Within the past 30 years, through ongoing technology and portability developments, real-time (b-mode) ultrasonography (RTU) has increasingly become a valuable diagnostic tool in assessing the female reproductive tract in swine. Initially applied in swine production to visually determine pregnancy status, RTU use has expanded to include assessment of the peri-pubertal and mature non-pregnant females as well. Transabdominal and transrectal modalities to visualizing the reproductive tract in swine have been reported with the transabdominal approach more common due to the fact of its ease of accessibility, animal/personnel safety, and reduced time to perform. Adjustable frequency transducers are preferred as they allow optimization of image quality at various depths. If a single transducer frequency must be selected, a 5 MHz probe provides the best versatility for visualizing the reproductive tract in swine. Other basic requirements for ultrasound equipment which will be used on commercial swine farms include being light weight and easy to handle, readily cleanable and disinfectable, long battery-life, and good durability. When using RTU for pregnancy determination, diagnosis is based upon a combination of the animal’s breeding records, the presence of embryonic fluid, and, depending upon gestational stage, fetal structures. If RTU is used as a diagnostic tool in assessing reproductive problems in an individual or a group of animals, sonographic evaluation of both the uterus and ovaries is performed. Tissues are delineated and assessed based upon their echogenicity, echotexture, and size. Uses of RTU in clinical practice may include assessment of delayed puberty, prolonged wean-to-estrus interval, absence of post-weaning estrus, herd disruptions in conception and farrowing rates, vulval discharge, peripartum and puerperal disorders. This review aims to provide an overview on principles and clinical uses of RTU with respect to application to address female reproductive performance issues in commercial swine operations.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2017-01-05T14:15:02Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sabrina Lucas Ribeiro de Freitas - 2015.pdf: 1727922 bytes, checksum: 3502487e7bd9da8dda2d7674ddde726a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-01-06T09:24:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sabrina Lucas Ribeiro de Freitas - 2015.pdf: 1727922 bytes, checksum: 3502487e7bd9da8dda2d7674ddde726a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-06T09:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Sabrina Lucas Ribeiro de Freitas - 2015.pdf: 1727922 bytes, checksum: 3502487e7bd9da8dda2d7674ddde726a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-11 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The real etiopathogeny of many digital diseases of cattle is still reason to many questions. It can´t be ignored that compromising perfusion and draining of digital vasculature have close relation with some disorders of the digit in this specie. Therefore, a solid knowledge on digital vasculature of the bovine can lead to better understanding of diseases like laminitis. This study intended to decribed venographic findings of the digits of young crossbred (Bos indicus X Bos taurus) cattle, before and after intrarruminal administration of oligofructose as na alternative to the study of laminitis etiopathogenesis a help the study of vascular anatomy of the digits. In the study was used seven crossbred (Bos indicus X Bos taurus) steers, non castrated, aging 12,6±0,9 months and weigthing 156±37,8 kg. Animals were sorted in two groups (GI and GII) receiving 13 and 17 g/kg respectively of intrarruminal oligofructose. Venography were done in the digit of cattle in five different moments, 15 days before (M0), 36 hours (M1), seven (M2), 15 (M3) and 30 (M4) days after intrarruminal administration of high fermentative carboidrate. Venography examination intended to evaluate topographic anatomy and possible vascular changes in the distal pelvic limb of the animals. Description of topographic anatomy was done based on radiographs obtained in all moments and to vascular changes in the distal limb was evaluated diferences among moments, having M0 as control. In the evaluation of vascular changes, main veins and regions like coronary corium were evaluated. Three veins were chosen to measurement of its diameter and data was analysed using ANOVA and T test at 5% significance level. Main veins and regions of coronary region, in diferente moments, were evaluated descriptively. Were identified changes in vascularization at diferente moments, like vasodilation 36 hours after oligofructose administration and vasoconstriction in the other moments, in the main veins and regions of coronary corium and bulbs. Animals from GII, changes were more accentuated. There was statistical difference for common digital dorsal III vein beteween M1 and M4 in each group, with dilation in M1 and constriction in M4. For the palmar branch to the digital cushion of medial digit the existing difference was between the groups in M4, with the constriction of the vein more accentuated in GII. It was concluded that venogtraphic exam of digits in pelvic limbs of young crossbred (Bos indicus X Bos taurus) cattle, examining before and after intrarruminal administration of oligofructose permited description of local vascular anatomy and identified changes compatible with laminits in this specie. / A etiopatogenia de várias doenças podais dos bovinos ainda é motivo de especulação. Mas não se pode ignorar que o comprometimento da irrigação e da drenagem sanguínea dos dígitos tem uma relação estreita com diversas alterações que acometem os dígitos dessa espécie animal. Portanto, o conhecimento sólido da vascularização da extremidade distal dos membros locomotores de bovinos pode nortear o entendimento de enfermidades como a laminite. Esse estudo objetivou descrever achados venográficos dos dígitos dos pés de bovinos jovens, mestiços (Bos indicus X Bos taurus), antes e após aplicação intrarruminal de oligofrutose como alternativas ao estudo da etiopatogenia da laminite e auxiliar no estudo da anatomia vascular dos dígitos. No estudo foram empregados, sete animais mestiços (Bos indicus X Bos taurus), inteiros, com 12,6±0,9 meses de idade e peso de 156±37,8 kg. Distribuiu-se por sorteio os animais em dois grupos (GI e GII) que receberam 13 e 17 g/kg de oligofrutose via intrarruminal, respectivamente. Realizou-se venografia dos dígitos dos bovinos, em cinco momentos distintos, sendo 15 dias antes (M0), 36 horas (M1), sete (M2), quinze (M3) e trinta (M4) dias após aplicação intrarruminal do carboidrato de alta fermentação. A venografia teve a finalidade de avaliar a anatomia topográfica e possíveis alterações vasculares da extremidade distal dos membros pélvicos destes animais. A descrição da anatomia topográfica foi realizada com base nas radiografias obtidas em todos os momentos. Para as alterações vasculares da extremidade distal avaliou-se as diferenças entre os momentos, tendo o M0 como controle. Nesta avaliação veias principais e regiões como a rede do cório coronário foram avaliadas. Escolheu-se três veias para proceder a mensuração dos seus diâmetros e analisá-los utilizando-se a Análise de Variância (ANOVA) e o Teste t, com nível de significância de 5%. As veias principais e da região do cório coronário, nos diferentes momentos, foram avaliados de forma descritiva. Identificaram-se alterações na vascularização nos diferentes momentos, como vasodilatação com 36 horas após aplicação de oligofrutose e vasoconstrição nos demais momentos, nas veias principais e das regiões do cório coronário e rede bulbar. Nos animais do GII as alterações foram mais acentuadas. Houve diferença estatística para a veia digital dorsal comum III entre M1 e M4 dentro de cada grupo, sendo que em M1 estava dilatada e M4 constrita. Para o ramo plantar para o coxim digital do dígito medial a diferença existente foi entre os grupos no momento M4, sendo a constrição desta veia mais acentuada no GII. Concluiu-se que o exame venográfico dos dígitos dos membros pélvicos de bovinos jovens, mestiços (Bos indicus X Bos taurus), realizado antes e após aplicação intrarruminal de oligofrutose possibilitou a descrição da anatomia vascular local e identificou alterações compatíveis com a laminite nessa espécie animal.