The edge rounding of brittle materials by vibratory finishing, VF, was investigated. Borosilicate glass and silicon nitride specimens were processed in two typical VF setups. In all cases, the processed specimens exhibited wear and chipping at their edges, whereas their flat surfaces remained intact. Edge chipping was strongly affected by the edge geometry and process parameters such as the media size and vibration amplitude of the finisher. Therefore, to achieve smooth chip-less edge, samples were processed in several steps, starting with the least energetic conditions, followed by more energetic ones as the edge became progressively blunter. The analysis of edge wear by VF revealed a new mechanism of wear, not previously reported in the literature. A stochastic numerical model was subsequently developed to model this mechanism of wear. To confirm the validity of the model, the model predictions were compared to the experimental observations of wear in the vibratory finisher. The model was used to investigate the effect of various VF process parameters on the edge wear of brittle materials. A VF simulator was used to investigate wear and chipping under more controlled conditions. The VF simulator launched particles against the specimens at adjustable velocities and impact angles. The effect of particles’ shape, and impact velocity and angle, on the wear of glass edges was investigated. Fundamental differences were observed between wear by abrasive and smooth particles. These differences were attributed to the mechanisms of material removal by abrasive iii and smooth balls. Abrasive balls remove material by the sharp indentation of their surface asperities, whereas smooth particles lack such sharp peaks and hence apply blunt indentation on the edges. To identify the fundamental differences between material removal by sharp and blunt indenters, a series of indentation experiments were carried out on glass edges. Subsequently, these differences were discussed in terms of their implications on wear by abrasive and smooth particles.

We conducted a retrospective review of discordant pathology for lymphoma patients treated at the Princess Margaret Hospital between 2000 and 2003. We identified 2818 lymphoma patients of which 1567 (38%) met inclusion criteria with 167 discordant cases (discordance rate 15.7%). Six reviewers blinded to clinical management rated potential for harm on a minimal to severe scoring. The majority (67.6%) received a rating of moderate to severe. Review of actual clinical management revealed unnecessary surgical procedures, incorrect chemotherapy and under or over treatment of patients. For discordant cases, 8.4% were identified as having severe actual harm. This means that 1/6 patients diagnosed with lymphoma may have a change in diagnosis after pathologic review, 1/9 will have discordance with the potential to cause moderate to severe consequences, and 1/75 will experience significant clinical harm. We conclude that pathologic discordance in lymphoma is common and can lead to patient harm.

The edge rounding of brittle materials by vibratory finishing, VF, was investigated. Borosilicate glass and silicon nitride specimens were processed in two typical VF setups. In all cases, the processed specimens exhibited wear and chipping at their edges, whereas their flat surfaces remained intact. Edge chipping was strongly affected by the edge geometry and process parameters such as the media size and vibration amplitude of the finisher. Therefore, to achieve smooth chip-less edge, samples were processed in several steps, starting with the least energetic conditions, followed by more energetic ones as the edge became progressively blunter. The analysis of edge wear by VF revealed a new mechanism of wear, not previously reported in the literature. A stochastic numerical model was subsequently developed to model this mechanism of wear. To confirm the validity of the model, the model predictions were compared to the experimental observations of wear in the vibratory finisher. The model was used to investigate the effect of various VF process parameters on the edge wear of brittle materials. A VF simulator was used to investigate wear and chipping under more controlled conditions. The VF simulator launched particles against the specimens at adjustable velocities and impact angles. The effect of particles’ shape, and impact velocity and angle, on the wear of glass edges was investigated. Fundamental differences were observed between wear by abrasive and smooth particles. These differences were attributed to the mechanisms of material removal by abrasive iii and smooth balls. Abrasive balls remove material by the sharp indentation of their surface asperities, whereas smooth particles lack such sharp peaks and hence apply blunt indentation on the edges. To identify the fundamental differences between material removal by sharp and blunt indenters, a series of indentation experiments were carried out on glass edges. Subsequently, these differences were discussed in terms of their implications on wear by abrasive and smooth particles.

L'augmentation soutenue de l'obésité au cours des dernières décennies est un phénomène partagé, à différents degrés, par tous les pays développés et en voie de développement. L'obésité constitue un problème majeur de santé qui a un impact notable sur l'économie. D'une part, au niveau macroéconomique, les coûts d'un système de santé public sont affectés par l'obésité. D'autre part, au niveau microéconomigue, le fait d'être obèse peut avoir un effet sur les résultats économiques individuels. À ce titre, ce document vise à étudier l'effet d'être obèse sur les salaires au Canada. Plusieurs études existantes ont abordé cette question en utilisant des données sur la population des États-Unis et de certains pays d'Europe. Cependant, au moment de la rédaction de ce mémoire, il n'existe aucune étude sur l'obésité en lien avec les questions salariales au Canada. Les premiers résultats issus de la présente étude révèlent qu'il existerait un impact négatif de l'obésité sur le salaire des canadiens et des canadiennes. D'un point de vue qualitatif, ces résultats sont en ligne avec diverses études américaines traitant de ce sujet. Toutefois, l'impact quantitatif apparaît comme étant plus important au Canada. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Obésité, Obèse, Société, Salaire, Santé.

Cette étude exploratoire cherche à mettre à jour l'influence de la publicité chez les adolescentes. Cette influence est envisagée d'une part en ce qui concerne l'achat de vêtements et de produits de beauté et d'autre part en relation avec des facteurs sociologiques tels que l'estime de soi et la recherche identitaire. C'est par les éclairages tirés de la sociologie, de la communication, de la psychologie et de l'anthropologie que l'influence publicitaire sur les adolescentes est articulée au fil des chapitres. À partir de cet ensemble, une grille de dimensions est induite et élaborée pour notre méthodologie de recherche qualitative. Ainsi, quatre Montréalaises entre 12 et 17 ans ont été retenues pour contribuer à notre étude. C'est au moyen d'une analyse de leur discours confronté au recensement des recherches que nos constats furent réalisés. Ces derniers révèlent un désir de singularisation plus fort que l'influence des amis et de la publicité dans le désir d'acheter. Notre analyse confirme l'action des stéréotypes de beauté sur la dimension de l'estime de soi, mettant en lumière l'esprit vif et critique des jeunes filles envers les stratégies commerciales. Nous y découvrons l'importance de la famille et des garçons dans le comportement d'achat et d'habillement. En conclusion est soulignée l'ampleur grandissante du placement de produit et d'Internet semblant influencer davantage les adolescentes dans leur comportement d'achats que la publicité traditionnelle. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : adolescence, singularisation, identité, estime de soi, publicité, famille, pairs, achat, marque.

Les événements traumatiques (ÉT) peuvent susciter des séquelles psychologiques importantes pour les individus qui en sont victimes, comme un état de stress post-traumatique (ÉSPT). Les policiers représentent une population à risque d'être exposée à des ÉT dans le cadre de leur travail et sont donc susceptibles de développer un ÉSPT. Ce trouble peut amener des répercussions considérables sur le fonctionnement psychosocial, la qualité de vie des individus qui en souffrent, entraîner une interférence marquée au niveau du travail et peut conduire à des coûts sociaux exorbitants. Ainsi, après l'exposition à un ÉT, il importe de pouvoir distinguer les facteurs qui influencent le développement et le maintien de réactions post-traumatiques (facteurs de risque) de ceux qui favorisent un retour plus rapide à une vie normale en prévenant l'apparition de symptômes post-traumatiques ou en atténuant leur intensité (facteurs de protection). L'identification des prédicteurs de l'ÉSPT chez une population policière s'avère primordiale et permettra de développer ultérieurement des stratégies de prévention et d'intervention efficaces. Le chapitre I présente une recension des principaux facteurs prévisionnels pouvant influencer l'ÉSPT dans la population générale et chez les policiers. Le chapitre II comprend un article empirique qui porte sur les facteurs de risque et de protection qui prédisent les réactions post-traumatiques chez une population de policiers. Le chapitre III dévoile les résultats d'un deuxième article empirique qui examine l'impact de l'exposition à un ÉT et l'impact d'un ÉSPT chez les policiers. Finalement, le chapitre IV présente une discussion générale et une analyse critique des résultats obtenus dans les deux articles empiriques tout en exposant des considérations méthodologiques, des pistes de recherche futures et des implications cliniques. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : État de stress post-traumatique, Prédicteurs, Facteurs de risque, Facteurs de protection, Policiers, Facteurs prévisionnels.

The Collaborative Synchronization Management Tool (CSMT) is an analysis tool that enables morphological and statistical analysis of plans. Input to the CSMT consists of a Cross Impact Matrix (CIM) where the relationships between the different activities of a plan are reflected as its values. This thesis proposes Modeling and Simulation as an alternative method of generating the CIM-values. The usage of this method will hopefully increase traceability and limit subjectivity, and it will also be less time-consuming. Determining the level of detail of the models was shown to be a challenge, as well as finding a suitable case scenario to validate the generation method more thoroughly. The results have provided positive indicators to the usefulness of the generation method of input to the CSMT but the evaluation remains somewhat inconclusive.

Problem Discussion:  CRM has a growing trend of popularity in recent years within the multinational industrial companies, but at the same time; CRM initiatives achieved high failure rates to the point that it has become more common for CRM implementations to fail than to succeed. Thus as a result, the majority of companies fail to achieve CRM Impact in their organizations. Research Question:  Which basic elements are important to achieve CRM Impact within the chosen multinational industrial companies? Purpose: The thesis aims to describe and analyze CRM Impact within the chosen multinational industrial companies, by using the chosen theoretical framework. Methodology: Several company experiences are investigated through an exploratory qualitative investigation, and then analyzed with the help of theoretical framework. Conclusion: Authors have found that the most important basic elements to achieve CRM Impact within the chosen multinational industrial companies are: a supportive top management, and well-established knowledge management capabilities.

Economics of sport is not an extensively well covered subject in Sweden and the purpose of this study is to examine the impact of professional sport on the local economy, and also shed some light on the situation of this subject in Sweden. Seven municipalities housing a professional hockey team and seven municipalities without any hockey team was compared and analysed to view any differ-ence of two sets of local economies. The finding was that professional sport has no effect on the number of workers in the restaurant sector. This sector act as an indicator on how the local economy was affected. Therefore, the local government should not motivate investments and subsidies aimed at profes-sional sport with the promises that it will increase income and job in the municipalities.

Whiplash injuries occur in automotive crashes and may cause long term health issues such as headache, neck pain, and visual and auditory disturbance. Whiplash-Associated Disorders are very costly and can impair the quality of human lives. Most studies focus on whiplash injuries that occur in neutral position head postures, although there is some evidence in the literature that non-neutral head posture can significantly increase the persistence of symptoms on patients. Crash dummies have limited biofidelity particularly for out-of-position scenarios and the current neck injury criteria were not derived for situations at which the head motion is not through the sagittal plane. Therefore Finite Element Methods provide an important tool that can be used to predict injury in different impact scenarios. The Finite Element model which was used for this study was previously developed at the University of Waterloo representing a 50th percentile male. The model had been previously validated at the segment level in extension, flexion, tension, and axial rotation. The full cervical spine model was validated in frontal and rear impact as well as tension. Since the final validation of the model, the ligament properties of the upper cervical spine and the muscle implementations had been improved to enhance the biofidelity of the model. To further improve the model, the addition of laxities to the ligaments of the upper cervical spine was studied. Several studies were performed based on the experiments in the literature to determine appropriate laxities for the upper cervical spine model. First, the laxities of -2 to 4 mm on all the ligaments were studied on the segment level of the model to find their effect on the failure force and displacement to failure in extension, flexion, tension, and axial rotation. The model development then went through a series of iterations in order to achieve laxity values that satisfied the failure force and displacement to failure reported in the literature for the four loading cases. Finally the laxities were used on a full cervical spine model and tested in physiological range of motion in extension, flexion, axial rotation, and lateral bending. The laxities were optimized using an iterative process. The results of this study provided laxity values that were acceptable in both segments level failure study and full cervical spine physiological range of motion study. The model was also validated against literature in impact scenarios. Using a cadaver experiment of 7 g rear impact, the global kinematics of the cervical spine was verified against the literature. The model provided good agreement with the head kinematics and relative rotations between the vertebrae for the cadaver tests. An 8 g rear impact cadaver test was used to validate the ligament strains and disc shear strains. For the anterior longitudinal ligament, the capsular ligament, and the disc shear strains, the model results were within one standard deviation of the literature in the majority of cervical spine regions that were reported. The model was also validated against volunteer low severity rear impact to verify the active musculature in the cervical spine. The head kinematics was generally within the boundaries that were reported by the literature. The model was compared to an experiment that used cadavers to investigate non-neutral rear impact scenarios. This experiment used cables and springs to replicate the passive behaviour of the musculature. The model showed good agreement with the extension and axial rotation results in both head kinematics and relative vertebrae rotations. The flexion and lateral bending results were not similar to the experimental data; attributed to the difference in muscle implementation between the two models. A total of 24 simulations were completed to find the effect of impact severity, axial rotation, and muscle activations on ligament strains during out-of-position rear impacts. The results illustrated that in general, ligament strains increased with the severity of impact and decreased with muscle activation. In out-of-position scenarios, the strains increased in some of the ligaments. An increase to the ligament strain as a result of non-neutral posture was mostly visible in the capsular ligaments of the upper cervical spine. The alar ligament and the apical ligaments of the upper cervical spine may fail in out-of-position at high rear impact scenarios. Recommendations for future work on the cervical spine Finite Element model includes the validation of the musculature and the usage of the muscles to rotate the head to a desired position to improve the biofidelity of the model and the results in out-of-position rear impacts. Further optimization of the laxities of the upper cervical spine can increase the biofidelity in this region. The modeling of the vertebral arteries into the FE model can help investigate whether out-of-position can increase the chance of injury of this region. The effect of flexion, extension, lateral bending, and their combination with axial rotation and the study of frontal and side impacts can be helpful in design of safer headrests for vehicles.