Equine piroplasmosis is a tick-transmitted disease caused by Theileria equi or Babesia caballi leading to haemolytic anaemia. Imidocarb is an effective treatment of piroplasmosis, but adverse clinical signs, including colic and diarrhoea, from cholinesterase inhibition are associated with its use. Atropine is advocated for the treatment of cholinesterase inhibiting compounds. Atropine is known to have a prolonged inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal motility. Glycopyrrolate is an anticholinergic drug that has similar effects to atropine on gastrointestinal motility, but with decreased penetration of blood-brain and blood-aqueous barrier. This study was performed to assess the adverse clinical effects of a therapeutic dose of imidocarb, the effect of this dose on gastrointestinal motility, and on cholinesterase activity. The ability of atropine or glycopyrrolate to ameliorate imidocarb’s adverse clinical signs, and the effect of the combination of atropine and imidocarb or glycopyrrolate and imidocarb on gastrointestinal motility was evaluated. A blinded crossover trial was performed in 8 horses. All horses were administered saline (CON), imidocarb 2.4 mg/kg im and saline iv (IMI), imidocarb 2.4mg/kg im and atropine 0.02 mg/kg iv (IMATROP) and imidocarb 2.4mg/kg im and glycopyrrolate 2.5 µg/kg iv (IMGLYCO), with a one week wash-out period between treatments. Butrylcholinesterase activity was measured in the CON and IMI group. Clinical signs, gastrointestinal motility and faecal production were assessed. Gastrointestinal motility was measured by abdominal auscultation and frequency of contractions in the duodenum, caecum and right dorsal colon visualized with transcutaneous abdominal ultrasound. Total faecal production, faecal dry matter, wet matter, faecal water percentage, frequency of defaecation and time to first defaecation was assessed. Abdominal pain and diarrhoea were observed in the IMI group. Borborygmi and frequency of intestinal contractions were not different in the IMI group compared to CON. Percentage water content, faecal production, faecal dry matter and frequency of defaecation were significantly increased in the IMI group. Butrylcholinesterase activity was not significantly decreased in the IMI group compared to CON. In the IMATROP group colic signs were observed, heart rate was significantly elevated and mydriasis was evident. Borborygmi and frequency of contractions in the right dorsal colon was significantly reduced in the IMATROP group. In the IMGLYCO group the incidence and severity of colic induced by imidocarb was reduced. Heart rate was significantly increased and borborygmi significantly decreased compared to CON. The effect of IMGLYCO on heart rate and borborygmi was significantly less than the effect of IMATROP. In the IMGLYCO group the frequency of ultrasound visualised intestinal contractions and faecal variables were not different from CON. Therapeutic doses of imidocarb are associated with clinical signs of muscarinic stimulation including colic and diarrhoea, and enhanced faecal production. Clinical signs of cholinesterase inhibition can be present without significant depression in plasma cholinesterase activity. Atropine prevents diarrhoea and normalises faecal water percentage but is not effective in decreasing incidence of abdominal pain, and causes a prolonged inhibition of gastrointestinal motility, which might make this drug undesirable to use as a pre-treatment to imidocarb in clinically affected horses. Glycopyrrolate only partially reduces gastrointestinal motility and decreases adverse signs and thus its use as a pre-treatment to imidocarb is preferred. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

Previous studies have shown that four intramuscular doses of imidocarb dipropionate administered at 72-hour treatment intervals are effective in sterilising experimental Babesia equi infections in horses. It has also been documented that imidocarb dipropionate has dose dependent hepato- and nephrotoxic effects in a number of species. The purpose of this study was to examine the clinical and clinicopathological effects of this multiple treatment regime of imidocarb dipropionate in healthy ponies. Specific emphasis was placed on the potential adverse effects on hepatic and renal function in this species. Serum bile acids and serum gamma glutamyltransferase activity were measured to evaluate the effect of this treatment regime on hepatic function. The diffuse hepatocellular necrosis and pronounced periportal hepatocellular swelling and degeneration previously reported as the most consistent hepatic lesions noted in equines following imidocarb treatment were not evident at the dose and dosage interval used in this study. Urinary gamma glutamyltransferase: creatinine ratios (IU/g) and fractional clearance of sodium, potassium and phosphate (%) were calculated as a measure of renal function. Urinary GGT and urinary GGT: creatinine ratios were significantly elevated on Day 5 of the trial and were considered indicative of transient changes in renal function. The rapid return to previous baseline values supported reported observations that changes between 25 and 100 IU/g may be a function of drug excretion and are not necessarily indicative of significant nephrotoxicity. It was concluded that four intramuscular treatments of imidocarb dipropionate at a dose of 4 mg/kg every 72 hours may be a relatively safe method whereby persistent Babesia equi infections can be sterilised. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2000. / Equine Research Centre / unrestricted

Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:38:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao_anibal_torres.pdf: 438835 bytes, checksum: d43cf21b0af9852e79231f87a87e06ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-02-22 / The equine theileriosis, caused by Theileria equi, is an endemic disease of south of Rio Grande do Sul Brazil. There are signs that tick Rhipicephalus boophilus microplus still transmit that disease and in few time, some studies had experimental demonstrated it. The purpose of the first study of this paper was to demonstrate the tick infestation and the role of it in the transmission of the disease. In equines with contact directly with cattle, the serum incidence of the disease was 81,8% and in this group, 31,8% of this horses had tick infestation. In the equines that didn t have contact with cattle, the incidence of the disease was 12% and no tick was found in this horses. The most efficient drug in the treatment of the disease is imidocarb dipropionate. Many studies had demonstrated different doses and protocols of treatment of the disease and the toxicity of it was obvious. No study had show the sterile of T. equi with this drug, but it s a way to treat the acute disease and to control the chronic theileriosis. The acute form of the disease is seemed with fever, icteric and death. The chronic kind of it is seemed with covered coat, hyporexia, low performance in athlete horses and loss of weight. The goal of the second study of this paper was to show the toxicity and the metabolic effects of imidocarb dipropionate drug into two protocols of treatment ( two groups, 2 and 4mg/kg) in serum positive horses to theileriosis. It was seemed through hepatic and renal profile that 2mg/kg of the drug have low toxicity. Horses infected with T. equi keep with the disease for the rest of your lives, and the drug control with imidocarb dipropionate is necessary. The goal of the third study of this paper was to demonstrated, through immunologic test and clinic examination that 2mg/kg of imidocarb dipropionate monthly can control the chronic disease even in stress situations. One group received monthly, through 6 mouths, 2mg/kg of imidocarb dipropionate and the other group, once, in the beginning of it, 4mg/kg. The conclusion of this paper is that the incidence of equine theileriosis have a directly relation with the catle contact because it cause the tick Rhipicephalus Boophilus mircoplus infestation. Mensal dosis with 2mg/kg of imidocarb dipropionate is efficient in the disease control and it had demonstrated that it is not toxic for equine. / A theileriose equina, causada pelo hemoprotozoário Theileria equi, é uma doença endêmica na região da campanha do Rio Grande do Sul. Há indícios de que o carrapato Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus transmita também a theileriose equina e, há pouco tempo, estudos demonstraram experimentalmente esta transmissão. O objetivo do primeiro trabalho foi demonstrar a infestação de carrapatos Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus e o papel importante deste parasita na transmissão de theileriose equina. Em cavalos com contato direto com bovinos, a incidência sorológica da doença foi de 81,8%, sendo que em 31,8% destes animais se encontrou carrapatos Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus. Nos equinos sem contato com bovinos, a incidência sorológica foi de 12% e não se encontrou carrapatos. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado a eficiência no tratamento da doença com dipropionato de imidocarb em diferentes doses, porém a toxicidade deste fármaco se manifesta em alguns animais. A forma aguda é caracterizada por febre, icterícia e morte. A forma crônica é descrita por pêlo arrepiado, hiporexia, queda no desempenho em animais atletas e perda de peso. O objetivo do segundo trabalho foi demonstrar a toxicidade e os efeitos metabólicos do dipropionato de imidocarb em duas doses terapêuticas (2 e 4mg/kg). Foi sugerido, através do perfil hepático e renal, após a administração da droga, que 2mg/kg deste fármaco tem uma toxicidade leve e temporária no período de metabolização da droga. Uma vez infectados com a T. equi, os equinos permanecem a vida toda positivos para a doença. Com isso o controle da enfermidade depende da utilização do dipropionato de imidocarb. O objetivo do terceiro trabalho foi demonstrar, através do teste de imunofluorescência indireta e exame clínico, que doses mensais de dipropionato de imidocarb á 2 mg/kg são eficazes para se manter a parasitemia e a clínica da doença controladas, mesmo que os animais sejam submetidos á situações de estresse. Um grupo recebeu mensalmente, por seis meses, 2mg/kg de dipropionato de imidocarb e o outro grupo, 4mg/kg apenas uma vez no primeiro mês. A conclusão desta dissertação é que a incidência da theileriose equina tem relação direta com a convivência com bovinos por facilitar a infestação destes com o carrapato Rhipicephalus Boophilus microplus; e que, doses mensais de dipropionato de imidocarb, à 2mg/kg, são eficazes no controle da parasitemia da doença mesmo em situações de estresse e não se demonstram tòxicas para os equinos.

O dipropionato de imidocar (D. I.) é um medicamento empregado tanto no tratamento como na profilaxia da babesiose. O objetivo com esse trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos embriotóxicos da administração do D. I. a ratas durante o período de organogenese. Para tanto, foram utilizadas sessenta ratas divididas em três grupos dois experimentais e um controle, que receberam do sexto ao décimo quinto dia de gestação por via subcutânea, duas doses terapêuticas do D. I. a de 1,7 mg/kg e a de 2,5 mg/kg e o grupo controle NaCl a 0,9%. Ambas doses não alteraram o peso e o ganho de peso materno, durante o período de administração, indicando ausência de toxicidade materna. Na dose de 2,5 mg/kg do D. I. promoveu aumento da média de peso dos filhotes por ninhada e diminuição da média de peso da placenta individual e por ninhada. Em relação à avaliação óssea e visceral não foram detectadas diferenças entre os grupos experimentais e controle. Na dosse de 2,5 mg/kg do D. I. notou-se também maior maturidade da prole indicada por uma maior ossificação total e de número de esternébrios / The imidocarb dipropionate (I. D.) drug is widely used in the treatment as well in the profilaxy of the babesiosis. The treatment of this study was to investigative a possible embriotoxic effects of I. D. administered during organogenic period in rats. Sixty rats were used and divided into three groups, two experimental groups and one control group. Animals of the experimental groups received (sc), 1,7 mg/kg or 2,5 mg/kg of the I. D. from 6º to 15º days of pregnancy. The control group received only the saline solution. Results showed that both I. D. doses were unable to induce changes in the maternal weight and maternal weight gain during the treatment period, showing no maternal toxicity. At the I. D. 2,5 mg/kg dose group an increase on the fetal weight was observed by brood and a decrease on the placental weight was observed either individually or by brood. The skeletal and visceral evaluation were not modified by the prenatal exposure. However, at the I. D. 2,5 mg/kg dose and improvement in the offspring maturity was observed by an increase of the skeletal total ossification and by the number of esternebrios

O dipropionato de imidocar (D. I.) é um medicamento empregado tanto no tratamento como na profilaxia da babesiose. O objetivo com esse trabalho foi avaliar os possíveis efeitos embriotóxicos da administração do D. I. a ratas durante o período de organogenese. Para tanto, foram utilizadas sessenta ratas divididas em três grupos dois experimentais e um controle, que receberam do sexto ao décimo quinto dia de gestação por via subcutânea, duas doses terapêuticas do D. I. a de 1,7 mg/kg e a de 2,5 mg/kg e o grupo controle NaCl a 0,9%. Ambas doses não alteraram o peso e o ganho de peso materno, durante o período de administração, indicando ausência de toxicidade materna. Na dose de 2,5 mg/kg do D. I. promoveu aumento da média de peso dos filhotes por ninhada e diminuição da média de peso da placenta individual e por ninhada. Em relação à avaliação óssea e visceral não foram detectadas diferenças entre os grupos experimentais e controle. Na dosse de 2,5 mg/kg do D. I. notou-se também maior maturidade da prole indicada por uma maior ossificação total e de número de esternébrios / The imidocarb dipropionate (I. D.) drug is widely used in the treatment as well in the profilaxy of the babesiosis. The treatment of this study was to investigative a possible embriotoxic effects of I. D. administered during organogenic period in rats. Sixty rats were used and divided into three groups, two experimental groups and one control group. Animals of the experimental groups received (sc), 1,7 mg/kg or 2,5 mg/kg of the I. D. from 6º to 15º days of pregnancy. The control group received only the saline solution. Results showed that both I. D. doses were unable to induce changes in the maternal weight and maternal weight gain during the treatment period, showing no maternal toxicity. At the I. D. 2,5 mg/kg dose group an increase on the fetal weight was observed by brood and a decrease on the placental weight was observed either individually or by brood. The skeletal and visceral evaluation were not modified by the prenatal exposure. However, at the I. D. 2,5 mg/kg dose and improvement in the offspring maturity was observed by an increase of the skeletal total ossification and by the number of esternebrios