The thesis deals with possibilities for more precise determination of geographical position of given IP address by combination of estimates of data obtained from geolocation databases. The first part introduces the issue on theoretical level. Possibilities of network device identification, its geographical location and principles of geolocation databases are described here. After analyzing the theoretical part of this issue, the current state of application for geolocation databases is described. The next section introduces a new application which uses original software ip2geotools as a library. Using the three implemented methods for combining results (based on average, median, and cluster analysis by K-Means algorithm), the new program allows to estimate the physical location of IP address. The app is complemented with console interface and geographic data visualization on the map. In the last part, the accuracy of computational methods is validated and a detailed statistical analysis of data obtained by performing a calculation over a set of IP addresses with known geographical location of the RIPE Atlas service is performed.

<p>Internet grows, so it’s cracking, soon will all IPv4 addresses be allocated and a solution is urgently needed. The new protocol, IPv6 is the solution to this problem. With a size of 128 bits against IPv4s 32 bits gives IPv6 a huge amount of addresses to distribute. The security addition that may be added manually in IPv4 is the standard with the new protocol. To implement IPv6 will not get done over a day, and the various protocols are not talking with each other so the transition will be a problem. A solution for this is dual-stack that allows a node using both protocols.</p><p>The aim of the thesis is to examine how the reach ability is with IPv6 is on different pages, which claim to use dual-stack. To see if it was an improvement, the results will be compared with results from the survey Empirical Performance of IPv6 vs.. IPv4 under a Dual-Stack Environment. The aim has been achieved through the theoretically learn about IPv6 protocol. After this, a survey which was later compiled, compared and presented in this work. The survey results show that the IPv6 network has increased since the last survey. It also shows that practical with IPv4 is about the same level as in the investigation being compared. This indicates that dual-stack is used and that it will in time be moving in a pure IPv6 Internet.</p> / <p>Internet växer så det knakar, snart är alla IPv4 adresserna tilldelade och en lösningbehövs omgående. Det nya protokollet IPv6 är lösningen på detta problem. Med enstorlek på 128 bitar gentemot IPv4s 32 bitar ger IPv6 en ofantligt mycket störremängd adresser att dela ut. De säkerhetstillägg som får läggas till manuellt i IPv4 ärstandard med det nya protokollet. Att implementera IPv6 kommer inte att gå på endag och de olika protokollen pratar inte med varandra så övergången kommer att bliett problem. En lösning för detta är Dual-stack som gör att en nod använder bådaprotokollen.Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur nåbarheten med IPv6 är på olika sidorsom påstår att de använder dual-stack. För att se om det blivit en förbättring kommerresultatet att jämföras med resultatet från undersökningen Empirical Performance ofIPv6 vs. IPv4 under a Dual-Stack Environment.Syftet har uppnåtts genom att teoretiskt ta lärdom om IPv6 protokollet. Efter dettagjort en undersökning som senare sammanställts, jämförts och presenterats i dettaarbete.Undersökningens resultat visar att IPv6 nätet har ökat de sedan den förraundersökningen. Det visar även att nåbarheten med IPv4 är ungefär på samma nivåsom vid undersökningen som jämförs med. Detta visar på att dual-stack används ochatt det tids nog kommer att gå över i ett renodlat IPv6 Internet.</p>

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται την προσομοίωση του πρωτοκόλλου Mobile Internet Protocol version 4 (MIPv4), το οποίο έχει προταθεί για τη διαχείριση της κινητικότητας των χρηστών, έχοντας ως στόχο τη διατήρηση των ενεργών συνδέσεών τους. Το βασικό πλεονέκτημα του πρωτοκόλλου MIPv4 αναφέρεται στη διατήρηση των διεπαφών του πρωτοκόλλου με ανώτερα υποστρώματα, όπως το Transmission Control Protocol – TCP, τα οποία ενεργούν με βάση μία σταθερή ΙΡ διεύθυνση, ενώ παράλληλα παρέχουν αδιάλειπτες υπηρεσίες, ανεξάρτητα από τη θέση του τελικού χρήστη. Ωστόσο, το πρωτόκολλο MIPv4 παρουσιάζει κάποια σημαντικά μειονεκτήματα, όπως η τριγωνική δρομολόγηση και η ενθυλάκωση πακέτου, σε περιπτώσεις υποστήριξης υπηρεσιών πραγματικού χρόνου, όπως το Voice over IP – VoIP. Αυτές οι διεργασίες έχουν ως αποτέλεσμα την εμφάνιση αυξημένης συνολικής καθυστέρησης, διεύρυνσης της διακύμανσης της καθυστέρησης (jitter) και εμφάνισης επιπλέοντος επίβαρου στο δίκτυο, κυρίως λόγω των ενθυλακωμένων πακέτων. Στην παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, η προσομοίωση του πρωτοκόλλου MIPv4 στοχεύει στην μελέτη της επίδρασης αυτών των παραμέτρων, ώστε να γίνουν κατανοητοί οι μηχανισμοί υποστήριξης της κινητικότητας των χρηστών, οι οποίοι χρησιμοποιούν εφαρμογές πραγματικού χρόνου. Η υλοποίηση της προσομοίωσης του πρωτοκόλλου πραγματοποιήθηκε με τη χρήση του λογισμικού προσομοίωσης ΟΡΝΕΤ, το οποίο παρέχει στο χρήστη τη δυνατότητα της ολοκληρωμένης μελέτης πρωτοκόλλων δικτύου, και την πολύπλευρη διερεύνηση των αποτελεσμάτων της προσομοίωσης. / In this diploma thesis, the simulation of the Mobile Internet Protocol version 4 (MIPv4) is presented and analyzed. The MIPv4 has been developed in order to deal with the user mobility problem, by targeting on the continuity of the active connections. The main advantage of the MIPv4 is the provision of uninterrupted applications, while taking into account that upper layer protocols, such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) consider a single (and constant) IP address throughout the connection duration. However, the MIPv4 has a number of disadvantages, such as the triangular routing and the packet encapsulation that limits the performance of the protocol in cases where mobile users activate real-time applications. The degradation of the protocol’s performance is realized through the increase of the end-to-end delay, the enhanced delay jitter and the higher network overload, mainly due to the packet encapsulation. This diploma thesis targets on the study of the effect of these parameters through simulation, in order to provide an insight of the mechanisms that support the user mobility when real-time applications are activated. The simulation environment is developed by using the OPNET simulation tool, which provides a comprehensive implementation of all network layers and offers a versatile investigation of simulation results.

Det nuvarande Internetprotokollet (IPv4) utvecklades under tidigt 70-tal och har sedandess införande kommit och bli det dominerande protokollet för adresshantering. Vid dess skapelse så fanns det betydligt mindre enheter som behövde kommunicera med varandra. Idag så finns det betydligt fler enheter som behöver kommunicera och IPv4 klarar då inte av att hantera de krav som ställs. IPv4:s uppföljare IPv6 (IPng) står dock redo för att ta över facklan som det dominerande Internetprotokollet. Rapporten fokuserar på Skaraborgs kommuner och hur deras status för Ipv6 implementationen. Resultatet från undersökningen visar att flera utav de kommunerna som deltagit inte har påbörjat en övergång till IPv6. Samtidigt som kommunerna inte har påbörjat sin övergång till Ipv6 saknar även flera kommuner en tidsplan och utsatt deadline för Ipv6. Resultaten visar att kommunerna skiljer sig i avseende mot varandra där t.ex flera kommuner har börjat utbilda personal menads andra inte har gjort det. För sin övergång till ipv6 planerar flera kommuner att använda sig utav konsulter för att lösa de kommande kraven. Andra kommuner planerar att lägga ut hela arbetet på företag eller vänta till Ipv6 blir en del av vardagen.

Internet grows, so it’s cracking, soon will all IPv4 addresses be allocated and a solution is urgently needed. The new protocol, IPv6 is the solution to this problem. With a size of 128 bits against IPv4s 32 bits gives IPv6 a huge amount of addresses to distribute. The security addition that may be added manually in IPv4 is the standard with the new protocol. To implement IPv6 will not get done over a day, and the various protocols are not talking with each other so the transition will be a problem. A solution for this is dual-stack that allows a node using both protocols. The aim of the thesis is to examine how the reach ability is with IPv6 is on different pages, which claim to use dual-stack. To see if it was an improvement, the results will be compared with results from the survey Empirical Performance of IPv6 vs.. IPv4 under a Dual-Stack Environment. The aim has been achieved through the theoretically learn about IPv6 protocol. After this, a survey which was later compiled, compared and presented in this work. The survey results show that the IPv6 network has increased since the last survey. It also shows that practical with IPv4 is about the same level as in the investigation being compared. This indicates that dual-stack is used and that it will in time be moving in a pure IPv6 Internet. / Internet växer så det knakar, snart är alla IPv4 adresserna tilldelade och en lösningbehövs omgående. Det nya protokollet IPv6 är lösningen på detta problem. Med enstorlek på 128 bitar gentemot IPv4s 32 bitar ger IPv6 en ofantligt mycket störremängd adresser att dela ut. De säkerhetstillägg som får läggas till manuellt i IPv4 ärstandard med det nya protokollet. Att implementera IPv6 kommer inte att gå på endag och de olika protokollen pratar inte med varandra så övergången kommer att bliett problem. En lösning för detta är Dual-stack som gör att en nod använder bådaprotokollen.Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur nåbarheten med IPv6 är på olika sidorsom påstår att de använder dual-stack. För att se om det blivit en förbättring kommerresultatet att jämföras med resultatet från undersökningen Empirical Performance ofIPv6 vs. IPv4 under a Dual-Stack Environment.Syftet har uppnåtts genom att teoretiskt ta lärdom om IPv6 protokollet. Efter dettagjort en undersökning som senare sammanställts, jämförts och presenterats i dettaarbete.Undersökningens resultat visar att IPv6 nätet har ökat de sedan den förraundersökningen. Det visar även att nåbarheten med IPv4 är ungefär på samma nivåsom vid undersökningen som jämförs med. Detta visar på att dual-stack används ochatt det tids nog kommer att gå över i ett renodlat IPv6 Internet.

ABSTRACT Bc.Karlík, Martin Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Communication, Brno University of Technology. Analysis of CISCO networking protocols This semestral thesis is focused on CISCO networks and protocols like MPLS, BGP, Ipv4, Ipv6, Multicast – sprase / dense mode. The task was study of those protocols and design and implement lab excercise with one of those protocols by using free network simulator GNS3. In this excercise is used CISCO router 3745.

In this dissertation, the author examined the capabilities of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) in regard to replacing Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) as the internetworking technology for Medium-sized Businesses (MBs) in the Information Systems (IS) field. Transition to IPv6 is inevitable, and, thus, organizations are adopting this protocol to be prepared in it becoming the dominant internetworking protocol. The goal of the research was to develop a model for IS specialists to use with MBs in the transition from IPv4 to IPv6. To achieve this goal, the author performed a case study of ADTRAN Inc.'s IPv6 implementation, using the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) framework. The SDLC methodology consists of five phases and was used to support the design, development, and implementation of the ADTRAN Inc. IPv6 solution. For Phase 1, the Research Phase, the author examined business requirements, administered a questionnaire, and recorded participant observation. In Phase 2, the Analysis Phase, the author analyzed the data from Phase 1 and created a functional and nonfunctional requirements list. For Phase 3, the Logical Design Phase, the author developed documentation and diagrams for the IPv6 implementation. In Phase 4, the Physical Design Phase, the author determined what internetworking hardware would be needed and where it should be deployed. For Phase 5, the Implementation Phase, the author completed the IPv6 network implementation. Finally, the author analyzed the data collected from this investigation. The use of the findings, in conjunction with the SDLC methodology, resulted in the ADTRAN Inc. Implementation model, which can be used by MBs of a similar size to ADTRAN Inc., when IPv6 transition initiatives are being considered.

Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Informática e Computação. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2013

<p>Interoperation between IPv4 and IPv6 on a global scale is largely an unsolved problem, and in principle a problem without a proper solution. The 32-bit IPv4 address can simply not express all possible IPv6 hosts. Today, IP plays a double role. It is both a topological locator as well as a host identity. By decoupling the two roles a communication could also span over incompatible locator domains (e.g. IPv4 and IPv6). The Host Identity Protocol (HIP) [W16] uses this decoupling by providing two discrete data structures, one for the host identity and one for the interfaces locator.  By extending HIP to allow differently formatted locators, and with the help of an Identity Router, one could cross past differing locator domains without the individual hosts needing to be configured for any particular domain other than their own.</p><p>The goal of this thesis is to investigate possible methods and architectures to allow this kind of locator domain interoperability and to implement a proof of concept gateway. The first part of the thesis consists of the exploration of the problem domain. Collecting the requirements of HIP enabled hosts, and to define a method for the interoperability of two HIP-hosts residing in two differing locator domains (IPv4/IPv6 will be assumed for scope limiting purposes). The output of this part will be a set of requirements, a suggested solution and a rationale for the chosen solution. The second part consists of the design and implementation of the required components for the interoperation. At the time of writing, the foreseen components will be: a parameter to HIP and a gateway, however, this is subject to change depending on the output of part one. The expected output of part two is a design specification, an implementation plan for the components and finally the implementation of the defined components.</p> / NordicHIP

Traditional Mobile IP supports only one tunnel between HA (Home Agent) and FA (Foreign Agent) for MN (Mobile Node) to transmit data from CN (Corresponding Node) to MN during handoff. To alleviate traffic load, in this Thesis, we propose a multiple-tunnel approach by setting up a secondary tunnel in addition to the primary tunnel. HA can split the video stream from the primary tunnel to the secondary tunnel when the former encounters high traffic load. Thus, quality of video stream from CN to MN can be guaranteed through the proposed multiple-tunnel schemes. For the purpose of validation, we implement the multiple-tunnel schemes on Linux platform for HA, FA, and MN to support video stream splitting. Specifically, if HA detects that high system load occurs on FA, an MPEG-4 packet filter is activated on HA to split some portions of video packets from the primary tunnel to the secondary tunnel based on I/B/P frame types. Video receiver on MN can then successfully recover these two divided video packets and playback the complete stream smoothly. Three experiments for validation are developed. They are (i) a simple Mobile IP handoff, (ii) Different bit rates to activate the stream splitting mechanism, and (iii) automatic adjustment of stream splitting according to system load. The experimental results have proved that the proposed multiple-tunnel schemes can substantially improve the quality of video streams.