The aim of this thesis is to try to bring some clarity and perspective into the controversy generated by Ivan Illich's theory of the necessity for a deschooled society. Furthermore it attempts to elaborate on how Illich's concepts originated and evolved. In this respect, it strives to present all of the elements which have had an impact upon Illich's intellectual formation and his subsequent religious, social, and educational philosophy. / The method of inquiry for my thesis is to investigate the various experiences, including definite influences, which contributed to shaping Illich's attitudes towards society, technology, and formal education. Since all of these factors eventually contributed to his famous theory of deschooling, this paper attempts to describe how Illich developed intellectually from his younger days until he conceptualized his notion of a free education in the Centre International de Documentation. In addition, this study analyzes the reactions of the major critics and commentators who either criticized or supported Illich's theories. / The thesis concludes by presenting the reactions of the author to both Ivan Illich's theories and to the views of his major critics and commentators.

No description available.

Latitudinaria* explores and critiques the ambivalence between current technological progress and the consequently depersonalised social structures and systems. I am using the development from mechanical Automata to mass production juxtaposed to Charlie Chaplin??s film and Jean Tinguelys kinetic art, as examples for the change of the social condition from the industrialisation to the current post-industrial era. The change of social condition I refer to as the ??depersonalisation?? or ??dehumanisation?? effect supported by my working experiences in the health system. The ??medicalisation of the life span?? and the discrepancy of creating a sustainable future less profit orientated are two indicators of how far we have been removed from our bodies. These observations are supported by the writing of Ivan Illich??s Medical Nemesis and Frank Schirrmachers?? analysis of the change of the social structure using the family configuration as an example. These conceptual ideas are visualised by a selection of kinetic art works and video installations. In the heart of this body of work is the process-orientated documentation of Zero AGL project. The project documents the journey of a discarded airplane that was re-assembled and reanimated by myself and a group of volunteers supported by local businesses. The struggle of the group of people stands as a metaphor for the current dilemma of the restricted usage of public space. Further it reflects on my own limitations dealing with the Australian outback culture and the transition of my own sculptural practice from small scale art works into the arena of life size public Art. Those experiences shaped the process and the direction of the project. The motivation for the creation of the body of kinetic sculptures and video installation is to highlight the absurdity of social constructed categories and controlling systems in a post-industrial society. The subject matter focuses on the social construction of the categories of the ??Norm?? and the limitations of failure. Latitudinaria gives the audience a lateral view on how human betterment is not always essentially connected to technological progress but on transforming ideas and enhancing it from a different point of view. * freedom from normal restraints, limitations and regulations.

Latitudinaria* explores and critiques the ambivalence between current technological progress and the consequently depersonalised social structures and systems. I am using the development from mechanical Automata to mass production juxtaposed to Charlie Chaplin??s film and Jean Tinguelys kinetic art, as examples for the change of the social condition from the industrialisation to the current post-industrial era. The change of social condition I refer to as the ??depersonalisation?? or ??dehumanisation?? effect supported by my working experiences in the health system. The ??medicalisation of the life span?? and the discrepancy of creating a sustainable future less profit orientated are two indicators of how far we have been removed from our bodies. These observations are supported by the writing of Ivan Illich??s Medical Nemesis and Frank Schirrmachers?? analysis of the change of the social structure using the family configuration as an example. These conceptual ideas are visualised by a selection of kinetic art works and video installations. In the heart of this body of work is the process-orientated documentation of Zero AGL project. The project documents the journey of a discarded airplane that was re-assembled and reanimated by myself and a group of volunteers supported by local businesses. The struggle of the group of people stands as a metaphor for the current dilemma of the restricted usage of public space. Further it reflects on my own limitations dealing with the Australian outback culture and the transition of my own sculptural practice from small scale art works into the arena of life size public Art. Those experiences shaped the process and the direction of the project. The motivation for the creation of the body of kinetic sculptures and video installation is to highlight the absurdity of social constructed categories and controlling systems in a post-industrial society. The subject matter focuses on the social construction of the categories of the ??Norm?? and the limitations of failure. Latitudinaria gives the audience a lateral view on how human betterment is not always essentially connected to technological progress but on transforming ideas and enhancing it from a different point of view. * freedom from normal restraints, limitations and regulations.

Dissertação (mestrado) - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, 2008 / Bibliografia: f. 200-215 / Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo sobre o perfil do educador e da educadora que emerge das obras de Leo Tolstoi (1937, 1988, 2000, 2002, 2005), Ivan Illich (1971, 1973a, 1973b, 1975, 1979a, 1979b, 1980, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002) e Paulo / This dissertation presents a study about the educator's profile that emerges from the works of Leo Tolstoy (1937, 1988, 2000, 2002, 2005), Ivan Illich (1971, 1973a, 1973b, 1975, 1979a, 1979b, 1980, 1988, 1990, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2002) and Paulo Freir

Illich, a critic of the medical profession in industrial societies, researched the "damage done" by the medical establishment on three levels. This study presents an application of Illich's three-level theory of iatrogenesis to a sample of elderly people in old-age homes in and around Pretoria. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with old-age home residents. In the focus on clinical iatrogenesis, the aspect of defenceless patients was investigated. With regard to social iatrogenesis, focus was on the interpretation of attitudes revealing an increased medical dependency. Cultural iatrogenesis, which involves the influence of values and norms on thinking patterns, is investigated in terms of the impact of institutionalisation on the autonomy, independence and personal responsibility of residents. Illich's solution to the problem of medicalisation is to be found in the de-bureaucratisation and de-industrialisation of society. Based on the assumptions of critical theory, the emancipation of the individual is suggested as a basis of Illich's proposed structural societal changes / M.A. (Sociology)

Illich, a critic of the medical profession in industrial societies, researched the "damage done" by the medical establishment on three levels. This study presents an application of Illich's three-level theory of iatrogenesis to a sample of elderly people in old-age homes in and around Pretoria. Fifty in-depth interviews were conducted with old-age home residents. In the focus on clinical iatrogenesis, the aspect of defenceless patients was investigated. With regard to social iatrogenesis, focus was on the interpretation of attitudes revealing an increased medical dependency. Cultural iatrogenesis, which involves the influence of values and norms on thinking patterns, is investigated in terms of the impact of institutionalisation on the autonomy, independence and personal responsibility of residents. Illich's solution to the problem of medicalisation is to be found in the de-bureaucratisation and de-industrialisation of society. Based on the assumptions of critical theory, the emancipation of the individual is suggested as a basis of Illich's proposed structural societal changes / M.A. (Sociology)

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 7 août 2023) / Cette thèse propose d'explorer un courant d'idée informel et marginal du XXᵉ siècle qui, selon son hypothèse de départ, aurait assuré la transition entre les premières contestations contre la révolution industrielle et certains mouvements environnementalistes contemporains. Ce courant peut ainsi se caractériser comme une écologie politique révolutionnaire, se fondant sur une critique radicale de la civilisation industrielle et de son facteur principal, la technique moderne. Le but de cette étude est d'en évaluer la cohérence et la pertinence : a-t-on affaire à un ensemble dispersé d'idées et d'auteurs, ou bien à un diagnostic commun ? Est-ce que ces idées ont toujours un intérêt face à la crise écologique actuelle ? Un certain nombre d'intellectuels peuvent être rattachés à cette perspective technocritique ; néanmoins, cette étude se concentre sur les œuvres de quatre d'entre eux : l'urbaniste américain Lewis Mumford (1895-1990), le philosophe allemand Günther Anders (1902-1992), le sociologue français Jacques Ellul (1912-1994) et l'historien nomade Ivan Illich (1926-2002). Dans un premier temps, ce travail présente la méthode qui a guidé l'étude de ces textes : une socio-histoire des idées qui emprunte tout autant à la discipline historique qu'à la discipline sociologique. Les enjeux de l'étude des pensées environnementalistes et écologistes sont également exposés, afin de souligner les spécificités de cet objet de recherche. Ce qui amène à la formulation de la problématique de cette thèse : ce courant d'idées écologiste peut-il être défini comme un langage, au sens que l'histoire des idées politiques donne à ce concept ? La principale assertion de cette étude est qu'il doit plutôt être compris comme une matrice intellectuelle, un ensemble cohérent de leitmotivs visant la connaissance social-historique, et pouvant servir de base à des langages davantage tournés vers l'action politique. Ce qui contraste avec les polémiques romantiques contre le machinisme au XIXᵉ siècle, qui exprimaient une sensibilité anti-industrielle plus diffuse. Par la suite, les cinq principaux chapitres de cette étude fournissent un contre-récit du XXᵉ siècle, à travers la lecture profonde des textes des auteurs retenus. Ce récit débute avec l'examen des ouvrages pionniers de Lewis Mumford durant l'entre-deux-guerres. À la suite à la Grande Guerre, celui-ci chercha à édifier une perspective alternative à la fois au libéralisme, au conservatisme et au marxisme. En parallèle, il se lança dans une étude historique de fond de ce qu'il nommait « l'Âge de la Machine », et en tira une critique de la civilisation de la puissance. Après la Seconde Guerre mondiale et les bombardements nucléaires d'Hiroshima et de Nagasaki, Günther Anders et Jacques Ellul élaborèrent, de manière convergente, un diagnostic critique de la société technicienne et conformiste de l'après-guerre. Ils décrivirent le type d'individu qu'elle produit, un homme médial ayant perdu le contrôle sur les techniques qu'il a lâché dans son monde - qui ne serait alors justement plus le sien. De plus, ils s'interrogèrent sur la possibilité d'une extinction de l'humanité, avant tout par un ultime conflit atomique. Mumford, Anders et Ellul réitérèrent leurs analyses dans les années 1960 et 1970, alors que l'Occident était marqué par une vague multiforme de contestations et de révoltes. Prenant leurs distances face à ces mouvements, ces trois intellectuels estimaient qu'en réalité un système mégatechnique venait de triompher. Celui-ci se déploierait de manière purement causale, dans le seul but d'accroître sa taille et sa puissance. Par conséquent, la Révolution et l'Histoire semblaient être devenues obsolètes. Ivan Illich fit sienne cette critique de la démesure et de la déraison technologiques, en l'étendant au secteur des services. Il étudia également les sources profondes de cette civilisation industrielle, qu'il situa dans le passé chrétien de l'Occident. Finalement, en s'appuyant sur les travaux de ses homologues, Illich traça les grandes lignes de ce que pourrait être une société conviviale. Cependant, le mouvement écologiste contemporain échoua à intégrer ces idées, et manqua sa propre révolution. Se pose alors la question de savoir quelle attitude il est possible d'adopter face au « Temps de la Fin ». La matrice intellectuelle de cette écologie politique révolutionnaire reste active de nos jours, à travers les langages du néo-luddisme, de l'écosocialisme et de la décroissance. Des recherches futures sont nécessaires pour bien saisir cette filiation, et pour rattacher d'autres auteurs à cette matrice d'idées. / This thesis proposes to explore an informal and marginal current of thought of the 20ᵗʰ century which, according to its initial hypothesis, would have ensured the transition between the first protests against the industrial revolution and certain contemporary environmentalist movements. This current can thus be characterized as a revolutionary political ecology, based on a radical critique of industrial civilization and its main factor, modern technics. The purpose of this study is to assess its coherence and pertinency: are we dealing with a dispersed set of ideas and authors, or a common diagnosis? Do these ideas still have relevance in the face of the current ecological crisis? A number of intellectuals can relate to this technocritical perspective; nevertheless, this study focuses on the works of four of them: the American urban planner Lewis Mumford (1895-1990), the German philosopher Günther Anders (1902-1992), the French sociologist Jacques Ellul (1912-1994) and the nomadic historian Ivan Illich (1926-2002). First, this work presents the method that guided the study of these texts: a socio-history of ideas that borrows as much from the historical discipline as from the sociological discipline. The stakes of the study of environmentalist and ecological ideas are also exposed, in order to underline the specificity of this research object. Which leads to the formulation of the problematic of this thesis: can this current of ecological ideas be defined as a language, in the sense that the history of political ideas gives to this concept? The main assertion of this study is that it should rather be understood as an intellectual matrix, a coherent set of leitmotifs aimed at social-historical knowledge, and which can serve as a basis for languages more oriented towards political action. This contrasts with the romantic polemics against mechanization in the 19ᵗʰ century, which expressed a more diffuse anti-industrial sensibility. Subsequently, the five main chapters of this study provide a counter-narrative of the 20ᵗʰ century, through a deep reading of the texts of the selected authors. This account begins with an examination of the pioneering works of Lewis Mumford during the interwar period. Following the Great War, he sought to build an alternative perspective to both liberalism, conservatism and Marxism. At the same time, he embarked on an in-depth historical study of what he called the "Machine Age", and drew from it a critique of the power civilization. After the Second World War and the nuclear bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Günther Anders and Jacques Ellul elaborated, in a convergent way, a critical diagnosis of the technical and conformist society of the post-war period. They described the type of individual it produces, a medial man who has lost control over the technics he has unleashed on his world - which would then no longer be his own. Moreover, they wondered about the possibility of an extinction of humanity, above all by an ultimate atomic conflict. Mumford, Anders and Ellul reiterated their analyzes in the 1960s and 1970s, when the West was marked by a multifaceted wave of protests and revolts. Taking their distance from these movements, these three intellectuals believed that in reality a megatechnical system had just triumphed. This system would deploy in a purely causal way, with the sole purpose of increasing its size and power. Consequently, Revolution and History seemed to have become obsolete. Ivan Illich made this criticism of technological excess and unreason his own, extending it to the service sector. He also studied the deep sources of this industrial civilization, which he located in the Christian past of the West. Eventually, building on the work of his counterparts, Illich outlined what a society of conviviality might be. However, the contemporary environmental movement didn't integrate these ideas, and failed its own revolution. The question then arises as to what attitude one should adopt in the face of the "Time of the End". The intellectual matrix of this revolutionary political ecology remains active today, through the languages of neo-Luddism, ecosocialism and degrowth. Future research is needed to fully understand this filiation, and to link other authors to this matrix of ideas.