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Uno de los objetivos primordiales de la conservación vial, es “evitar al máximo posible la pérdida del capital ya invertido, mediante la protección física de la estructura básica y de la superficie del camino”. Esto se consigue primordialmente brindando un mantenimiento de tipo rutinario y periódico que evita la destrucción de la estructura de los caminos y posterior rehabilitación o reconstrucción. La presente tesis, está elaborada en base a investigación por un lado y por el otro lado aplicativo, la Parte de investigación corresponde a la información teórica recopilada, en las visitas que se realizarán a organismos viales en nuestro país: Ministerio de transporte, Provias Nacional y Provias Rural y de manera muy significativa la información que recibo en el área donde laboro. En cuanto a la parte aplicativa, es aquí donde se pone en práctica la parte conceptual de la tesis y para ello el tramo que sirvió de aplicación, el tramo Pte. Huarochiri – Sihuas. Después del mantenimiento rutinario y periódico a la vía se realizará una evaluación con el Software HDM-4, donde nos indicará que el IRI promedio estará en el rango admisible en los próximos 4 años, donde requerirá realizar trabajos rutinarios durante esos años y en el quinto año se tendrá que realizar un TSB (Tratamiento superficial bicapa) debido al aumento del IMD.

In this thesis, we design novel implantable antennas for medical implant communication systems and it could operate with the metamaterial which is the artificial electromagnetic (EM) cover layer. The metamaterial based matching layer placed on the surface of the body can improve the performance of the implantable antenna. First, we propose two layers and three layers antenna design. The three layers antenna features high tolerance, high gain, low-profile and miniaturization. The antenna achieves gain −21.7 dBi and efficiency 0.2%. Compared with other literatures of implanted antenna design, the proposed three layers antenna reveals the best gain with similar dimensions. Furthermore, its frequency response is insensitive to the change of the implanted environment. The conception of impedance matching is applied to further improve the gain of the proposed antenna. The matching layers are realized by utilizing the metamaterial and it is placed between the body and the air. In this case, the gain of the three¡Vlayer antenna can be enhanced by 1.23¡V5.2 dB. Furthermore, we propose a size reduction technique to reduce the thickness of the matching layer. The miniature matching layers can increase the gain of the three¡Vlayer antenna by 1.64 dB and 2.63 dB with the dimension of 40¡Ñ40¡Ñ4mm³ and 60¡Ñ60¡Ñ4mm³ respectively. Finally, we propose a co¡Vdesign method of the antenna and metamaterial. The antenna will resonate after placing metamaterial on the surface of the body. So that we can control the antenna whether to transmit power or not by the circuit design in the biomedical device to detect the return loss of the antenna.

The study aims to reduce energy consumption in apartment buildings where individual metering and charging of heat is applied. The aim is to develop planning and design for individual metering and charging in apartment buildings.The study is based on literature review, interviews and case study that include analysis of existing documents. Interviews were carried out with the property developer and the involved consultants who planned the apartment building Yasuragi. To investigate the differences the condominium association has noted in heat consumption between flats, the debit values of the heat were used to discern which houses that were furthest from the average consumption. On these flats there were temperature measurements and thermal photo shoots made for discriminating behavior and possible construction techniques which could be the explanation for the heat spread.Boverket shows that the consumption of heat can be reduced by 10-20% after insertion of individual metering and charging in an apartment block. Heat spread is a problem with individual metering and charging of heat. The spread of heat consumption in Yasuragi depends on heat hikes, transmission losses, external heat sources, thermal bridges and the user’s behavior. The consultant does not plan and design in the current situation to ensure that all flats will be fully equal with respect to external heat sources. They work to make the best possible plan solutions and to make room for all the systems and to get the systems to work. Since the property developer has no requirements or take initiative on IMD-system to the apartments to be equivalent, there are development opportunities in the current situation.The thesis has reported deficiencies in the design stage and provides improvement suggestions to the actors projecting apartment buildings where the IMD applies. It can also be regarded as a knowledge base for developers. To develop the planning stage, the developer and consultants should have experience and better knowledge of how the system is affected by various factors, as well as the design gets to impact upon the final heat consumption. The property developer may require the consultants that they should describe and take into account that each apartment will function equally.Further studies are recommended to investigate whether it is better to build apartment buildings in wooden frames where the individual metering and charging will be applied to reduce the appearance of heat hikes between apartments. The condominium association could through a survey chart the behavior of the residents of the housing.

La maladie d'Alzheimer (MA) se caractérise par l’accumulation de l’amyloïde β (Aβ) dans le cerveau. Des indications suggèrent un lien étroit entre la MA et la neuroinflammation. Cependant, l’aspect moléculaire des réactions immunitaires innées contre l’Aβ n’a pas été élucidé. Nous avons utilisé la drosophile pour étudier l'impact des réactions immunitaires innées sur la MA. Au cours de ma thèse, j'ai: (1) mis en place un modèle drosophile de la MA pour l’étude du rôle des réactions inflammatoires, (2) montré que la voie inflammatoire IMD exerce un rôle neuroprotecteur empêchant le développement de phénotypes associés à la MA (3) généré l’interactome de la voie IMD utile lors de l’étude des mécanismes liant la MA à la neuroinflammation, et (4) introduit un crible génétique visant à identifier des gènes modificateurs de la MA. Nous estimons que nos résultats pourraient servir de base à de nouvelles interventions thérapeutiques contre la MA. / Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain. Several lines of evidences point towards a strong link between AD and neuroinflammation. However, the exact molecular events of the innate immune reactions against Aβ need to be elucidated. We used Drosophila as a model organism to study the impact of innate immune reactions on AD. During my PhD I have been able to: (1) establish a Drosophila model to study the inflammatory responses inAD, (2) demonstrate that the Drosophila inflammatory IMD pathway plays a neuroprotective role in the development of AD-like phenotypes, (3) generate the IMD interactome dataset that could help elucidate the mechanisms linking AD to neuroinflammation, and (4) introduce a forward genetic screen for the identification of modifier genes of AD. We believe that the outcomes from our Drosophila studies could provide the basis for new therapeutic interventions against AD.

This master’s thesis deals with integrating simulations using Agilents Electronic Design Automation tool ADS with customized Matlab scripts, for solving complex analog and digital radio architectures. In particular, it addresses predistortion, realized in the digital domain, of power amplifiers, modeled in the analog domain. The former is implemented in Matlab while the latter is implemented in ADS. Two versions of integrating the two systems have been tested: 1) Iterative approach on sample basis and 2) Scheduled batch solution by matrix inversion. The concept has been tested on two different PA configurations: 1) a standard class-AB PA and 2) a Doherty PA architecture. Evaluation has also been done on ADS ability to correctly simulate memory effects in PAs and on the actual DPD-algorithms ability to compensate for these memory effects.  An integrated simulation environment for ADS and Matlab was successfully established within the work of this thesis. Matlab scripts, used in predistortion algorithms in the digital domain, could interact directly with component-based PA models, in an enclosed simulation system.  The simulation results show that sample basis method is the most accurate, fast and reliable method to linearize a PA. The PA1 proved to be easier than the DPA to linearize, except for when being close to saturation where better IMD-suppression was achieved with the DPA.  ADS is clearly able to simulate memory effects in the analog domain. At low gain-levels the applied compensating memory-algorithms showed a great improvement to the linearization of the output signal of the PA. At higher gain-levels though, the compensation for memory effects lost their efficiency because the non-linearity of the PA became too significant.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att skapa förståelse kring effekterna av ett införande av individuell mätning och debitering (IMD) av värme och/eller varmvatten i hyresrätter i Sverige ur ett bredare perspektiv samt att visa på dess samhällsekonomiska nyttor. Med utgångspunkt i en given lägenhetstyp, med antagna initiala förbrukningar av värme och varmvatten samt en given teknisk standard för huset, utfördes en så kallad Cost-Benefit analys för att komma fram hur ett införande av IMD påverkar samhället ekonomiskt. Fokus har i rapporten legat på de tre aktörerna hyresgäst, hyresvärd och fjärrvärmeleverantör samt i viss mån även miljöaspekter. I analysen jämförs tre olika alternativ: alternativ 1 – införa IMD av enbart varmvatten, alternativ 2 – införa IMD av både värme och varmvatten och alternativ 3 – inte införa någon typ av IMD. Analysen gick till så att alla relevanta konsekvenser erhöll ett monetärt värde för att sedan ingå i ett 10-årigt kassaflöde mellan åren 2013-2023. En viktig aspekt i rapporten är fjärrvärmeleverantörens (FVL) roll vid energiproduktionen samt dess rörliga kostnader som inte tycks spegla de rörliga avgifter som kunderna debiteras. En minskning i energianvändandet får därför till följd att intäkter avtar mer än kostnaderna för FVL. I beaktning tas även de miljömässiga konsekvenserna av en minskad energianvändning med avseende på koldioxidutsläpp. Nuvärdena av de tre olika alternativen speglar vidare hur lönsamt respektive alternativ är. Resultatet blev att både alternativ 1 och 2 visade sig vara olönsamma, med negativa nuvärden. Det alternativ som förespråkas i rapporten är därför att inte införa någon typ av individuell mätning och debitering i lägenheterna. I känslighetsanalysen konstateras det dock att lönsamheten är starkt beroende av vissa antaganden som tidigare gjorts och att det är svårt att dra några generella slutsatser utifrån resultatet. Bland annat kan man konstatera att en förändring av initial förbrukning av varmvatten från 60 m 3/år till 70 m3/år gör båda alternativen lönsamma, allt annat lika. Små justeringar hos de ingående parametrarna kan således få avgörande konsekvenser för kalkylen. / The aim of the project is to create an understanding of the effects of introducing individual metering and charging (IMC) of heat and / or hot water in rental units in Sweden from a broader perspective, and to show its social benefits. Based on a given technical standard of an apartment, with assumed initial consumptions of heating and hot water, a 'Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) was conducted to show how an introduction of IMC affects society economically. The focus of the report is on the three actors: tenant, landlord and the district heating supplier. Environmental impacts are also achieved in the report, but only to a limited extent. The analysis compares three different options: Option 1 - introduce IMC of hot water only, Option 2 - introduce IMC of both heating and hot water, and Option 3 - do not introduce any type of IMC. All relevant impacts received monetary values to, thereafter, be arranged in a 10-year cash flow model, between the years 2013 and 2023. Present values of the three options will reflect on how profitable each option is. An important aspect of the report is the district heat supplier’s role in energy production, and its variable costs that do not appear to reflect the consumers’ variable fees of heating. A reduction in energy use can therefore result in revenues declining more than costs of the district heat supplier. The report also takes into account environmental impacts of reduced energy consumption, with respect to emissions of carbon dioxide. The outcome of the CBA was that both options 1 and 2 were shown to be unprofitable, with negative net present values. Thus, the preferred option in the report is Option 3 – not to introduce any type of individual metering and charging in the flats. However, the sensitivity analysis concludes that profitability is highly dependent on certain assumptions made and that it is difficult to draw any general conclusions from the results. Among other things, it can be concluded that a change in initial consumption of hot water from 60 m 3 to 70 m3 makes both options profitable, all else equal. Small adjustments of the parameters can thus have a major impact on the calculation.

The design and implementation of self-powered, low power implant microcontroller, with wireless data transmitter system that captures data as subcutaneous bio-sensing platform has been achieved with glucose fuel cell (GFC) energy harvesting power solution. Data transfer is unidirectional, implant to reader and is initiated by a single transmission from the external reader. The implant's memory contents are transmitted as a stream of wireless pulses to the reader. This work explored two different approaches on current technologies used for designing self-powered bio medical devices (BMDs) and active implantable medical devices (IMDs), their processing, sampling data, transmission of data and energy hasting powering techniques with a view to identifying state-of-the art technologies and methods to improve the long-term powering and recharging of IMDs via a highly safe, efficient and convenient way. The designed low power implant microcontroller, with wireless data transmitter system combines glucose energy harvesting technique by using materials with efficient catalyst capabilities based on platinum nanoparticles supported on Vulcan carbon cloth (PtVCC) as a cathode electrode for GFC configuration, while plain Platinum (Pt) mesh/sheet acted as anode. The PtVCC and Pt electro-reaction, catalytic activities and stability resulted in a design of a direct GFC with high output voltage and current, >0.4V and >300μA respectively per cell, and increased this voltage to value >4V, to power the implant system, by using a voltage booster; direct current to direct current (DC-DC) converter circuit, and a rechargeable battery. The innovative self-powered bio-sensing platform integrating GFC design, meets the self-powered IMDs expectations in terms of simplified fabrication and materials that allows one-compartment design that can directly be placed on the surface of medical implant to provide sufficient output power boosted by DC-DC converter to produced higher output voltage ten times greater than the input value, enough to power most efficient electronic devices. This research therefore proposes the practicability and potential of designing and implementing a wireless bio sensor system powered by an energy harvesting solution, based on GFC to produce a proof-of-concept design system and integration, including power management and data communication (sampling and transmission) platform suitable for self-low-powered periodically-activated IMD.