ethnic heritage group in the modern day United States. As of 2008, official German heritage in the U.S. (the lineage of at least one parent) was 50,271,790, against a total population of 304,059,728, a 16.5% share.2 By comparison, those of Irish heritage numbered 36,278,332, and those of Mexican heritage 30,272,000.3 During the nineteenth century, the mass movement of Germans across the Atlantic occurred in distinct phases. The period between 1830 and the mid-­‐1840s was a period of growth; the annual figure of 10,000 departures was reached by 1832, and by the time of the 1848 revolutions, nearly half a million had left for the USA. Then, between the late 1840s and the early 1880s, a prolonged and heavy mass movement took place, during which the number of departures achieved close to, or exceeded, three quarters of a million per decade. Then, from the mid-­‐1880s to the outbreak of the First World War, the emigration entered terminal decline. The last significant years of emigration were recorded in 1891-­‐2; by the turn of the twentieth century, it was all but over.

International retirement migration (IRM) is a growing and significant feature of the European Union. It has important economic implications in terms of the redistribution of social costs, factors reward and incomes. Using overlapping generations models and simulation techniques this thesis focuses on the economic effects of International Retirement Migration (IRM) within the European Union (EU). Three main parts make up this thesis. The first part summaries the legal and the social framework within the European Union where IRM takes place. Access to European welfare system is based on the principle of non-discrimination. However, the European Comunity law regulates the possibility of free riding through the resource requirement. In the second part, after a brief literature review in social security, the thesis develops a quantitative model that tries to explain some reasons why IRM may take place. Starting with a difference between "environment" of European countries, some people may opt for a better life in another country when they retire. We also focus on the capital accumulation effect for home and host countries. The presence of large populations of retired foreign residents in European countries raises fundamental questions with respect to the right of access to health and welfare services. In the third part, bearing in mind the principle of free movement of capital and the non-discrimination principle in accessing public service within the EU, we focus on the economic effects of IRM for the host country, for the individual migrants themselves, for the host communities and for public policy.

This dissertation is about how Jonathan Dickinson (1663-1722), a second-generation Anglo-Jamaican planter and early-Philadelphian merchant, made sense of the mercurial and uncertain Atlantic world around the turn of the eighteenth century. The following chapters examine Dickinson’s interactions with an extremely diverse group of European, Native American, and African peoples who collectively comprised a formative generation of colonial society in North America and the West Indies. The main purpose of this dissertation is to provide a counterpoint to the many tautologous, whiggish, and nationalistic interpretations of Anglo-Atlantic history that tend to deemphasise the obvious disconnections, disruptions, discord, and diversity apparent during the lateseventeenth and early-eighteenth centuries. This dissertation further contends that individuals, driven by self-preservation and influenced by local circumstances, dictated the direction and the pace of many inter-colonial, inter-imperial, and trans-Atlantic developments familiar to the late-eighteenth century Anglo-Atlantic world. In short, new exigencies outweighed custom, and self-preservation, rather than directives from metropolitan governments, guided Atlantic peoples’ actions. By extension of individual actions, the nascent British Atlantic Empire began to take shape.