This dissertation is comprised of a pair of related compositions, Sadhana (2015) for viola and electronics, and k. tracing (2015), a violin concerto, and a thesis that outlines my approach, detailing the influences and derivation of some of the parameters of these works and my compositional process. I offer a clear approach to working in relative intonation, for which I’ve also developed a small device called the “Maya proportional scale tool.” In this essay, I trace the structure and inner-movement of each work with regard to the derivation of its harmony, melody, rhythm and orchestration.The discussion of Sadhana focuses on the derivation of its harmonies and melodic lines from the influence of a string, as well as the conception of the electronics part and the role electronics play in the formation of the composition, whereas the discussion of k. tracing focuses on the coordinating of many independent instrumental parts, and the adaptation of rhythm and orchestration.

A entoação pode ser decomposta em componentes estruturadoras (finalização e sustentação) e, também, semântico-funcionais (foco/ênfase e acento lexical). A proposta assumida pelo grupo de pesquisa ExProsodia, baseada nos estudos de Xu e Wang (1997), permite a análise isolada de cada uma das componentes de F0. Neste estudo tratamos das componentes estruturadoras, especificamente, do estudo da finalização (F). O trabalho tem como objetivo, primeiro, analisar por meio de testes de percepção o que os sujeitos falantes do português brasileiro (doravante PB) julgam ser um final de frase assertiva. Depois, é nosso propósito analisar se os dados perceptivos fornecidos pelos ouvintes coincidem com aqueles disponibilizados pela análise automática obtida por meio da rotina ExProsodia®. É nosso intento, ainda, verificar se, no que tange à percepção dos procedimentos de segmentação frasal com propósito de finalização, é observada a sequência finalizadora proposta por Ferreira Netto (2008), acrescida da hipótese de Consoni et al (2009) e Consoni (2011). Este estudo visa integrar a coletânea de trabalhos desenvolvidos pelo Grupo de pesquisa ExProsodia - Análise automática da entoação na fala de língua portuguesa, linha de pesquisa na área de Percepção de Prosódia sob a orientação do Prof. Dr. Waldemar Ferreira Netto. Elaboramos dois testes. No primeiro teste foram apresentadas nove frases (três frases sem manipulação e seis manipuladas). As frases não manipuladas são, ao longo deste trabalho, mencionadas como frases modelos. As seis frases manipuladas foram subdivididas em dois conjuntos de três frases cada: a de frases monotonais e as frases manipuladas de modo que entre o tom médio (TM) e o tom de finalização (TF) houvesse uma distância de 7st. Nomeamos as primeiras frases como frases neutras e as segundas, frases hipóteses. No segundo teste foram apresentadas seis frases (somente as frases manipuladas, ou seja, as frases neutras e as frases hipóteses). Cada vez que o participante ouvia uma frase era solicitado a este que indicasse se a frase, de acordo com a sua percepção, estava ou não finalizada. Foram dadas duas opções de resposta aos ouvintes: sim, a frase está finalizada ou não, a frase não está finalizada. Os testes foram aplicados em 20 ouvintes de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 18 e 55 anos, todos com escolaridade entre nível médio e nível superior. Os resultados do teste 1 indiciam que as porcentagens dos ouvintes que consideram as frases neutras como não finalizadas sempre foram altas e mantiveram-se, em sua grande maioria, na casa dos 80%. Ademais, o produto da análise das frases hipóteses corrobora os dados dos trabalhos já citados. (CONSONI; FERREIRA NETTO, 2008; CONSONI et al., 2008; CONSONI et al., 2009 e CONSONI, 2011; FERREIRA NETTO, 2006, 2008; ROSA 2009). A análise do teste 2 fora efetuada por meio da teoria da detecção de sinais (TDS) (GREEN; SWETS, 1966; MACMILLAN; CREELMAN, 2005; ADBI, 2007). Ao fazer uso da TDS, pretendemos estimar a força da sensibilidade perceptiva de cada participante do teste 2. O valor dessa força é dada pelo cálculo do dee-prime. Os resultados do teste 2 apontaram dee-primes de três categorias diferentes, a saber: alto; médio e baixo. As respostas da grande maioria dos participantes situaram-se entre uma facilidade extrema e média de discriminar as frases finalizadas e as não finalizadas. / The intonation can be decomposed into structuring components (finalization and support component) and also semantic-functional components (focus / emphasis and lexical stress). The proposal assumed by ExProsodia rechearch group, based on the studies of Xu and Wang (1997), it allows separate analysis of each component of F0. In this study we treat structuring components, specifically, the study of finalization (F). The study aims, first, to analyze through perception tests which Brazilian Portuguese (henceforth PB) speakers think that is the ending of declarative sentences. It is our intent also verify if the finalization sequence proposed by Ferreira Netto (2008), plus the assumption of Consoni et al. (2009) e Consoni (2011) is observed. And lastly, our purpose is to inspect whether perceptual data match with those provided by automatic analysis obtained by routine ExProsodia®. This study aims to integrate a collection of work done by the research group ExProsodia - Automatic analysis of intonation in the speech of the Portuguese language, research line in the area of Perception of Prosody under the guidance of Prof. Dr. Waldemar Ferreira Netto. We developed two tests. In the first test, nine sentences were presented to the Brazilian Portuguese listeners (three sentences without manipulation and six manipulated). Non-manipulated sentences, throughout this work, as mentioned as models sentences. The six manipulated sentences were subdivided into two groups of three sentences each one: the monotonous sentences and manipulated sentences. The last one is manipulated so that between the medium tone (MT) and the finalization tone (FT) there is a distance of 7 semitones. We named first sentences as neutral sentences and the others as hypothesis sentences. At the second test, six sentences (only manipulated sentences, i.e. neutral sentences and hypothesis sentences) were presented to Brazilian Portuguese listeners. Each time the participant heard a sentence, he was requested to indicate whether that sentence, according to their perception, or was not finalized. Two response options were given to listeners: yes, the sentence is finished or not, the sentence is not finished. 20 listeners of both sexes, aged between 18 and 55 years, all with education among middle and senior level have participated of the test. The test results indicate that percentages of listeners who consider neutral sentences as unfinished sentences were always high and remained, mostly at around 80%. Moreover, the product of the analysis of hypothesis sentences corroborates data of the work already cited. (CONSONI; FERREIRA NETTO, 2008; CONSONI et al., 2008; CONSONI et al., 2009 e CONSONI, 2011; FERREIRA NETTO, 2006, 2008; ROSA 2009). The analysis of the test 2 has carried out by the signal detection theory (SDT) (GREEN; SWETS, 1966; MACMILLAN; Creelman, 2005; ADBI, 2007). By making use of the TDS, we intend to estimate the strength of the perceptual sensitivity of each participant of the test 2. Results showed dee-primes in three different categories, namely: high; medium and low. The responses of the majority of participants were between one extreme and mean facility to discriminate the finished and unfinished sentences.

Descartes’ Compendium musicae and Lamy’s La Rhétorique ou l’art de parler, both published in English translation in London in the late seventeenth century, suggest approaches to period performance practice that support expressive intonation as a rhetorical device. Descartes’ unique perspective on musical pitch and intervals provides a methodology for understanding inflected intonation in performance. Closely aligned with Descartes’ epistemological perspective, Lamy’s treatise provides an understanding of expressive intention as essential to effective rhetorical delivery. These approaches are applied to musical examples from trio sonatas of Arcangelo Corelli, John Ravenscroft and Henry Purcell, demonstrating that expressive intonation using subtle pitch inflection can be explained as a rhetorical practice. These subtle pitch inflections, related as they are to both rhetorical delivery and intonation systems, are not reflected in notation but realized only as music is heard in time. It is in performance contexts that pitch inflection can be realized as an expressive device. A supplemental audio file contains five short examples demonstrating pitch deviation applied to selected intervals.

O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar os limiares de diferenciação tonal (LDTs) do Português Brasileiro, no que se refere à entoação. LDTs são definidos como valores a partir dos quais a percepção de uma determinada grandeza passa a ser perceptualmente relevante. Consoni (2011) determinou que tais valores seriam de +3 e -4 semitons para palavras manipuladas em uma frase. Nosso objetivo é rever tais valores para o nível frasal. Nossa hipótese é a de que a extensão temporal afeta a percepção, graças ao efeito tau (SHIGENO, 1986). Para este fim foram aplicados dois experimento com 13 pares de uma mesma oração falada por uma voz masculina não-marcada. Os pares consistiam de uma sentença neutra (com tom zero) pareada à outras doze com F0 manipulados (6 semitons ascendentes e 6 semitons descendentes, a partir do zero), mais o par zero-zero. O primeiro teste possuía apenas duas alternativas sim e nãoe foi chamado de teste 2AFC, ao passo que no segundo havia três opções: sim, não e talvez, chamado de 3MFC. Aos participantes foi requisitado que respondessem se notavam ou não qualquer diferença entre os pares apresentados. Os testes foram aplicado em 16 pessoas. O teste3 MFC teve seus resultados desconsiderados, seus dados foram utilizados como um padrão qualitativo para o teste de nossa hipótese. A seguir foi aplicada uma ANOVA entre as variáveis do teste 2AFC a fim de se determinar se havia algum efeito, obtivemos um p < 0, 001, para n = 16, Fo > Fe. Para determinar os limiares de diferenciação tonal foi aplicada uma análise de componentes principais, a qual retornou como limiares os valores de -3 e +3 semitons. / The aim of this study is to determine the differential treshold of pitch (DTPs) for Brazilian Portuguese, with regard to intonation. DTPs are defined as values ??from which the perception of a certain greatness becomes perceptually relevant. Consoni et (2011) determined that such values ??would be of +3 and -4 semitones for manipulated words in a sentence. Our goal is to review these values ??from the phrasal level. Our hypothesis is that the temporal extension affects perception, due to the effect tau (SHIGENO, 1986). For this purpose two experiments were applied using 13 pairs of the same sentence, spoken by a male voice unmarked. The pairs consisted of a neutral setence (with zero tone) paired with the others twelve sentences with manipulated F0 (6 semitones ascending semitones and 6 descendants, from zero), plus the zero-zero pair. The first test had only two alternatives yes and no and was named 2AFC test, while the second one had three options: yes, no and maybe and was named 3MFC. Participants were asked to answer whether or not noticed any difference between the presented pairs. The tests were applied to 16 people. The results from 3MFC test were disregarded, the 3MFC data were used as a qualitative standard for testing our hypothesis. Following, ANOVA was applied in the 2AFC test in order to determine whether there was any effect, we obtained a p < 0.001 to n = 16, Fo > Fe. To determine the differential treshold of pitch was applied principal component analysis, which returned as threshold values ??of -3 and +3 semitones.

Harrison, Alissa May. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 184-194). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Intonation´ؤlexical tone transfer --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Unresolved issues of intonation-lexical tone transfer --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives of this study --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Hypotheses of intonation-lexical tone transfer in L2 Mandarin --- p.12 / Chapter 1.5 --- Methodology and experimental results --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- Major findings and conclusions --- p.15 / Chapter 1.7 --- Outline of the thesis --- p.16 / Chapter 2 --- "Background of Mandarin, English, and Japanese prosody" --- p.18 / Chapter 2.1 --- Prosodic phonology --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Defining the components of prosody --- p.19 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Theoretical basis for intonation and lexical tone inter- action --- p.23 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mandarin prosody --- p.32 / Chapter 2.3 --- English prosody --- p.41 / Chapter 2.4 --- Japanese prosody --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary of prosodic similarities and differences --- p.54 / Chapter 3 --- Previous studies of intonation and lexical tone acquisition --- p.61 / Chapter 3.1 --- Second language acquisition --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Interlanguage --- p.62 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Defining transfer --- p.63 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Theories of L2 phonological acquisition --- p.66 / Chapter 3.2 --- Comparison of first and second language acquisition --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Lexical tone --- p.71 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Intonation --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3 --- L1 intonation transfer in Mandarin L2 lexical tone acquisition --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Initial hypotheses of intonation-lexical tone transfer --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Experimental studies claiming intonation-lexical tone transfer --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Unaddressed issues of previous studies --- p.91 / Chapter 4 --- Methodology of production and perception experiments --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1 --- Hypotheses --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2 --- Design --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3 --- Subjects --- p.101 / Chapter 4.4 --- Procedures --- p.102 / Chapter 4.5 --- Data transcription and statistical analysis --- p.105 / Chapter 5 --- Results of production and perception experiments --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1 --- Production experiment results --- p.108 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Effect of lexical tone category on pitch production --- p.109 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Effect of sentence type on pitch production --- p.119 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Summary of tone production results --- p.126 / Chapter 5.2 --- Perception experiment results --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Effect of lexical tone category on lexical tone identifi- cation --- p.128 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Effect of sentence type on lexical tone identification --- p.136 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Summary of tone perception results --- p.143 / Chapter 6 --- Discussion of experimental results and intonation-lexical tone transfer hypothesis --- p.146 / Chapter 6.1 --- Analysis of experimental results --- p.147 / Chapter 6.1.1 --- Lack of postlexical tone transfer --- p.148 / Chapter 6.1.2 --- Postlexical tone prior to lexical tone acquisition --- p.156 / Chapter 6.1.3 --- Factors in lexical tone errors --- p.166 / Chapter 6.2 --- Limitations of methodological design --- p.170 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Size of experimental data sample --- p.170 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Proficiency levels and testing --- p.172 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Method of elicitation --- p.173 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.177 / Chapter 7.1 --- Summary --- p.177 / Chapter 7.2 --- Implications --- p.178 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Prosodic phonology --- p.178 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Second language acquisition --- p.180 / Chapter 7.3 --- Future Work --- p.181 / Chapter A --- Production Experiment Materials --- p.195 / Chapter A.l --- Wordlist --- p.195 / Chapter A.2 --- Sentences --- p.196 / Chapter B --- Perception Experiment Materials --- p.199 / Chapter B.l --- Wordlist --- p.199 / Chapter B.2 --- Sentences --- p.200 / Chapter C --- F0 contours of target word productions --- p.203

Jia, Shiwei. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 106-114). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Ho, Pui Kwan. / "November 2010." / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 68-75). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / List of figures --- p.vi / List of tables --- p.viii / Abbreviations --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction / Chapter 1.1. --- Overview --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Thesis organization --- p.6 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Background / Chapter 2.1. --- Brain structure and its functional organization --- p.8 / Chapter 2.2. --- Introduction to lateralization investigation techniques --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Lesion studies and Wada test --- p.13 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Dichotic listening --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.4. --- Electroencephalography(EEG) & event-related potential(ERP) --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2.5. --- Other brain imaging techniques --- p.20 / Chapter 2.2.6. --- Comparing different brain-imaging techniques in this study --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3. --- Literature review and the current work --- p.21 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- "The functional and acoustic ""dichotomy""" --- p.22 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Studies on lateralization of tones without linguistic context --- p.25 / Chapter 2.3.3. --- Studies on lexical tone lateralization --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.4. --- The current work ´ؤ aim and hypothesis --- p.34 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Methodology / Chapter 3.1. --- Stimuli --- p.36 / Chapter 3.2. --- Subject --- p.41 / Chapter 3.3. --- Task design --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4. --- ERP recording and data processing --- p.44 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Results and discussions / Chapter 4.1. --- Behavioural data analysis --- p.46 / Chapter 4.2. --- ERP data analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.3. --- Discussions --- p.52 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Further discussions / Chapter 5.1. --- Is lateralization of lexical tone language-specific? --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2. --- Toward a model of speech lateralization --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3. --- An implication on tone feature systems --- p.60 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusion / Chapter 6.1. --- Conclusion --- p.65 / Chapter 6.2. --- Future work --- p.67 / References --- p.68 / Appendix / Chapter A.1. --- Edinburgh handedness test --- p.76 / Chapter A.2. --- Handedness scores --- p.77

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Stress and intonation play important roles in the production and perception of the English language. They are always very difficult for second language learners to acquire. Yet, a review of literature reveals that these important suprasegmental features have not received due attention from second language researchers or teachers. In Vietnam in particular, there is no research to date which studies the stress and intonation errors in the performance of Vietnamese learners of English. This study uses the procedures of Error Analysis to investigate the problem. Chapter one and two give a review of relevant literature and a description of the methodology of the study. In chapter three, the students' stress and intonation errors are described and classified, and the possible sources of those errors are discussed. Finally, chapter four shows implications and makes suggestions for the improvement of teaching and learning English stress and intonation.

Zugl.: Hamburg, Univ., Diss., 2005