<p>This is a qualitative study, whose purpose is to examine if night shelters effects homeless peoples self-perceived psychosocial health. In Sweden alone there are almost 18000 homeless people, and 12% of them uses a night shelter. The homeless can’t be seen as a heterogeneous group but instead homelessness counts as a state of being in. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare have done mapping over the homelessness since 1993 and the problem is an important part of what the welfare system has to fight against. A night shelter is one of many contributions to aid the homeless people in an effort to get them off the streets. To do this research, we have conducted seven interviews in total with the homeless men and the supervisor of a nigh shelter. The data analysing tool we used was inspired by the IPA-method and we found out that the shelter had both positive and negative effects on the users. The shelter provided the basic need for the homeless such as food, shelter and the opportunity to rest and also to wash themselves and clean their clothes. The shelter also provided important contacts with the local hospital and the social welfare for its users. The negative impact it had on their self-perceived psychosocial health was that they had nothing to do during the day other than drift around the town, drinking alcohol and using drugs. Another negative influence was that the homeless men felt a loss of their right to self-determination and that they sometimes felt treated like children. Other findings were that they found that the society made harder rules and demands for them than other citizens has to apply to.</p>

This is a qualitative study, whose purpose is to examine if night shelters effects homeless peoples self-perceived psychosocial health. In Sweden alone there are almost 18000 homeless people, and 12% of them uses a night shelter. The homeless can’t be seen as a heterogeneous group but instead homelessness counts as a state of being in. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare have done mapping over the homelessness since 1993 and the problem is an important part of what the welfare system has to fight against. A night shelter is one of many contributions to aid the homeless people in an effort to get them off the streets. To do this research, we have conducted seven interviews in total with the homeless men and the supervisor of a nigh shelter. The data analysing tool we used was inspired by the IPA-method and we found out that the shelter had both positive and negative effects on the users. The shelter provided the basic need for the homeless such as food, shelter and the opportunity to rest and also to wash themselves and clean their clothes. The shelter also provided important contacts with the local hospital and the social welfare for its users. The negative impact it had on their self-perceived psychosocial health was that they had nothing to do during the day other than drift around the town, drinking alcohol and using drugs. Another negative influence was that the homeless men felt a loss of their right to self-determination and that they sometimes felt treated like children. Other findings were that they found that the society made harder rules and demands for them than other citizens has to apply to.

Dans le contexte international actuel, les entreprises doivent être capables de développer des stratégies leur permettant d’augmenter leurs performances et d'être plus compétitives. Cet environnement très évolutif introduit de nombreuses incertitudes et contraintes qui rendent beaucoup plus difficile la détermination de la meilleure stratégie à adopter selon les objectifs fixés. Le travail développé dans cette thèse, s’inscrit dans ce cadre et nous nous intéressons plus précisément à l'optimisation du pilotage de systèmes de production soumis à aléas (comme les pannes des machines) de façon à minimiser les coûts globaux. Pour la modélisation, le modèle à flux continus est choisi afin de représenter le flux de matières transitant dans le système. Ce modèle, nous permet également d'intégrer les délais de transfert et de transport entre les différents éléments qui composent le système.La méthode de résolution analytique utilisée est issue des méthodes d’analyse de sensibilité et correspond à la méthode d’analyse des perturbations infinitésimales (IPA). Cette méthode nous permet de déduire à partir d'une étude de trajectoires, un gradient du coût global pour chacune des études menées. Nous prouvons alors que ces gradients ne sont pas biaisés. Cela nous permet de les utiliser dans des simulations numériques. Ces simulations nous permettent de déterminer les variables de décision des stratégies de pilotage du système considéré. Le pilotage intègre la maintenance à la production. Pour le pilotage des systèmes considérés, nous considérons également des contraintes liées aux trois piliers du développement durable. Ces contraintes sont intégrées à nos modèles sous forme de coûts. Ainsi, les coûts globaux peuvent comporter en plus de coûts purement économiques, des coûts environnementaux et sociaux. Nous montrons donc que l'approche de résolution proposée peut être utilisée pour optimiser d'autres objectifs dans un cadre de durabilité / In the current international context, companies need to be able to develop strategies to increase their performance and become more competitive. This rapidly changing environment introduces many uncertainties and constraints, making much more difficult to determine the best strategy according to the objectives set. The work developed in this thesis falls within this context and, more precisely, we are interested in the optimization of the control of production systems subject to uncertainties (such as machine failures) in order to minimize the overall costs. For modeling, the continuous-flow model is chosen to represent the material flow moving through the system. This model allows us to integrate transfer and transportation delays between the different components of the system. The analytical resolution method used is based on the sensitivity analysis methods and corresponds to the infinitesimal perturbation analysis method (IPA). This method allows us to deduce, based on learning from sample-paths, a gradient of the overall cost for each of the studies conducted. We prove that these gradients are unbiased, which allows us to use them in numerical simulations. The simulations allow us to determine the decision variables of control strategies of the studied systems. The control integrates the maintenance to the production. For the control of the considered systems, we also take into account constraints linked to the three pillars of sustainable development. These constraints are integrated into our models in terms of costs. Thus, the overall costs may not only include purely economic costs, but also environmental and social costs. We show that the proposed resolution approach may be used to optimize other objectives within a sustainability framework