The Greek colonization of the West Mediterranean and specifically Iberian Peninsula is within the scope of Greek colonization rather kind of peripheral subject. However, it is the principal subject of our work. The Greeks not by a long sight were the only merchants, settlers, visitors and discoverers of the West world at that times. They were taken over by the Phoenicians and is evident, that they were the protagonists of the Iberian Peninsula at that times. Based on the modern scientists the Phoenicians should not be seen as the only ones and charge to the account of the Greeks just the merchants's role. The new epigraphic aknowledgements and archeological research in "Contestania" are in witness of the essential presence of the Greeks in this area. The reflection of the historical sources is completed by the archeological remains. We would like to join all the new aknowledgements based on comparison of various sources that are at our disposal. Keywords Iberian Peninsula - colonization - Greeks - Contestania

An array of ship types was used during the European Age of Expansion (early 15th to early 17th centuries), but one vessel in particular emerges from the historical records as a harbinger of discovery: the caravel. The problem is that little is known about these popular ships of discovery, despite the fair amount of historical evidence that has been uncovered. How big were they? How many men did it take to operate such a vessel? What kind of sailing characteristics did they have? How and by whom were they designed? Where did they originate and how did they develop? These questions cannot be answered by looking at the historical accounts alone. For this reason, scholars must take another approach for learning about caravels by examining additional sources, namely ancient shipbuilding treatises, archaeological evidence, surviving archaic shipbuilding techniques, and iconographic representations from the past. Information gained from the available sources reveals many of the caravel’s characteristics through time. This ship type outclassed its contemporaries during the age of exploration because of its highly adaptive characteristics. These traits were, principally, its shallow draught, speed, maneuverability, and ability to sail close to the wind. This combination of attributes made the caravel the ideal ship for reconnaissance along the rocky African coastline, as well as for making the transatlantic voyages to the New World. It was built in a Mediterranean way during its post-medieval phases, a method that still survives in some parts of the world today. During the Age of Discovery (ca. 1430 to 1530), the caravel sat low in the water, had one sterncastle, and was either lateen-rigged or had a combination of square and lateen sails. This vessel reflects the advanced shipbuilding technology that existed in Europe at this time, and played and important role in the voyages which allowed the Europeans to expand their territories around the world. The results of the studies presented in this thesis provide a history and development of the caravel, which was gradual and often obscure. What has been gained from this work is a body of information that can be applied to other studies about ancient seafaring, and can serve as a starting point for further research.

An array of ship types was used during the European Age of Expansion (early 15th to early 17th centuries), but one vessel in particular emerges from the historical records as a harbinger of discovery: the caravel. The problem is that little is known about these popular ships of discovery, despite the fair amount of historical evidence that has been uncovered. How big were they? How many men did it take to operate such a vessel? What kind of sailing characteristics did they have? How and by whom were they designed? Where did they originate and how did they develop? These questions cannot be answered by looking at the historical accounts alone. For this reason, scholars must take another approach for learning about caravels by examining additional sources, namely ancient shipbuilding treatises, archaeological evidence, surviving archaic shipbuilding techniques, and iconographic representations from the past. Information gained from the available sources reveals many of the caravel’s characteristics through time. This ship type outclassed its contemporaries during the age of exploration because of its highly adaptive characteristics. These traits were, principally, its shallow draught, speed, maneuverability, and ability to sail close to the wind. This combination of attributes made the caravel the ideal ship for reconnaissance along the rocky African coastline, as well as for making the transatlantic voyages to the New World. It was built in a Mediterranean way during its post-medieval phases, a method that still survives in some parts of the world today. During the Age of Discovery (ca. 1430 to 1530), the caravel sat low in the water, had one sterncastle, and was either lateen-rigged or had a combination of square and lateen sails. This vessel reflects the advanced shipbuilding technology that existed in Europe at this time, and played and important role in the voyages which allowed the Europeans to expand their territories around the world. The results of the studies presented in this thesis provide a history and development of the caravel, which was gradual and often obscure. What has been gained from this work is a body of information that can be applied to other studies about ancient seafaring, and can serve as a starting point for further research.

Despite the economic importance of dolomitised Upper Cretaceous strata, little work has been conducted to further the understanding of the controls on dolomitisation during a green-house period with low marine Mg/Ca ratio. This study presents a multidisciplinary, multi-scale approach using field, petrographical and geochemical data to understand the mechanism of dolomitisation in North Africa and western Mediterranean in order to determine the controls on dolomitisation of Upper Cretaceous strata. Two field areas have been chosen that exhibit similar facies and are time equivalent, located along the Jeffara Escarpment in southern Tunisia and in the Iberian Range of central Spain. Both areas comprise facies deposited in mid-ramp, platform margin, lagoon, inter- and supra-tidal environments. Based on the distribution of facies, a sequence stratigraphic model was proposed for both areas which show similar changes in relative sea level. In the Iberian Basin there is strong evidence of a dramatic rearrangement in basin architecture resulting from tectonic activity during the Upper Cenomanian, whilst on the Jeffara Escarpment deposition took place on a passive margin. Both areas show evidence of warm, arid climates; even though the Iberian Range was in a more northerly palaeogeographic position, there was a rain shadow which affected facies distribution and dolomitisation. Planar dolomite fabrics, dull luminescence under cathodoluminescence, marine trace element concentrations and marine to slightly enriched oxygen isotope values suggest that dolomitisation occurred from mesosaline, marine fluids. Dolomitisation occurred from multiple fluxes of dolomitising fluids, controlled by high frequency changes in relative sea level. A cessation of dolomitisation only occurred during late transgressive systems tract of low order sea level cycles as a result of platform flooding. The Distribution of dolomitising fluids was partly controlled by pre-cursor limestone with low permeability horizons acting as aquicludes and permeable sandstones acting as aquifers. Changes in basin architecture caused reversals in flow of dolomitising fluids on the Iberian Range whilst increased subsidence caused cessation of dolomitisation due to rapid increase in relative sea level on the platform top. Dolomitisation occurred over a wider geographical area in the Jeffara Escarpment compared to the Iberian Range as a result of higher fluid salinity, larger brine pool and higher temperature of dolomitising fluids. The distribution of dolomitised strata of the circum-Tethys and across the Arabian Plate suggests that early reflux dolomitisation occurred within arid climate belts, and did not require hypersaline conditions, evidenced by evaporite distribution, as previously suggested. This study has important implications for the hydrocarbon industry by improving our ability to predict distribution, size and geometry of dolomitised strata essential for hydrocarbon exploration and field development. Furthermore this study has improved our understanding on the controls on dolomitisation during greenhouse periods with low Mg/Ca ratio of seawater and high frequency sea level changes.

This dissertation, Emancipated Peripheries. Politics of Spatial Representation in the Re-imagined Iberia, explores how the emergence of Basque, Galician and Asturian literatures has changed the web of relations between these literatures and the other consolidated Iberian literatures (Castilian, Portuguese, and Catalan), and how the coexistence of these literatures in the Iberian Peninsula forces us to re-conceptualize Iberian space as the place where the identity of a certain linguistic community is performed, understanding space in a performative way. This dissertation questions two predominant assumptions: first, that peripheral literatures are nothing but small imitations of national literatures, and that they follow the same paradigm at a minor scale, with minor achievements which are significant only in their own context. Second, that there is a centripetal center towards which every cultural movement tends to refer. I argue that peripheral Iberian literatures establish themselves as new interconnected centers of cultural production that are no longer dependent, but rather are inter-dependent, transforming the periphery into a privileged place for renovation and the formulation of new cultural proposals and tendencies. This reading of the Iberian context also invites a new reading of the Castilian canon, unearthing hidden masterpieces and alternative readings of the tradition. A post-colonial, ecocritical and biopolitical approach to these issues allows an in-depth understanding of what has been hidden: alternative conceptions of modernity, dissimilar readings of the literary canon, and the strong and concealed voices of the peripheral, the women, or the rural. This dissertation examines how peripheral literatures (and among these I include a certain reading of the Castilian tradition) redefine the relation between the human and non-human, masculine and feminine, nature and culture (focusing on the poetry of the Galician poet Olga Novo); how they draw new symbolic maps of the Iberian literatures and their traditions (as the Asturian writer Xuan Bello does); how they recover the lost memory of certain communities (studying novels by Basque writer Iñigo Aranbarri and the Castilian novelist Julio Llamazares, as well as video installations by artists like Barbara Fluxá or Iván Cortázar); and how certain literary works propose a new web of relations between peripheries (analyzing the novels by the Portuguese writer Valter Hugo Mãe).

The objective of this study was to investigate the diet-induced metabolic changes that affect the brain tissue of juvenile pigs with NAFLD. This study explored the liver- brain axis and metabolic markers in the frontal cortex (FC) affected by liver damage. 18 male (M) and 20 female (F) Iberian pigs were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 high-fructose high-fat liquid diets (lard, olive oil, and coconut oil) and fed for 10 consecutive weeks. “Healthy” Iberian pigs were fed a eucaloric diet to establish a physiological baseline. Protein precipitation extraction using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry was performed for primary metabolic and bile acid assays on FC samples. Univariate data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA, which included diet as the fixed effect and both replicate and pen nested in the diet as random effects. A more pronounced separation was observed in the PLS-DA between the COC and LAR/OLI diets. LC, C14:0 SM, and kynurenine, all metabolites linked to brain health, showed elevated levels in COC-fed pigs and reduced levels in animals fed OLI. Each of the three diets demonstrated heightened ratios of secondary bile acids to primary bile acids, with OLI-fed pigs showing increased TDCA:CA and TLCA:CA ratios associated with neurodegeneration (MahmoudianDehkordi et al., 2019). In conclusion, results may suggest that LAR could represent a more favorable dietary intervention for promoting brain health in pediatric NAFLD but further research is required.

The paper analyzes the Iberian ceramics from Sant Julià de Ramis (Girona). The scope of research includes the village itself and other archaeological sites as areas of the Bosc del Congosts silos and Escalers. The research draws several archaeological material dug up in the Iberian site and made in the fields of silos. / El treball analitza ceramiques procedents del poblat ibèric de Sant Julià de Ramis (Girona). L'abast de la recerca comprèn el mateix poblat i altres jaciments arqueològics com els camps de sitges del Bosc del Congost i els dels Escalers. La recerca es nodreix de material exhumat en diverses intervencions arqueològiques fetes en el poblat ibèric i en els camps de sitges.

This study combines long-term settlement data with short-term excavation data to explore the conditions that led late prehistoric communities in Iberia’s southwest to aggregate during the Late Bronze Age [LBA]. This long-term approach involves the application of geographic information systems [GIS] to identify settlement patterns in the Central Alentejo from the Late Neolithic [LN]/Chalcolithic to the Late Bronze Age (ca. 3500 – 800 BCE). In the Serra d’Ossa microregion of the southwest there are 176 sites that date to the Neolithic/Chalcolithic, only two that date to the EBA/MBA, and 27 that date to the LBA. This shift is directly related to the Chalcolithic “collapse” that occurred in the mid/late third millennium BCE, influenced by both sociocultural and environmental factors. The LBA of the southwest has long been defined by the emergence of a new culture associated with a concern for defensiveness and warriorship, represented on stone stelae by warrior iconography, and by the emergence of large-fortified upland sites that appear during this period. A distinct lack of small-scale settlement data has previously led to insufficient interpretations and characterizations of the period. In turn, this thesis incorporates short-term data from excavation at the large-fortified upland site of Castelo Velho da Serra d’Ossa, the one excavated example of such a site in the Serra d’Ossa microregion and one of the few excavated LBA sites in the wider southwest. The short-term excavation data are discussed in the context of the long-term settlement patterns to better characterize the LBA of the Iberian southwest, a period previously underrepresented in the region. The central focus of study is to investigate the emergence of these settlements (up to 15 ha in size) and the communities that inhabited them; considering the processes underpinning place-making and aggregation both locally and within its broader prehistoric context. / Thesis / Master of Arts (MA)

<p>This investigation examined the functions of two Spanish discourse markers, <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i>, in the interlanguage of intermediate English-speaking learners of Spanish. <i>Pues</i> is translated in English to ‘so’, ‘then’, ‘cos’, and ‘well’, and <i>bueno</i> is translated in English to ‘well’ and ‘alright’. Discourse markers like <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno </i>provide cohesion in spoken interaction, and despite the lack of attention received in second language research and classrooms, they are important linguistic features for second language users. While several studies have addressed discourse markers by non-native speakers, the present investigation contributed to the scarce body of research on interlanguage discourse marker use in Spanish and to general theoretical discussions about second language discourse marker use and acquisition by considering discourse marker frequency in input and describing the use of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i> in the interlanguage of Spanish learners. In this investigation, frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution were analyzed as three distinct facets of discourse marker proficiency.</p> <p>Using a native speaker functional framework established by Travis (2005) for reference, the analyses responded to the following general questions: How do Spanish learners compare to native speakers of Peninsular Spanish in their frequency of use, functional range, and functional distribution of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i>? How are these three variables among learners affected by a 6-week, language immersion study abroad program? Finally, how do native speakers of Peninsular Spanish and second language learners of Spanish compare in their characteristic patterns of <i>pues</i> and <i>bueno</i> functional use? Using oral interviews of 58 non-native (L2) Spanish speakers at the beginning and end of a program abroad and 14 native speakers (NS) of Spanish from Madrid, all tokens of <i>pues</i> (<i>N</i> = 506) and <i>bueno</i> (<i>N</i> = 273) were analyzed according to the functional framework (Travis, 2005). Analyses revealed infrequent L2 use of <i>pues </i>and <i>bueno</i> with a limited range of functions and distinct functional distribution compared to NS data. Over the program abroad, learners significantly increased their functional range of <i>pues</i>.<i> </i>No other significant differences in learner use over the program were identified. Detailed analysis of the patterns of use of native speakers and learners led to the identification of unique discourse marker uses in the interlanguage of learners. These findings were discussed in light of issues of interlanguage discourse marker use, discourse marker frequency in input, and second language instruction.</p>

This dissertation uses all of the available evidence provided by coins to construct a numismatic history of the early Islamic precious metal coinage of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The dissertation begins with a review of the analysis undertaken by earlier scholars, followed by an explanation of the adopted methodology, including the approach to the primary and secondary sources and the description of the methods used in the metrological, metallurgical, and die estimation analyses. The balance of the dissertation is divided into three sections. The first section is the typology, which divides the coinage into four series: Series 1, the Two Imperial Bust type; Series 2, the Latin Epigraphic type; Series 3, the Bilingual type; and Series 4, the Post-Reform type. The typology analyses each series in detail. This section also discusses the iconographical elements of the coinage, with a further chapter providing an analysis of certain anomalous examples that do not readily fit into the typology. The second section encompasses the analysis of the metrological and metallurgical aspects of the coinage and the estimation of the number of dies for each series. The final section combines the numismatic evidence and the historical record provided by a variety of secondary sources into a numismatic history of the two regions. This section includes a discussion of the historical context prior to, during, and after the Muslim conquest of North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula, as well as a discussion of find spots and circulation. The dissertation concludes with a comparison of the evolution of the precious metal coinage in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula to the evolution of Islamic coinage in other regions of the Umayyad Caliphate and an exploration of the underlying nature of the coinage (i.e. regional, Imperial, etc.).