Bernardino de Ávila Girón was a Spanish merchant and notary who lived in Japan between 1594 and 1619. He traveled from Spain to Manila around 1583, took up residence in Nagasaki and was living there when six missionaries and twenty Japanese were crucified on February 5, 1597. He witnessed the persecution of Christians after the edict of expulsion of European missionaries on February 14, 1614. Based on these experiences and his observation of Japanese customs, he wrote the Relación del reyno del Nippon al que llaman corruptamente Jappon, the only secular account written in Spanish about Japan and the failed expansion of Christendom in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The ties linking seventeenth-century Spain and the Americas in literature have been widely explored. Literary critics have studied the relationship between Spain and Asia in the context of medieval travel writing and nineteenth- and twentieth-century Orientalism. The relations between the Spanish empire and the empires of Asia, however, have been studied mostly by historians. My dissertation examines Bernardino de Ávila’s work not as a historical account, but as a narrative composed by a layman who would not have been considered in the seventeenth century either a historian or a reliable chronicler of martyrdoms. However, he provides a valuable and memorable eyewitness account that defies categorization. I use published sources and archival documentation to establish a more complete biography of Bernardino de Ávila, study the textual transmission of the Relación, a work that exists in multiple copies, place the Relación and Bernardino de Ávila’s life in historical context, and focus on its relation to other historical and literary writing of the period, including writing on the Japanese martyrs by the Jesuit Pedro Morejón and the playwright Lope de Vega, who were writing for very different readerships. I define the genre of the Relación and examine ideas of authority in the writing of history and hagiography and conclude by tracing the history of this work from the seventeenth century to our own day, and offer an explanation of why it has been excluded from the literary and historical canon.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the major cause of pediatric chronic liver pathology in the United States. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of partial substitution of dietary lard by an isocaloric amount of olive or coconut oil on endpoints of NAFLD. Thirty-eight 15-d-old Iberian pigs housed in pens balanced for weight and sex were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 3 hypercaloric high-fructose high-fat (HFF) diets for 10 weeks: 1) lard (LAR; n=5 pens), 2) lard + olive oil (OLI, n=10), and 3) lard + coconut oil (COC; n=10). Additional pigs (BSL, n=4) were fed a eucaloric diet to establish baseline values. Animals were euthanized at 85 d of age after blood sampling. Liver tissue was collected for histology, metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Compared with BSL, OLI decreased high-density lipoproteins, phosphatidylcholines (PC), and total cholesterol in blood, and increased acylcarnitines in liver, whereas COC increased triacylglycerides (TAGs) in liver and blood. All HFF diets increased bile acids in liver, and decreased choline and fibroblast growth factor 19 in liver and blood. OLI and COC increased hepatic steatosis, necrosis, ballooning, and composite lesion score compared with LAR. OLI decreased gene expression of carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, and COC increased expression of fatty acid binding proteins and acyl-CoA synthetase. In conclusion, partial replacement of dietary lard with olive and coconut oil dysregulated acylcarnitine metabolism and lipogenesis in the liver, increasing the severity of NAFLD in juvenile pigs.

Conservation genetics for endangered species is crucial in long-term conservation actions.Inbreeding depression and genetic diversity are main genetic parameters with relevance toconservation. The Iberian lynx was by 2002 the most endangered felid in the world. Manyconservation programs have been carried out during the last 20 years, greatly improving theoutlook of the species. There is a paucity of information on the genetic consequences of thereintroduction program thus far. In the following research study, the most endangered Iberianlynx population, the Doñana population, is assessed to determine its actual genetic status andevaluate the genetic consequences of translocations initiated in 2007. This was achieved by thereconstruction of the pedigree of the wild population, and molecular analysis based on genotypedata with the use of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). The molecular parameterscalculated were inbreeding coefficients, ancestry and genetic diversity. Results show an increase ingenetic diversity and a decrease in inbreeding following translocations. Post translocationinbreeding was found and explained by ancestral classes the individuals belonged to. These resultslay foundation for the importance of the ongoing translocations within the population andemphasize the need in the coming years for the conservation efforts carried out so far.

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Em nossa pesquisa analisamos os preâmbulos dos livros de história impressos em Portugal entre 1640-1680, dando atenção às práticas da escrita desses textos dedicatórias, cartas ao leitor, prólogos e licenças para a impressão. Os preâmbulos, como constatamos, têm a função retórica de exórdio da obra e, portanto, pretendem captar a benevolência, atenção e tornar o leitor dócil com relação à matéria do livro. Segundo os preceitos retóricos usados no século XVII, uma das maneiras para se atingir esses objetivos era falar sobre o assunto tratado adiante. Encontramos, então, nos prólogos dos livros de história, discursos sobre o que era a história naquele período, os quais confrontamos com o que diziam os tratados sobre esse mesmo gênero. Com isso, nos propomos a fazer uma história das práticas da escrita dos preâmbulos e dos preceitos do gênero histórico no século XVII. / In our research we analyze the preambles of the books on history printed in Portugal between 1640 and 1680, paying attention to the writing practices of these texts - dedications, letters to the reader, prologues and licenses for printing. The preambles, as we have seen, have the rhetorical function of exordium of the work and, therefore, seek to capture benevolence, attention and make the reader docile with regard to the matter of the book. According to the rhetorical precepts used in the seventeenth century, one of the ways to achieve these goals was to talk about the subject matter discussed below. We find, then, in the prologues of the history books, discourses on what history was in that period, which we confront with the treatises on the same genre. With this, we propose to make a history of the writing practices of preambles and precepts of the historical genre in the seventeenth century.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as discussões sobre a identidade ibero-americana realizadas por intelectuais nas revistas Cuadernos Americanos (CA) e Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (CH) no período de 1942 a 1955. Também faz parte deste trabalho o estudo das análises propostas por esses intelectuais sobre as relações entre Ibero-América, Estados Unidos e Espanha nos contextos da II Guerra Mundial e da Guerra Fria. Embora se interessassem pelo mesmo foco (a Ibero-América), ambas as publicações tiveram origens e propostas distintas: as duas atuaram em campos ideológicos opostos e se constituíram como armas de luta política. CA foi gestada por um grupo de intelectuais mexicanos e exilados espanhóis que se identificavam com o republicanismo, e, portanto, eram opositores ferrenhos do franquismo; CH surgiu posteriormente, com vistas a ampliar as bases de apoio do regime franquista no Continente latino-americano, já que a Espanha estava isolada desde o final da Segunda Guerra em virtude de sua anterior identificação com a ideologia nazi-fascista e com um governo autoritário e simpático ao Eixo. / This thesis presents an analysis of the debates around Iberian-American identity accomplished by intellectuals in the magazines Cuadernos Americanos (CA) and Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (CH), in the years 1942 to 1955. This works also examines the analysis proposed by these intellectuals about the relationship between Iberian-American, United States and Spain during World War II and the Cold War. Although the magazines had the same focus in Iberian-America, they had distinct origins and proposals: both served as political instrument in opposite ideological terrains. CA was created by a group of intellectuals (Mexicans and Spanish in exile) in a hard opposition to Franquismo; CH appeared later aiming to enlarge the Latin-American support of Francos regime, as this was isolated since the end of WWII due to Francos authoritarianism and Nazi-Fascist alignment.

A Igreja Ibérica na região da Península Ibérica, durante a Alta Idade Média, tornara-se uma referência para o poder temporal, como já o era para o povo. Embora fosse apoiada pela monarquia visigótica, ainda enfrentava problemas internos de dogma e de situações decorrentes dos conflitos humanos. O expansionismo árabe trouxe para a região ibérica um confronto além de civil, religioso que ameaçava e fragilizava o papel homogêneo que a Igreja desempenhava no território. A convivência entre muçulmanos e cristãos, que estavam subjugados, fez com que a Igreja buscasse respostas para a situação vivida naquele momento, após a invasão muçulmana no território ibérico. Este trabalho de mestrado buscou compreender o discurso elaborado pela Igreja, através do escrito de um de seus membros, que interpretaria a situação de acordo com a perspectiva eclesiástica. Concomitantemente, verificaremos os problemas estruturais concernentes a formação da monarquia visigoda, para analisar o contexto histórico no qual foi produzido o documento utilizado neste trabalho. / The Church in the region of the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages, become a reference to the laic power, as it was for the people. Although it was backed by the Visigothic monarchy, still faced internal problems of dogma and situations resulting from human conflicts. The Arab expansionism brought to the Iberian region a confrontation, as well as civil, religious that threatened and weakened the homogeneous role that Church played in the territory. The coexistence between Muslims and Christians, who were enslaved, made the Church sought answers to the situation experienced at that moment, after the Muslims invasion in the Iberian territory. This dissertation sought to understand the speech prepared for the Church, written by one of its members, who would interpret the situation according to the ecclesiastical perspective. Concurrently, we find structural problems concerning the formation of the Visigothic monarchy, to consider the historical context in which it was produced the document used in this work.

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar as discussões sobre a identidade ibero-americana realizadas por intelectuais nas revistas Cuadernos Americanos (CA) e Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (CH) no período de 1942 a 1955. Também faz parte deste trabalho o estudo das análises propostas por esses intelectuais sobre as relações entre Ibero-América, Estados Unidos e Espanha nos contextos da II Guerra Mundial e da Guerra Fria. Embora se interessassem pelo mesmo foco (a Ibero-América), ambas as publicações tiveram origens e propostas distintas: as duas atuaram em campos ideológicos opostos e se constituíram como armas de luta política. CA foi gestada por um grupo de intelectuais mexicanos e exilados espanhóis que se identificavam com o republicanismo, e, portanto, eram opositores ferrenhos do franquismo; CH surgiu posteriormente, com vistas a ampliar as bases de apoio do regime franquista no Continente latino-americano, já que a Espanha estava isolada desde o final da Segunda Guerra em virtude de sua anterior identificação com a ideologia nazi-fascista e com um governo autoritário e simpático ao Eixo. / This thesis presents an analysis of the debates around Iberian-American identity accomplished by intellectuals in the magazines Cuadernos Americanos (CA) and Cuadernos Hispanoamericanos (CH), in the years 1942 to 1955. This works also examines the analysis proposed by these intellectuals about the relationship between Iberian-American, United States and Spain during World War II and the Cold War. Although the magazines had the same focus in Iberian-America, they had distinct origins and proposals: both served as political instrument in opposite ideological terrains. CA was created by a group of intellectuals (Mexicans and Spanish in exile) in a hard opposition to Franquismo; CH appeared later aiming to enlarge the Latin-American support of Francos regime, as this was isolated since the end of WWII due to Francos authoritarianism and Nazi-Fascist alignment.