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In this study, I investigated the search for health and healing in a region of modern Zambia, tracing the imbricated forms of medical knowledge and practices. Drawing on my completed original Honours research project, and enlarging the number of informants and data collection methods by including some of my new materials in this dissertation, this study sets out to ask new and deeper questions about the sociology of health and healing. Firstly, through published work (from before independence, in 1964 to the 1990s), then through primary material (archival sources; published statistical and census data; medical and public health data etc.); and finally from interviews that I recently conducted. The study addresses the following objectives: 1. To describe the complex health system of care in Zambia. 2. To describe and analyse the pattern of healthcare seeking behaviour in a complex, inequality and multi-layered healthcare system. 3. To investigate social relations of power, stigma and discrimination in a multi-layered healthcare system. 4. To explore wider considerations of how both men and women in Eastern Zambia perceive, navigate and use different forms of healthcare systems. This study shows that men and women in this region of Zambia travel a complex journey in search of their well-being necessitated by the inequalities and complexities of regional healthcare systems. The study concludes by showing that the people of this region, demonstrate agency in their health practices, and their health seeking behaviour and actions are adjusted in an effort to facilitate their wellness. Given the gendered and patriarchal context of Zambian culture, the findings of this study are perhaps surprising that birthing women reported male midwives to be more gentle, calm, and respectful than female midwives, and that nurses who work in rural health posts are perceived to be more respectful than the nurses who work at central hospitals, thus these findings may suggest more need to explore these two themes. / Mini Dissertation (MSocSci)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Sociology / MSocSci / Unrestricted

The plants and animals that inhabit river channels may act as zoogeomorphic agents affecting the nature and rates of sediment recruitment, transport and deposition. The impact of benthic-feeding fish, which disturb bed material sediments during their search for food, has received little attention, even though benthic feeding species are widespread in rivers and may collectively expend significant amounts of energy foraging across the bed. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the impacts of benthic feeding fish on the structure and composition of gravel-bed river sediments, and the implications for bed material transport. An ex-situ experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of a benthic feeding fish (European Barbel Barbus barbus) on particle displacements, bed sediment structures, gravel entrainment and transport fluxes. In a laboratory flume, changes in bed surface topography were measured and grain displacements examined when an imbricated, water-worked bed of 5.6-16 mm gravels was exposed to feeding juvenile Barbel. For substrates that had been exposed to feeding fish and control substrates which had not, grain entrainment rates and bedload fluxes were measured under a moderate transport regime. On average, approximately 37% of the substrate, by area, was modified by foraging fish during a four-hour treatment period, resulting in increased microtopographic roughness and reduced particle imbrication. Structural changes caused by fish increased bed load flux by 60% under entrainment flows, whilst on average the total number of grains transported during the entrainment phase was 82% higher from substrates that had been disturbed by Barbel. An ex-situ experiment utilising Barbel and Chub Leuciscus cephalus extended this initial study by considering the role of fish size and species as controls of sediment disturbance by foraging. Increasing the size of Barbel had a significant effect on measured disturbance and bedload transport. Specifically, the area of disturbed substrate, foraging depth, microtopographic roughness and sediment structure all increased as functions of fish size, as did bedload flux and total transported mass. In a comparison of the foraging effects of like-sized Barbel and Chub 8-10 in length, Barbel foraged a larger area of the riverbed and had a greater impact on microtopographic roughness and sediment structure. Foraging by both species was associated with increased sediment transport, but the bed load flux after foraging by Barbel was 150% higher than that following foraging by Chub and the total transported mass of sediment was 98% greater. An in-situ experiment quantified the effects of foraging fish, primarily Cyprinids (specifically Barbel and Chub), on gravel-river bed sediment structures, surface grain-size distributions, sediment transport fluxes and grain entrainment in the River Idle, Nottinghamshire, UK. This was achieved by installing large experimental sediment trays seeded with food at typical densities. The experiments yielded data about 1) topographic and structural differences between pre- and post-feeding substrates using DEMs interpolated from laser scans, 2) modifications to surface and sub-surface grain-size distributions as a function of fish foraging and 3) differences in sediment entrainment from water-worked substrates exposed to feeding fish and control substrates, without fish. Small sections of the substrate trays were recovered in tact from the field and for substrates that had been exposed to feeding fish and control substrates which had not, grain entrainment rates and bedload fluxes were measured under a moderate transport regime in the laboratory. On average, approximately 74% of the substrate, by area, was modified by foraging fish during a twelve-hour period, resulting in increased microtopographic roughness and substrate coarsening which had significant implications for bed material transport during the steady entrainment flow. Together, results from these experiments indicate that by increasing surface microtopography, modifying the composition of fluvial substrates and undoing the naturally stable structures produced by water working, foraging can influence sediment transport dynamics, predominately by increasing the mobility of river bed materials. The implication of this result is that by influencing the quantity of available, transportable sediment and entrainment thresholds, benthic feeding may affect sediment transport fluxes in gravel-bed rivers. In addition, three discrete studies were performed alongside the core experiments described above. A quantitative examination of habitat conditions favoured by feeding Barbel was conducted in the River Idle (Nottinghamshire, UK) which served to supplement existing literature pertaining to Barbel ecology, and inform experimental design during the core experiments. Two further studies considered the potential importance of foraging as a zoogeomorphic activity in terms of spatial extent, at a variety of scales, thereby extending core experiments to larger spatial scales in-situ.

Devant une œuvre d'art qui porte sur l'art, le spectateur peut soit l'appréhender comme une œuvre d'art, soit l'appréhender comme un document portant sur l'art. En effet, l'imbrication existant entre l'art et le méta-art rend trop complexe l'appréhension simultanée des deux niveaux. Pourtant, si l'œuvre porte sur elle même en tant qu'œuvre d'art, le spectateur peut la considérer en un seul mouvement comme une œuvre d'art méta-artistique. Ce type de méta-articité suscite un sentiment spécifique, le sublime catastrophique. Ce sentiment est dû à l'ouverture infinie séparant le niveau imbriqué du niveau imbriquant et au passage de l'un à l'autre. Il semblerait que la logique soit apte à rendre compte de ces jeux de niveaux, elle s'avère pourtant stérile : une approche cognitive se révèle plus pertinente. Ainsi, si le méta-art plaît aisément c'est peut-être parce que sa structure complexe sans ordre arrêté est en accord avec la structure de pensée de l'Homme.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é mostrar como as relações entre Literatura e Jornalismo se mantêm nas crônicas de Gabriel García Márquez produzidas no período entre 1980 e 1984 e publicadas no jornal colombiano El Espectador, de Bogotá. A partir de um recorte temático sobre o conjunto de 167 crônicas reunidas no volume Notas de Prensa 1980-1984 constituiu-se um corpus reduzido para a análise de tais relações, o que resultou no reconhecimento de traços literários no discurso jornalístico desses textos, assim como a outra via desse imbricamento, constatou as projeções de estratégias jornalísticas no campo da produção narrativa do escritor colombiano. / The main purpose of this thesis is to show how the relationships between Literature and Journalism are maintained in Gabriel Garcia Márquez\'s chronicles produced between 1980 and 1984, and published in the Colombian journal El Espectador, from Bogotá. Starting from a thematic segment over a whole unity of 167 chronicles reunited in the book Notas de Prensa 1980-1984 a reduced corpus was established for the analysis of those relationships, which resulted in the recognition of literary traces in the journalistic discourse of those texts, as well as the opposite way of this imbrication detected the projection of journalistic strategies in the Colombian writer\'s narrative production.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é mostrar como as relações entre Literatura e Jornalismo se mantêm nas crônicas de Gabriel García Márquez produzidas no período entre 1980 e 1984 e publicadas no jornal colombiano El Espectador, de Bogotá. A partir de um recorte temático sobre o conjunto de 167 crônicas reunidas no volume Notas de Prensa 1980-1984 constituiu-se um corpus reduzido para a análise de tais relações, o que resultou no reconhecimento de traços literários no discurso jornalístico desses textos, assim como a outra via desse imbricamento, constatou as projeções de estratégias jornalísticas no campo da produção narrativa do escritor colombiano. / The main purpose of this thesis is to show how the relationships between Literature and Journalism are maintained in Gabriel Garcia Márquez\'s chronicles produced between 1980 and 1984, and published in the Colombian journal El Espectador, from Bogotá. Starting from a thematic segment over a whole unity of 167 chronicles reunited in the book Notas de Prensa 1980-1984 a reduced corpus was established for the analysis of those relationships, which resulted in the recognition of literary traces in the journalistic discourse of those texts, as well as the opposite way of this imbrication detected the projection of journalistic strategies in the Colombian writer\'s narrative production.

La fabrication de pièces composites géométriquement complexes et de grande dimension est une orientation actuelle forte de nombreux secteurs industriels. L'injection de la résine dans le renfort fibreux par voie liquide est le point central des procédés LCM (Liquid Composite Moulding). La simulation de cette phase d'injection est aujourd'hui impérative, étant donné la complexité des pièces considérées. A cette fin, il est nécessaire de prendre en compte l'influence des déformations locales du renfort fibreux comme le cisaillement et la compression en tous points de la pièce considérée sur le tenseur de perméabilité de celui-ci. La détermination expérimentale de la perméabilité des renforts fibreux est étudiée par le biais d'un dispositif de mesure développé dans ce travail de thèse et permettant de réaliser des mesures en régime stationnaire en utilisant l'air ou à l'huile comme liquide de perméation. Une méthode inverse est utilisée afin de déterminer la perméabilité des milieux anisotropes et ce pour n'importe quelle géométrie de préforme. Les mesures réalisées sur deux renforts tissés montrent une excellente corrélation entre les résultats obtenus au moyen des deux fluides de perméation. Parallèlement aux mesures expérimentales, une chaîne numérique permettant de prédire l'influence des déformations du renfort fibreux considéré sur sa perméabilité a été mise en place. Les principales étapes de cette chaîne sont l'obtention du VER 3D du renfort fibreux, la déformation de celui-ci, le maillage des deux régions inter-torons et intra-torons sur lequel l'homogénéisation de la perméabilité est réalisée en résolvant les équations de Stokes et Brinkman dans les régions précédemment citées. Les outils numériques et analytiques développés permettent de diminuer la quantité de mesure devant être réalisées de manière à caractériser pleinement un renfort fibreux vis-à-vis de sa perméabilité. Ainsi, ils permettent de prédire, après recalage d'un seul paramètre, l'évolution de la perméabilité en fonction des différentes « déformation » que peut subir le renfort fibreux lors de sa mise en oeuvre.

A instabilidade do joelho resultante da ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial apresenta-se como sendo uma das principais causas de dor, em membro pélvico, manifestada por animais da espécie canina. Tal instabilidade pode gerar alterações como o desenvolvimento de osteoartrose e lesão de menisco, principalmente o medial. Com o intuito de restabelecer a estabilidade da articulação, muitas técnicas vêm sendo desenvolvidas de forma que as alterações provenientes de tal afecção sejam minimizadas. Com uma dimensão similar de variedades estão os materiais utilizados em diferentes técnicas ou até mesmo para o mesmo tipo de procedimento. A técnica ideal, bem como o material de escolha ainda são muito discutidos dentre os autores pesquisados. O presente trabalho avaliou a biomecânica das técnicas de sutura fabelo-tibial lateral (SFTL) e a técnica de imbricação do retináculo modificada (SFTLM), em joelhos de cadáveres de cães, na estabilização do joelho com ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial, utilizando-se fio de náilon monofilamento leader line (60 libras). Foram avaliados rigidez articular e deslocamento craniais e caudais da tíbia em relação aos côndilos do fêmur, proporcionados pelo tipo de material e técnicas cirúrgicas, sendo os resultados obtidos comparados com os resultados do joelho íntegro e entre si. A análise estatística encontrou diferença na gaveta cranial de todos os grupos (ligamento cruzado cranial íntegro (LCCr), ligamento cruzado cranial rompido (RLCCr), SFTL e SFTLM) e na comparação da gaveta caudal entre o grupo RLCCr e SFTLM e entre o grupo SFTL e SFTLM. Outras diferenças foram encontradas na rigidez cranial dos grupos LCCr, RLCCr e reconstruído, não sendo observado diferença entre a rigidez de SFTL e SFTLM. As duas técnicas testadas diminuem a instabilidade do joelho, sendo a SFTLM mais efetiva em tal promoção, porém tal técnica influencia de forma mais evidente na biomecânica do ligamento cruzado caudal, sendo importante a avaliação de tal interferência a longo prazo. Estas duas técnicas extra-capsulares testadas, apesar de diminuirem significativamente a translação cranial da tíbia em relação ao fêmur, não restauram a rigidez articular quando comparadas com a biomecânica do joelho íntegro. / Knee instability resulting from an insufficient cranial cruciate ligament is the major cause of hind limb lameness in dogs. This instability can result in osteoarthrosis and medial meniscal injury. Many surgical techniques have been developed to restore knee stability and to reduce degenerative joint desease. There is a similarly huge variability in materials utilized for different or the same techniques. An ideal technique and material arent established yet. This study analyzed the biomechanics of the lateral fabellar suture technique (SFTL) and the modified retinacular imbrication technique (SFTLM) in stabilizing cadaveric cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifles with 60 lb nylon leader line. Articular cranio-caudal stiffness and tibial translation were evaluated and compared between different techniques and with the intact knee. The statistical analysis revealed significant differences between all groups (intact cranial cruciate ligament (LCCr), ruptured cranial cruciate ligament (RLCCr), SFTL and SFTLM) in the cranial tibial translation. In the caudal tibial translation a significant statistical difference was seen between RLCCr and SFTLM groups and between reconstructed ones. Other differences were found in the cranial stiffness between LCCr, RLCCr and reconstructed groups, but not between SFTL and SFTLM. Both techniques tested reduced joint instability but SFTLM was more efficient, although it affected the caudal cruciate ligament biomechanics more evidently when compared with the SFTL technique. This long-term evaluation of the caudal influence induced by SFTLM will be important. Despite of the reduction in the tibial cranial translation by these two different extra capsular techniques, none have maintained normal stifle stiffness.

This dissertation explores how people address problems of real human concern in situations of complexity, ambiguity, uniqueness, conflicting values and rapid change. Such circumstances stretch formal and idealistic rules and procedures to the breaking point. And yet, people in a variety of fields work through such difficulties in a pragmatic manner, at times finding ways to assert their humanity. Sensemaking and human- centred design are related activities through which many people approach such work. Through cases in digital innovation, global health care delivery and an unlikely voyage of the Amazon River, this portfolio shows that they are relevant to a wide range of settings. Rather than isolating the components or key variables of such work and taking their measure, this research advances a more holistic view of sensemaking and designing as sociomaterial practices. My research is grounded in performing the phenomenon of study, offering insights from complex practice rather than a spectator’s study of it. This ethnographic approach has yielded theoretical contributions related to designing for the emergence of practices, embodied sensemaking, a more substantive notion of what it means to be ‘human’ centred and more pragmatic ways of investigating sociomaterial practices. By discussing sensemaking and human-centred design as antidotes to failures of imagination in global health and development, this dissertation suggests a distinctive perspective on why these topics matter for the health of poor and marginalized people around the world.

Submitted by Irene Nascimento (irene.kessia@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-18T18:38:16Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO Claudia Paes Barreto.pdf: 10760097 bytes, checksum: d5d5aceaa12de088c9fb06e93de9d948 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:38:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) DISSERTAÇAO Claudia Paes Barreto.pdf: 10760097 bytes, checksum: d5d5aceaa12de088c9fb06e93de9d948 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-20 / Em 2001 aprovou-se a Lei dos Doze Bairros (LDB), elaborada para desacelerar a verticalização nos bairros do Derby, Espinheiro, Graças, Aflitos, Jaqueira, Tamarineira, Parnamirim, Santana, Poço da Panela, Casa Forte, Monteiro e Apipucos, denominados Área de Reestruturação Urbana (ARU). Essa área sempre figurou entre as localizações de grande interesse do setor imobiliário, onde a produção habitacional para o mercado privilegiado do Recife se plasmou em crescente processo de verticalização iniciado no final da década de 1970. Acredita-se que a aprovação da LDB tenha provocado, por um lado, a fuga do capital imobiliário para os bairros vizinhos à ARU e, por outro lado, a multiplicação de estabelecimentos comerciais em seus principais eixos viários, sendo o mais notável o caso da Avenida 17 de Agosto. A hipótese desta pesquisa é que a legislação urbanística, na medida em que impôs limites à reprodução do capital, alterou a hierarquia das rendas potenciais do solo, desencadeando um fenômeno de disputa de usos ao longo daquela avenida. O objetivo é analisar a transformação da Avenida 17 de Agosto em eixo comercial ao longo da última década à luz da Teoria da Renda da Terra Urbana. A partir dessa teoria se pode entender a disputa de usos do solo como reflexo da imbricação competitiva das rendas fundiárias, onde o uso que se impõe corresponde àquele que gere a maior renda ao proprietário fundiário. Portanto, a análise enfoca, por um lado, o impacto da LDB no setor imobiliário, através da comparação da viabilidade construtiva entre terrenos lindeiros àquela avenida e supostos lotes nos bairros vizinhos; por outro lado, o impacto sobre os proprietários fundiários, através da análise da imbricação competitiva das rendas fundiárias, na comparação entre a renda do comércio, representada pelo aluguel comercial praticado ao longo da avenida, e a renda gerada pela produção habitacional, representada pelo percentual de permuta por área construída. A análise mostra que a LDB provocou a migração do capital imobiliário, como uma ação das empresas construtoras na busca da produção de sobrelucro. Por sua vez, o comportamento do proprietário fundiário mostrou-se passivo: a destinação do imóvel ao comércio resulta da anulação da especulação latente outrora mantida pela alta valorização do solo para a produção habitacional, bem como do potencial daquela avenida como ponto comercial. A análise revela também que a renda fundiária do comércio apenas começa a superar a renda da produção habitacional onze anos após a aprovação da LDB, segundo os valores dos aluguéis praticados a partir de 2012. A principal conclusão do estudo é que a disputa de usos do solo vista como a imbricação competitiva de rendas fundiárias é o reflexo de duas lutas distintas. Por um lado, a renda da produção imobiliária representa a luta entre o capital imobiliário e o proprietário fundiário. Por outro lado, a renda fundiária do comércio representa a luta entre o capital comercial e o proprietário fundiário. Em ambas, o comportamento do proprietário fundiário é parasitário, reflete a essência da renda fundiária: o monopólio da terra. / In the year 2001 it was passed the urban law known as “the twelve neighborhoods’ law” (LDB), developed to decelerate the vertical building process in the neighborhoods of Derby, Espinheiro, Graças, Aflitos, Jaqueira, Tamarineira, Parnamirim, Santana, Poço da Panela, Casa Forte, Monteiro e Apipucos, named altogether as “urban restructuring area” (ARU). This area had always been one of the most valuable to the dwelling promotion industry, where the production to the prime market of Recife unleashed an increasing vertical building process by the end of the 1970 decade. We believe the passing of that law caused, on one hand, the migration of the dwelling production capital to other neighborhoods, and, on the other hand, the multiplication of shops and stores along the main avenues of the ARU, amongst all the “17 de Agosto” Avenue case is the most remarkable one. The leading hypothesis of this research is that the urban law, by imposing limits to the reproduction of capital, changed the potential land rent hierarchy, unleashing a dispute of land use along that avenue. The main goal is to analyze the transformation of that avenue in to a commercial axis over the last decade under the perspective of the urban land rent theory. From this point of view one can understand the land use dispute phenomena as a reflection of the competitive imbrication of the different land rents, where the imposing land use corresponds to the one that generates the biggest amount of land rent to the land owner. Therefore, the analysis focus, on one hand, the impact of the LDB on to dwelling production sector, by comparing the constructive potentiality of plots along that avenue and plots in other neighborhoods; on the other hand, the impact on to the land owners’ behavior, through the analysis of the competitive imbrication of land rents, by comparing the land rent generated by the commerce use (the commercial rent value along the avenue), and the potential land rent generated by the dwelling production activity (as the percentage of building area permute). The analysis shows that the LDB caused the migration of the dwelling production capital, as an action of the construction companies in the sake of extraordinary surplus production. Meanwhile, the land owners’ behavior turned out to be absolutely passive: disposing the property to the commerce use is a result both of the annulation of the latent speculation environment once kept by the high land value concerning the dwelling production market, and the avenue’s potential as a commercial point. The analysis also reveals that the commerce use land rent begins to overcome the dwelling production land rent only eleven years after the passing of the LDB, concerning the commercial rent values charged in the present year of 2012. The main conclusion of this research is that the land use dispute seen as the competitive imbrication of land rents is the reflection of two distinct disputes. On one hand, the dwelling production rent represents the dispute between the dwelling producer capitalist and the land owner. On the other hand, the commerce land rent represents the dispute between the merchant capitalist and the land owner. In both disputes, the behavior of the land owner is a parasitic one; it reflects the essence of the land rent concept: the land monopoly.