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Factors underlying the decision to move and choice of destinationOlaleye, Oluwole 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2000. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The migratory flow of Africans to South Africa form the north of Africa was restrained
until the early 1990's. Before this period the political ideology of apartheid
discriminated against African immigrants, while favouring the migration of people of
European descent.
Although numerous studies have drawn attention to the implications of the influx of
African immigrants to South Africa and their socio-economic adaptation, not much
research has been done on reasons for international migration as provided by the
migrant. The demographic and economic implications of African migration not only
dominate most of the work in this field, but it even seems to be the only concern of
researchers investigating international immigration of Africans.
The study focuses on factors underlying the decision of African immigrants to
migrate to South Africa and who choose Cape Town as their place of destination.
Data from in-depth interviews are analysed to determine the motivations for
migration to Cape Town. Attention is being paid to the circumstances in the migrants'
home countries that motivated their decision to emigrate, the role of social networks
in providing information regarding the choice of destination and migration routes, the
obstacles they encountered, their adaptation in Cape Town and their perceptions of
Cape Town as a place of permanent residence.
From the literature review on reasons for migration, is emerges that there are two
dominant theoretical approaches (i.e. macro and micro theories) for explaining why
international migration begins. The macro theories focus on migration stream,
identifying the conditions under which large-scale movements take place and
describing the demographic, economic and social characteristics of the migrants in
aggregate terms. Micro theories focus on the socio-psychological factors that
differentiate migrants from non-migrants, together with theories of motivation,
decision-making, satisfaction and identification. Although each theory ultimately
seeks to explain the same phenomenon, they employ different concepts,
assumptions and frames of reference. The various explanations offered are not
necessarily contradictory in nature but are, in fact, a reflection of how social realities could be studied and understood from various angles. This study employs an
eclectic approach by using insights from both macro and micro levels of analysis.
The study also considers the appropriateness of a qualitative research design in
researching specific aspects of migration and employs a qualitative case study
method. This method allows for a deeper reflection on the part of the individual on
factors responsible for their decision to move. Semi-structured in-depth interviews
have been conducted with four African immigrants in the central business district of
Cape Town.
The study found that in certain instances the immigrants migrate for different
reasons, but under similar circumstances. It emerged from the case material that the
same issues sometimes hold different significance for each migrant. One aspect
shared by all four immigrants, is that it seems that circumstances in their countries of
origin forced them to move and that they did have much of a choice - their lives were
threatened. Their relatively high level of training and access to funding most probably
assisted them in their move. Those people in not such a favourable position are left
behind. The study also found that exchange and free flow of information and social
networks directs destination of movement, rather than determine whether migration
takes place. However, the information immigrants receive is not always correct and
tends not to focus on the negative aspects of immigration.
Once in Cape Town the immigrants felt isolated, experienced prejudice, and suffered
hostility and discrimination at the hands of South Africans. It appears that many
South Africans do not distinguish between asylum seekers, refugees and economic
migrants. The common denominator of their "foreignness" appears to be all that is
necessary for many to harbour negative attitudes. Xenophobia not only manifests
itself in negative attitudes, but also increasingly in victimisation against the
immigrants. Because of these factors and the problems they experience in finding
jobs where they can apply their skills, the immigrants indicated that they do not
intend staying permanently in South Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die migrasie van inwoners van die noorde van Afrika na Suid-Afrika was tot die
vroeë 1990s relatief beperk. Voor hierdie tydperk het die politieke ideologie van
apartheid gediskrimineer teen inwoners van die res van Afrika, terwyl die migrasie
van Europeërs aangemoedig is.
Alhoewel verskeie studies die aandag gevestig het op die sosio-ekonomiese
aanpassing en die implikasies van die invloei van immigrante uit Afrika na Suid-
Afrika, bestaan daar weinige navorsing oor die redes vir internasionale migrasie
soos verskaf deur die migrant self. Die demografiese en ekonomiese implikasies van
immigrasie domineer nie slegs die meeste van die werk in hierdie verband nie, maar
blyk ook die enigste besorgdheid te wees van navorsers wat die internasionale
migrasie van Afrikane bestudeer.
Die studie fokus op onderliggende faktore wat immigrante uit Afrika motiveer om na
Suid-Afika te immigreer en Kaapstad as bestemming kies. Data van indiepte
onderhoude word ontleed ten einde die motiverings vir migrasie na Kaapstad vas te
stel. Aandag word gegee aan die omstandighede in die migrante se lande van
oorsprong, die rol van sosiale netwerke in die verskaffing van inligting oor die keuse
van 'n bestemming en migrasieroetes, die struikelblokke langs die pad, hulle
aanpassing in Kaapstad en hulle persepsies oor Kaapstad as 'n permanente
bestemming.
Dit blyk uit die literatuuroorsig oor redes vir migrasie dat daar twee dominante
teoretiese benaderings (makro en mikro benaderings) vir die verduideliking van
internasionale migrasie bestaan. Die makro benaderings fokus op migrasiestroom en
identifiseer die omstandighede waaronder grootskaaaise bewegings plaasvind en
beskryf ook die demografiese, ekonomiese en sosiale eienskappe van die migrante
in groepsverband. Daar teenoor fokus mikro teorieë op die sosiaal-sielkundige
faktore wat migrante van nie-migrante onderskei, tesame met teorieë oor motivering,
besluitneming, bevrediging en identifikasie. Alhoewel elke teorie uiteindelik dieselfde
verskynsel verduidelik, word verskillende konsepte, aannames en
verwysingsraamwerke toegepas. Hierdie studie gebruik 'n eklektiese benadering waarin insigte uit beide mikro- en makrovlak ontledings gebruik word.
Die studie oorweeg ook die geskiktheid van 'n kwalitaitiewe navorsingsontwerp vir
die bestudering van spesifieke aspekte van migrasie en maak gebruik van 'n
kwalitatiewe gevallestudie metode. Die metode fasiliteer 'n dieper refleksie van
individue betreffende die faktore wat bygedra het tot hulle besluit om te migreer.
Semi-gestruktureerde indiepte onderhoude is met vier immigrante gevoer.
Daar is vasgestel dat immigrante oor verskillende redes migreer, maar onder
dieselfde omstandighede. Uit die materiaal van die gevallestudies blyk dit dat
dieselfde kwessies partykeer uiteenlopende betekenis vir elke migrant het. Een
aspek wat deur al vier immigrante gedeel word, is die feit dat omstandighede in hulle
lande van herkoms hulle forseer het om te migreer - hulle lewens is bedreig. Hulle
. relatiewe hoë opleidingspeil en toegang tot fondse het hulle heel waarskynlik daartoe
in staat gestelom te trek. Diegene in 'n minderbevoorregte posise het agtergebly.
Die studie bevind ook dat die uitruil en vrye vloei van inligting en sosiale netwerke
eerder die plek van bestemming bepaal as om die besluit om te migreer beïnvloed.
Dit blyk egter dat die inligting wat immigrante ontvang soms verkeerd is en nie op die
negatiewe aspekte van migrasie fokus nie.
Wanneer die immigrante eers in Kaapstad is, voel hulle geïsoleerd, ervaar hulle
vooroordeel, vyandigheid en diskriminasie van Suid-Afrikaners. Dit wilook voorkom
asof baie Suid-Afrikaners nie 'n onderskeid tref tussen asielsoekers, vlugtelinge en
ekonomiese migrante nie. Net die feit dat hulle vanaf 'n ander Afrika land afkomstig
is, maak baie mense negatief teenoor hulle. Xenofobie manifesteer egter nie slegs in
negatiewe ingesteldhede nie, maar daar is ook toenemende viktimisasie. Weens
hierdie faktore en die probleme wat hulle ondervind om werksgeleenthede te vind
waarin hulle hul vaardighede kan toepas, dra daartoe by dat immigrante Suid-Afrika
nie as 'n permanente tuiste beskou nie.
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The dynamics of Francophone African migration to Cape Town after 1994Lekogo, Rodolf E. 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DPhil (Sociology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of this thesis is to investigate a group of Francophone African migrants in
Cape Town during the decade following the end of the apartheid era. The focus of the
thesis, however, is on the reasons why French-speaking Africans leave their countries of
origin, the reasons for coming to South Africa, and finally the reasons why within South
Africa, they decide to settle in Cape Town, with a particular accent put on the integration
of these migrants into the local society. The thesis considers legal migrants, students,
refugees and extra-legals as the four categories of migrants according to theoretical
frameworks.
A brief overview of selected theories of international migration is considered to provide a
framework for the Francophone African migration to Cape Town. The theoretical causes
of Francophone African migration are viewed through both theories on the initiation of
migration and theories of the perpetuation of migration. Apart from the theoretical
synopsis, the data on which this study is based are derived from both qualitative and
quantitative methodological approaches. Alongside secondary sources, a series of
interviews, based on categories of migrants and gender, were conducted in Cape Town,
Johannesburg and Pretoria in South Africa, as well as in Libreville in Gabon. In-depth
interviews and focus-groups aimed at collecting information concerning the three main
questions of the study.
The reasons for the departure of Francophone Africans from their countries of origin are
complex and mainly depend on the categories of migrants. As far as legal migrants and
students are concerned, economic, political, social and academic paralysis, career
prospects and the desire to pursue studies are the main reasons. As for refugees and extralegals,
armed conflicts, environmental catastrophes, economic and social deterioration
and social capital seem to be the main causes. Since 1994, South Africa has claimed a
strong leadership role on the continent because of its economic and political strengths.
Educational infrastructure, the language factor and social capital are also reasons why
migrants choose South Africa as a host country. The settlement in Cape Town depends
on various factors, including the consideration of the city as first choice, safety concerns
in other South African cities, the inability to settle in other cities, particularly
Johannesburg, and social networks.
French language seems to be a common language identity linking various ethnic groups
residing in Francophone Africa. However, once migrants have established themselves in
Cape Town, their ethnic, religious or political identities prevail. The thesis analyses the
settlement of migrants in Cape Town by pointing out the complexities of migrant life in a
case study of each category considered. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis het ten doel om ‘n groep Franssprekende Afrika migrante in Kaapstad, in
die dekade wat direk op die einde van die apartheidsera gevolg het, te ondersoek. Die
tesis fokus op die redes waarom Franssprekende Afrikane hulle land van oorsprong
verlaat, die redes waarom hulle na Suid-Afrika kom en, laastens, die redes waarom hulle
in Suid-Afrika besluit om in Kaapstad te bly – die klem is spesifiek op die integrasie van
die migrante binne die plaaslike gemeenskap. Na aanleiding van die teoretiese raamwerke
wat vir die studie oorweeg word, neem die tesis wettige migrante, studente, vlugtelinge
en onwettige migrante as die vier kategorieë van migrante, in ag.
’n Bondige oorsig van uitgesoekte teorieë vir internasionale migrasie word as raamwerk
vir die Franssprekende Afrikane se migrasie na Kaapstad oorweeg. Die teoretiese oorsake
vir Franssprekende Afrikane se migrasie word deur beide die teorieë vir die inisiasie vir
migrasie en die teorieë vir die bestendiging vir migrasie beoordeel. Naas die teoretiese
sinopsis, word die data waarop hierdie studie gebaseer is, van beide kwalitatiewe en
kwantitatiewe metodologiese benaderinge afgelei. Aanvullend tot die sekondêre bronne,
is daar ook ‘n reeks onderhoude, gebaseer op kategorieë van migrante en geslag, in
Kaapstad, Johannesburg en Pretoria in Suid-Afrika asook in Libreville in Gabon, gevoer
– in diepte onderhoude en fokusgroepe met die doel om inligting rakende die drie
hoofkwessies van die studie in te win.
Die redes vir die emigrasie van Franssprekende Afrikane uit hulle oorsprongsland is
kompleks en hang grotendeels saam met die kategorieë van migrante. Wat die wettige
migrante en studente aanbetref is ekonomiese, politieke, sosiale en akademiese
magteloosheid, loopbaan vooruitsigte en die begeerte vir die nastreef van studies, die
hoofredes. Vir vlugtelinge en onwettige migrante blyk die hoofoorsake dié van
gewapende konflik, natuurrampe, ekonomiese en sosiale agteruitgang en sosiale kapitaal
te wees. Sedert 1994, het Suid-Afrika, weens haar ekonomiese en politieke vermoëns, ’n sterk leierskapsrol op die kontinent uitgeoefen. Opvoedkundige infrastrukture, die
taalkwessie en sosiale kapitaal is nog redes waarom migrante Suid-Afrika as gasheerland
uitsonder. Vestiging in Kaapstad hang van verskeie redes af, insluitende die inagneming
van die stad as eerste keuse, veiligheidsaspekte in ander Suid-Afrikaanse stede en die
onvermoë om in ander stede gevestig te word. Die klem in hierdie verband rus veral op
Johannesburg en sosiale netwerke. Frans as taal skyn ‘n algemene identiteit te wees wat verskeie etniese groepe in Franssprekende Afrika met mekaar verbind. Tog is dit hulle etniese, godsdienstige en politieke identiteit wat gehandhaaf word sodra migrante hulself in Kaapstad gevestig het. Die tesis analiseer ook die vestiging van migrante in Kaapstad deur die kompleksiteite binne die leeftydsmigrasie van ’n gevallestudie vir elke kategorie in ag te neem.
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Xenophobic exclusion and masculinities among Zimbabwean male migrants : the case of Cape Town and StellenboschMangezvo, Pedzisayi Leslie 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The anthropological investigation of masculinities remains an understudied dimension of transnational migration and xenophobia studies in post-apartheid South Africa. This thesis sets out to examine the interface between xenophobia, migrant experiences and masculinities among Zimbabwean male migrants in Cape Town and Stellenbosch. Drawing from the conceptual ideas of Critical Studies of Men (CSM) and on the basis of conversations with Zimbabwean male migrants in Cape Town and Stellenbosch, the thesis explores the relationship between the perceived threat of xenophobia and the production of enclaved, subaltern, troubled and aspirational masculinities. The thesis assesses how “xenophobia talk” among the Zimbabwean male migrants appears to produce socio-spatial separations with South African nationals. We see in the football-playing migrants in Stellenbosch an attempt to circumvent perceived exclusion by establishing enclaved male domains that assert their ‘authority’ as Zimbabwean men. The thesis therefore demonstrates the productivity of talk in the construction of xenophobia, male identities and identifications. There is literature suggesting that sections of South African nationals refer to African migrants derogatively as amakwerekwere. Conversely, evidence from Cape Town and Stellenbosch show how Zimbabwean male migrants openly talk about South Africans in equally adverse terms. This raises questions about the role migrants play in the production of reverse xenophobia and their contribution towards the perpetuation of processes of othering that transnational migration often engenders. The thesis draws the conclusion that the threat of xenophobia does not deter Zimbabwean male subjects from migrating to South Africa. However, it compels them to map South African urban spaces in very specific ways. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die antropologiese ondersoek na vorms van manlikheid is ʼn dimensie van studies oor transnasionale migrasie en xenofobie in postapartheid Suid-Afrika waaroor daar steeds min navorsing gedoen word. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die skeidingsvlak tussen xenofobie, migrante se ervarings en vorms van manlikheid onder manlike Zimbabwiese migrante in Kaapstad en Stellenbosch. Gebaseer op die konsepsuele idees van Critical Studies of Men (CSM) en gesprekke met manlike Zimbabwiese migrante in Kaapstad en Stellenbosch, ondersoek die tesis die verhouding tussen die waargeneemde bedreiging van xenofobie en die totstandkoming van ingeslote, ondergeskikte, ongeruste en ambisieuse manlikhede. Die tesis evalueer hoe “xenofobie-taal” onder manlike Zimbabwiese migrante sosio-ruimtelike afstande tussen hulle en Suid-Afrikaanse burgers skep. Ons sien onder die sokkerspelende migrante in Stellenbosch dat daar ʼn poging is om waargeneemde uitsluiting te omseil deur die daarstelling van ingeslote manlike domeine wat hulle ‘outoriteit’ as Zimbabwiese mans handhaaf. Die tesis demonstreer dus die manier waarop taal bydra tot die konstruksie van xenofobie, manlike identiteite en identifikasies. Daar bestaan literatuur wat suggereer dat sekere segmente van Suid-Afrikaanse burgers op ʼn neerhalende wyse na migrante uit Afrika verwys as amakwerekwere. Daarteenoor is daar bewyse uit Kaapstad en Stellenbosch wat toon dat manlike Zimbabwiese migrante openlik na Suid-Afrikaners in ooreenstemmende verkleinerende terme verwys. Dit laat vrae ontstaan oor die rol wat migrante speel in die daarstelling van omgekeerde xenofobie en hulle bydrae tot die voortbestaan van prosesse van vervreemding wat dikwels spruit uit transnasionale migrasie. Hierdie tesis kom tot die slotsom dat manlike Zimbabwiese persone nie deur die bedreiging van xenofobie afgeskrik word om na Suid-Afrika te migreer nie. Dit dwing hulle egter om Suid-Afrikaanse stedelike gebiede op baie spesifieke maniere te karteer sodat hulle in hierdie gebiede kan bly sonder om daardeur gebind te word.
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The identification and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities by African immigrants in a selected township in Cape TownToli, Leticia January 2017 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Business Administration (Entrepreneurship)))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Many people from African countries immigrate to South Africa because they perceive South Africa as a country which offers many opportunities and an advanced standard of living. Although immigrants often resort to entrepreneurial activities as a means of survival when few other options are available to them, increasing numbers of African immigrants are coming to South Africa with the express intention of starting businesses in the country. An unfortunate consequence of their entrepreneurial success in the SMME sector in South Africa has been manifested in outbreaks of xenophobic violence which have targeted entrepreneurs in the townships of South Africa.
African immigrants are widely perceived to pose threats to the livelihoods of South Africans, either by invading local labour markets or putting South African entrepreneurs in the SMME sector out of business because of the competitive edge which their businesses often enjoy over those of their South African counterparts. Relatively little emphasis has been given to the socio-economic contribution which African immigrant entrepreneurs make, by providing employment to South Africans in the face of alarmingly high rates of unemployment in South Africa and by contributing directly to the South African economy through the payment of taxes.
The researcher formulated this research study to determine how African immigrants identify and exploit business opportunities in South Africa by studying a group of African immigrant entrepreneurs in the township of Nomzamo in Strand, which lies some 50 kilometres to the southeast of Cape Town. The significance of this study lies in the fact that, to date, there has been relatively little research concerning this research topic and also in the contention that obtaining a comprehensive understanding of the successful business practices of African immigrant entrepreneurs could play a very meaningful role in improving the performance of South African entrepreneurs in the SMME sector and in normalising relationships between immigrant communities and South African population groups in the townships of South Africa.
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Assessing the role of stokvels in the start-up and growth of Cameroonian owned businesses in the Cape MetropoleNkem, Linus C January 2017 (has links)
Thesis (MTech (Business Administration (Entrepreneurship)))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. / Entrepreneurial activities are very evident within the Cape Metropole as the proliferation of small, medium and micro-sized enterprises (SMMEs) will attest. The most recent literature confirms the preponderance of immigrants in these economic activities. This phenomenon is unfolding against the backdrop of the contingent of challenges which they face which are not limited to discrimination, limited access to finance from formal financial institutions, inadequate skills, and language barriers. The limited access which they have to obtaining finance from formal financial institutions constitutes one of the most significant obstacles for many immigrant entrepreneurs. There is evidence to suggest that in response to this state of affairs, immigrants resort to unconventional means to obtain finance for their entrepreneurial activities. It has been found that, immigrants form self-help financial associations which are known as stokvels in South Africa as a means of obtaining the finances which are needed for the start-ups and even for the growth of their businesses. In fact, it could be asserted that the inability of immigrant entrepreneurs to obtain loans from commercial banks and other related financial institutions has resulted directly in the creation of immigrant-run informal financial institutions such as stokvels. Consequently, the main objective of this study was to assess the role which stokvels which are known in Cameroon as “njangis” or “tontines”, play in the start-ups and growth of businesses which are owned by Cameroonian immigrants in the Cape Metropole.
Both quantitative and qualitative approaches and research methods were used to conduct this study. The quantitative and qualitative data was collected through the administration of a questionnaire and the conducting of face-to face interviews respectively, owing to the nature of the target population. The data which was collected from the respondents who completed the questionnaires was captured, categorised and analysed in relation to the research questions through the use of SPSS statistical software and the findings were presented in the form of frequency tables and pie charts.
The study ascertained that “njangis” play a very important role in the businesses of Cameroonian immigrants and in their daily lives as they are not only a source of capital for the start-ups and expansion of the businesses of their members, but they also provide a means of saving money, as most of them do not have access to bank accounts. According to some of the respondents, some of the “njangis” even serve as forums for discussing business ideas. Like most other organisations, stokvels have their own unique challenges, which will be discussed comprehensively in Chapter Four, particularly with respect to the methods which are employed to overcome them. It is the considered opinion of the researcher that it is in the domain of entrepreneurship in particular that South African citizens could learn a great deal from immigrants from other African countries about the successful starting and running of small, medium and micro sized businesses as recent literature has demonstrated quite conclusively the significant contribution which their entrepreneurial enterprises make to the development of the South African economy, in terms of both earning revenue for the South African government and providing employment to South African citizens.
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Professional migrants in Cape Town : identity, culture and communityShea, Lenri 31 March 2008 (has links)
Before the 1990's, African migrants did not perceive South Africa as an ideal migration destination. This changed after the end of the apartheid era. The new political climate in the country and the new migration movements linked to increased globalisation changed the situation significantly. South Africa became an attractive migration destination, particularly also for professional African migrants.
In this dissertation a select group of black professional/skilled migrants from non-SADC countries, who are resident in Cape Town, are studied. It is shown that such transients defy any migration typology within the South African context. Their position in the world of economic migrants is not automatically one of cosmopolitanism, privilege and glamour. Their decision to migrate is also not necessarily voluntary.
The explication and analysis of the context and circumstances of the migrants are conducted with specific reference to:
- professional mobility vis a vis identity, culture and community
- human mobility and globalisation
- the demographics and legalities of immigration to South Africa
- origin, identity and the construct of `home'
- the `host' nation and perceptions, stereotypes and xenophobia
- personal networks and adaptation
- the notion of space becoming place.
What is thus demonstrated and interrogated is that `belonging' in this world is a process of change and fluctuation. `Crossing borders' will mean different things to different people - especially also for skilled/professional migrants. Issues such as class, gender, race, citizenship, ethnicity and sexuality, play a role in how `belonging' is defined and how people assign meaning to movements across borders. / Anthropology and Archaeology / (MA (Anthropology))
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Professional migrants in Cape Town : identity, culture and communityShea, Lenri 31 March 2008 (has links)
Before the 1990's, African migrants did not perceive South Africa as an ideal migration destination. This changed after the end of the apartheid era. The new political climate in the country and the new migration movements linked to increased globalisation changed the situation significantly. South Africa became an attractive migration destination, particularly also for professional African migrants.
In this dissertation a select group of black professional/skilled migrants from non-SADC countries, who are resident in Cape Town, are studied. It is shown that such transients defy any migration typology within the South African context. Their position in the world of economic migrants is not automatically one of cosmopolitanism, privilege and glamour. Their decision to migrate is also not necessarily voluntary.
The explication and analysis of the context and circumstances of the migrants are conducted with specific reference to:
- professional mobility vis a vis identity, culture and community
- human mobility and globalisation
- the demographics and legalities of immigration to South Africa
- origin, identity and the construct of `home'
- the `host' nation and perceptions, stereotypes and xenophobia
- personal networks and adaptation
- the notion of space becoming place.
What is thus demonstrated and interrogated is that `belonging' in this world is a process of change and fluctuation. `Crossing borders' will mean different things to different people - especially also for skilled/professional migrants. Issues such as class, gender, race, citizenship, ethnicity and sexuality, play a role in how `belonging' is defined and how people assign meaning to movements across borders. / Anthropology and Archaeology / (MA (Anthropology))
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